The document discusses cable ampacity calculations to determine required cable sizes based on project standards and design criteria. It provides tables with ampacity values for different cable types, sizes, and installation methods based on temperature limits. It also includes correction factors to adjust ampacity values based on ambient temperature and conditions like cable grouping. The purpose is to calculate cable sizes that satisfy load requirements while maintaining safe operating temperatures.
The documents gives the transmission losses for Panther & Zebra Conductors over 1 KM for a 40 MW Solar Power Plant. The loss can range from 0.37% per KM for a 261 sq mm Panther Conductor at 33 KV to 0.01% per KM for 484 sq mm Zebra Conductor at 132 KV.
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The documents gives the transmission losses for Panther & Zebra Conductors over 1 KM for a 40 MW Solar Power Plant. The loss can range from 0.37% per KM for a 261 sq mm Panther Conductor at 33 KV to 0.01% per KM for 484 sq mm Zebra Conductor at 132 KV.
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M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
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Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
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Code of practice for Distribution Lines and Transformer centre, types of transformer centres -
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This is a sample PPT on Basics Distance protection. For more professional ppt's, Electrical Projects, Excel VBA Programming, Electrical Calculation spreadsheets, MATLAB Programs, Dissertation & thesis assistance please mail the requirements to SMDASacademics@gmail.com
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
The manual is useful for PG students belongs to ME power Electronics and Drives
By
M.MURUGANANDAM. M.E.,(Ph.D).,MIEEE.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor & Head / EIE,
Muthayammal Engineering College,
Rasipuram,
Namakkal-637 408.
Cell No: 9965768327
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Code of practice for Distribution Lines and Transformer centre, types of transformer centres -
Pole mounted, plinth mounted, indoor and outdoor types. Determining the rating of
Distribution Transformer. Write Specifications of the Distribution Transformer. Draw the
SLD of a Transformer centre indicating the size of protective devices, Prepare the schedule of
equipments /Materials with specifications for a 11KV/415V,100 KVA transformer centre and
their estimates, 415 V LT line materials and specifications , method of calculating various LT
line materials (only). Prepare the schedule of materials (only) for 3 phase 4 wire LT line,
11 KV HT Line-materials and their specifications, method of calculating various HT line
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Development, strategy and performance of WWE brand through history. Review of WWE brand related products and activity fields, analysis of brand personality, competitiveness, key challenges and recommendations.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
The cgmcosmos system includes a range of compact (RMU) and modular cubicles with SF6 insulation that allows any electrical configuration for a Medium Voltage Secondary Distribution network of up to 24 kV.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
1. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 1
1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
The scope of the attached calculations is to determine the required cables sizes based on the
project standards and design criteria.
Design Criteria.
Following design criteria is used for the settings sheet.
Maximum Operating Conductor temperatures with Insulation:
1.1 Thermoplastic (PVC) = 75°C
1.2 Thermoset (XLPE or EPR) = 90°C
1.3 Cable Voltage Rating = 1 kV (Um = 1.2 kV)
3. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 3
Current-carrying capacities in amperes for methods of installation
PVC insulation, three loaded conductors/copper or aluminium –Conductor temperature: 70 °C, ambient
temperature: 30 °C in air, 20 °C in ground.
Current-carrying capacities in amperes for methods of installation
XLPE or EPR insulation, three loaded conductors/copper or aluminium – Conductor temperature: 90 °C,
ambient temperature: 30 °C in air, 20 °C in ground
MM2
DB
PVC- XLPE-
1-3/C-DB-COND
1-3/C -DB-
CABLE
1-3/C-DB-
COND
1-3/C -DB-
CABLE
2.5 24 24 28 30
4 30 33 36 39
6 38 41 44 49
10 50 54 58 65
16 64 70 75 84
25 82 92 96 107
35 98 110 115 129
50 116 130 135 153
70 143 162 167 188
95 169 193 197 226
120 192 220 223 257
150 217 246 251 287
185 243 278 281 324
240 280 320 324 375
300 316 359 365 419
400 400 400 400 500
4. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 4
2.2 Conductor Ampacity and Temperature de-rating factor (TDF)
Correction factor for ambient air temperatures other than 30 °C to be applied to the current-
carrying capacities for cables in the air.
AIR AMB TEMP
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-10 1.22
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-15 1.17
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-20 1.12
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-25 1.08
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-30 1
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-35 0.94
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-40 0.87
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-45 0.79
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-50 0.71
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-55 0.61
PVC-AIR-AMB-deg-C-60 0.5
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-10 1.15
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-15 1.12
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-20 1.08
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-25 1.04
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-30 1
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-35 0.96
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-40 0.91
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-45 0.87
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-50 0.82
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-55 0.76
XLPE-AIR-AMB-deg-C-60 0.71
5. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 5
Correction factors for ambient ground temperatures other than 20 °C to be applied to the current-
carrying capacities for cables in ducts in the ground.
GR AMB TEMP
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-10 1.1
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-15 1.05
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-20 1
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-25 0.95
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-30 0.89
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-35 0.84
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-40 0.77
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-45 0.71
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-50 0.63
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-55 0.55
PVC-GR-AMB-deg-C-60 0.45
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-10 1.07
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-15 1.04
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-20 1
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-25 0.98
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-30 0.93
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-35 0.89
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-40 0.85
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-45 0.8
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-50 0.76
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-55 0.71
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-60 0.65
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-65 0.6
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-70 0.53
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-75 0.46
XLPE-GR-AMB-deg-C-80 0.38
6. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 6
Correction factors for cables buried direct in the ground or in buried ducts for soil thermal
resistivities other than 2,5 K·m/W to be applied to the current-carrying capacities
soil thermal resistivity
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-1(DB) 1.5
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-1.5(DB) 1.25
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-2(DB) 1.12
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-2.5(DB) 1
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-3(DB) 0.9
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-1(DUCT) 1.18
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-1.5(DUCT) 1.1
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-2(DUCT) 1.05
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-2.5(DUCT) 1
Thermal Resistivity-K*m/W-3(DUCT) 0.96
7. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 7
Reduction factors for more than one circuit, cables laid directly in the ground –
