Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect any part of the body. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The four most common cancers are lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Cancer is diagnosed through screening tests, biopsies, and medical imaging and can be treated through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and other methods. Risk factors include tobacco use, diet, viruses, genetics, and environmental exposures. Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding obesity.
Each January, the best and brightest minds in colorectal cancer research meet at the Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Fight Colorectal Cancer and the Colon Cancer Alliance are partnering to bring you the big news in colorectal cancer from the 2013 symposium.
Join us to learn more about these topics:
- Can aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) keep cancer from returning?
- The relationship of body mass index (BMI) and exercise in colorectal cancer
- What scientists are learning about how your immune system can fight cancer
- The latest on what biomarkers can tell us about your cancer
- Rectal cancer treatment that is based on your biological make-up
The webinar will be led by Dr. Richard Goldberg, an internationally renowned gastrointestinal oncologist who specializes in colorectal cancer. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at The Ohio State University and serves as physician-in-chief at Ohio State’s Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James).
Each January, the best and brightest minds in colorectal cancer research meet at the Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Fight Colorectal Cancer and the Colon Cancer Alliance are partnering to bring you the big news in colorectal cancer from the 2013 symposium.
Join us to learn more about these topics:
- Can aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) keep cancer from returning?
- The relationship of body mass index (BMI) and exercise in colorectal cancer
- What scientists are learning about how your immune system can fight cancer
- The latest on what biomarkers can tell us about your cancer
- Rectal cancer treatment that is based on your biological make-up
The webinar will be led by Dr. Richard Goldberg, an internationally renowned gastrointestinal oncologist who specializes in colorectal cancer. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at The Ohio State University and serves as physician-in-chief at Ohio State’s Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James).
There are many treatments for lung cancer in that radiation therapy helps a lot for lung cancer patients .The above slide shows some of the treatment for lung cancer and its overview
CANSA urges men and male cancer Survivors to encourage one another to invest in their health through regular self-examinations, getting screened and adopting a balanced lifestyle, in order to reduce their cancer risk or the recurrence of cancer.
CANSA places the focus on Prostate and Testicular Cancer during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
التحول من الخلايا الطبيعية
إلى الخلايا السرطانية لا يمكن أن يكون سريع
ولكن في خطوات
في بداية العملية
تطور الورم الخلايا السرطانية الحقيقة تكون نائمة
المادة الكيميائية - الفيروسات - الهرمونات
تستحث إيقاظها لحياة شرسة
There are many treatments for lung cancer in that radiation therapy helps a lot for lung cancer patients .The above slide shows some of the treatment for lung cancer and its overview
CANSA urges men and male cancer Survivors to encourage one another to invest in their health through regular self-examinations, getting screened and adopting a balanced lifestyle, in order to reduce their cancer risk or the recurrence of cancer.
CANSA places the focus on Prostate and Testicular Cancer during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
التحول من الخلايا الطبيعية
إلى الخلايا السرطانية لا يمكن أن يكون سريع
ولكن في خطوات
في بداية العملية
تطور الورم الخلايا السرطانية الحقيقة تكون نائمة
المادة الكيميائية - الفيروسات - الهرمونات
تستحث إيقاظها لحياة شرسة
تم حفل افتتاح بيت الاباء للاطفال المصابين بالسرطان وابائهم في سرايفوا بحضور شخصيات بوسنية وعالمية مهمة
ويعد هذا البيت هو الاول من نوعه في البوسنة
و يتميز بتوفير سكن بشكل مستمر للاطفال المصابين بالسرطان وآبائهم
Ozurdex for macular edema in retinitis pigmentosa: Case Report. Presentación basada en el poster presentado en el congreso EURETINA 2014 por la Dra. Ines Contreras y la Dra. Marta S Figueroa.
Clínica Rementería | http://www.cirugiaocular.com
وصف الموضوع
يعتبر سرطان البروستاتا أكثر الانواع انتشارا لدى الرجال غير المدخنين وهو يعتبر ثاني انواع السرطان تسببا في حدوث الوفاة بعد سرطان القولون
وهو مثل أغلب السرطانات الخبيثة يعتبر من امراض الشيخوخة ويندر حدوثه تحت سن الخمسين , ثم تزيد الإصابة به بعد ذلك , ولكن العديد من أنواع سرطان البروستاتا تنمو ببطء شديد .
رابط الموضوع
http://www.ar-only4men.com/mens-health/prostate/%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86
-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%a7.html
الامراض السرطانية التى تصيب الرجل والنظام الغذائى للوقاية
http://www.ar-only4men.com/mens-health/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6
-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9
-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%89-%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%84.html
تضخم البروستاتا الاعراض والاسباب والعلاج
http://www.ar-only4men.com/mens-health/prostate/%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%ae%d9%85-
%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6
-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84.html
علاج ضعف الانتصاب و الضعف الجنسى بخمس طرق فعالة
http://www.ar-only4men.com/sexual-health/impotence/%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a
c-%d8%b6%d8%b9%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a8.html
Novel Development in treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema, by Dr. Fritz Allen, presented at VO, Lecture Series 11, Feb 20, 2011
COPE Course ID: 30657-PS
Title:
Choosing amongst current modalities to manage Diabetic Retinopathy
At Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore
Objective:
1. To review the current management options for DR
2. To share author’s four years follow up from Jan 2008 to Nov 2011 at Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore.
3. Discussion on future Trends in management of DR.
Synopsis:
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new blindness in the world,
Argon LASER treatment has established itself as a gold standard in the management of DR. Intravitreal therapies in the form anti VEGF agents and steroids are also being widely used nationally and internationally. These therapies do not replace but complement each other.
Author will share his four years experience at Medical Retina clinic WAPDA hospital complex Lahore. 125 patients with DR were enrolled during this period. Treatment modalities used, included Argon Green Laser, Intravitreal Anti VEGF (Bevacizumab), Intravitreal Triamcinolone and subtenon Triamcinolone. Staging and severity of the disease as well as response to the offered therapy were the parameters used to tailor the treatment options.
Dr. Zia ul Mazhry
FRCS (Edin), FRCS (Glasgow), FCPS, CICOphth (UK)
Asstt Professor Central Park Medical College Lahore.
Consultant Eye Surgeon and Head of Eye Department
Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex
210 Feroz Pur Road Lahore.
Website: www.EyeAcuity.com
mazhry@yahoo.com
03004401151
CLASSIFICATION
CAUSES
MECHANISUM OF CA SPREAD
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
PALLIATION
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION
SURVEY AND RESEARCH
BY STEPHIN GEORGE THOMAS, MANIPAL HOSPITAL, GOA
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body.
There are over 200 types of cancer.
Anything that may cause a normal body cell to develop abnormally potentially can cause cancer; general categories of cancer-related or causative agents are as follows: chemical or toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens, and human genetics.
Cancer symptoms and signs depend on the specific type and grade of cancer; although general signs and symptoms are not very specific the following can be found in patients with different cancers: fatigue, weight loss, pain, skin changes, change in bowel or bladder function, unusual bleeding, persistent cough or voice change, fever, lumps, or tissue masses.
Although there are many tests to screen and presumptively diagnose cancer, the definite diagnosis is made by examination of a biopsy sample of suspected cancer tissue.Cancer staging is often determined by biopsy results and helps determine the cancer type and the extent of cancer spread; staging also helps caregivers determine treatment protocols. In general, in most staging methods, the higher the number assigned (usually between 0 to 4), the more aggressive the cancer type or more widespread is the cancer in the body. Staging methods differ from cancer to cancer and need to be individually discussed with your health care provider.
Treatment protocols vary according to the type and stage of the cancer. Most treatment protocols are designed to fit the individual patient's disease. However, most treatments include at least one of the following and may include all: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
There are many listed home remedies and alternative treatments for cancers but patients are strongly recommended to discuss these before use with their cancer doctors.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Cancer by Dr.Hesham Al-Nouby
1. CANCER
By Dr.Hesham Adel Al-Nouby
under the supervision of Dr.Mona Morsy
N.I.L.E.S 2014 - Cairo Uni.
2. Introduction..
• Cells divide and multiply as the body needs
them. When these cells continue multiplying
when the body doesn't need them, the result is
a mass or growth, also called a tumor.
• These growths are considered either benign or
malignant.
• Each type of cancer is unique with its own
causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment.
Like with all groups of disease, some types of
cancer are more common than others.
3. Cancer is:
• A disease where the cells grow
out of control and invade and
destroy the normal tissue, and
also define as a malignant
tumor of potentially unlimited
growth that expands locally by
invasion and metastasis.
4. • Cancer is one of the most common
diseases in the world:
• 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer.
• Lung cancer is the most common cancer
in Men & Women, about 28% in men and
26% in women.
• Breast cancer is the most common
cancer in women about 14% (1 of 8)
• Prostate Cancer is the most common
cancer in Men about 10%
• Early detection/improvements in technology
have improved prognosis for many.
5. Cancer cont
• The division (mitosis) of normal cells is
controlled. New cells are only formed for
growth or to replace dead ones.
• Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of
control even though they are not needed,
they crowd out other normal cells and
function abnormally.
• They can also destroy the correct
functioning of major organs.
12. Healthy Cells
• Cells represent the smallest,
functional unit of our existence
which contains cytoplasm and
a nucleus (i.e. metabolism,
reproduction, day to day
functions)
• Cells have a specialized
function depending on their
location in the body.
• Cells grow, replicate and repair
body organs.
• The genetic material
(DNA/RNA) and your immune
system regulate this process.
13. Tumors (abnormal cells)
• Benign (neoplasms)
Tumors are
Noncancerous
• Encapsulated, don’t
invade neighboring
tissue or spread.
• Enclosed in a fibrous
shell or capsule.
• Take up space
• Malignant
(neoplasms)Tumors
are Cancerous
• Not encapsulated, readily
invade neighboring tissues
• Not usually contained
metastasis
• Invade and emit claw like
protrusions that disrupt the
RNA and DNA of normal
cells (these cancerous cells
act like a virus).
Note: Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells
19. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
II- Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic
Systems:
• Hodgkin's Disease
• Leukemias
• Lymphomas
• Multiple Myeloma
• Waldenström's Disease
20. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
III- Cancers of Digestive Systems:
• Head and Neck Cancers
• Esophageal Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
• Cancer of Pancreas
• Liver Cancer
• Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Anal cancer
21. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
IV- Cancers of Urinary system:
• Kidney Cancer
• Bladder Cancer
• Testis Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
22. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
V- Miscellaneous cancers:
• Brain Tumors
• Bone Tumors
• Nasopharyngeal Cancer
• Retroperitoneal sarcomas
• Soft Tissue Tumors
• Thyroid Cancer
• Cancers of Unknown Primary Site
24. Stages of Cancer
• Stage I cancers are localized to one part
of the body; usually curable.
• Stage II cancers are locally advanced.
• Stage III cancers are also locally
advanced.
• Stage IV cancers have often
metastasized, or spread to other organs
or throughout the body.
26. What causes cancer?
• Cancer arises from the mutation
of a normal gene.
• A factor which brings about a mutation
is called a mutagen.
• It is thought that several mutations need
to occur to give rise to cancer
• Mutated genes that cause cancer
are called oncogenes.
27. What causes cancer? cont
• Any agent that causes cancer is
called a carcinogen and is
described as carcinogenic.
• Cancerous cells don’t self
destruct and continue to divide
rapidly producing millions of new
cancerous cells.
28.
29. Carcinogens العوامل المسببة للسرطان
• Ionising radiation: X Rays, UV light
• Chemicals i.e. Tar from cigarettes.
• Virus infection: i.e. papilloma virus can be
responsible for cervical cancer.
• Hereditary: Some families are more
susceptible to getting certain cancers.
Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just
that you maybe more susceptible to
getting it.
30. CAUSES OF CANCER (Carcinogens) cont
Environmental factors
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Diet (Chemicals in Food)
• Radiation.
• Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV,
mononucleosis), Bacteria &
Parasites.
• Lifestyles like “drugs”
• Sunlight (UV rays) & pollution.
• Social and Psychological Factors
- Stress
- Decrease negative emotions
Genetic, Hormones
Examples:
• Retino-blastoma in Children
• Leukemia in Mongols.
• Breast cancer
33. Brief on Types of Cancer
• Breast Cancer
– One in 8 women
– Risk increases with age
– Risk factors supported by research
– Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
– See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure
– Treatment
• Colon and Rectum Cancer
– 3rd most common in men and women
– 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
– Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal
bleeding
34. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware
– 1.3 million cases of skin cancer
– Treatable: basal or squamous
– Virulent: malignant melanoma
– ABCD rule about melanoma
• Prostate Cancer
– Most common in males today
– 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
– Estimated 30,200 men will die
35. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Testicular Cancer
– Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
– Cause is unknown
– Undescended testicles present a great risk
• Ovarian Cancer
– 4th leading cause of death in young women
– Enlargement of abdomen common sign
– Prevention: annual pelvic exams
• Cancer of the Pancreas
– “Silent” disease
– 29,700 cases in 2002
– Only 4% survive
– Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet
36. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer
– Pap test for early detection
– Risk: early onset of intercourse
– Warning: abnormal bleeding
• Leukemia
– Cancer of blood-forming tissues
– Leads to the creation of immature white blood
cells
– Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss
– Can be acute or chronic
37. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Early cancer no symptoms
• Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
• Sores that do not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of
the body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Persistent coughing or hoarseness
38. DIAGNOSIS
• Screening
• Self examinations
• Biopsy
• X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET
scans, and ultrasound scans
• Molecular diagnostic test
39. TREATMENTS
• I- Chemotherapy
• II- Radiotherapy
• III- Surgery
• IV- Other methods:
- Immunotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Gene therapy
- Cancer-specific immune system cells to treat cancer
40. Cancer Treatment
I- Chemotherapy treatment
• uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the
body, including cells at the original cancer site and any
cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the
body or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it
affects the whole body by going through the
bloodstream.
• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to
shrink the cancer
• or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects
the whole body by going through the bloodstream.
• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to
shrink the cancer
41. Cancer Treatment cont
II- Radiation therapy (Radiotherapy).
• Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects
cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a
machine (external radiation).
• high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them
from growing and dividing.
• A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist.
• It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive
material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation).
Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.
III- Surgical by remove the tumor, i.e. breast cancer
surgical removal.
43. Preventive measures of cancer
o Avoiding obesities
o Exercise and proper breathing
o Healthy dietary practices
o Reducing occupational and environmental exposures
o Reducing alcohol uses
o Immunization against hepatitis B virus
o Safe sexual practices for avoiding cancer genesis
o Water (8 to 10 glasses daily)
o Eating Fruit on an empty stomach
45. CONCLUSION
• Increase in the number of cancer
patients every year.
• Factors responsible should be
controlled.
• Create awareness about cancer
and its prevention.
• Careful about diet and lifestyle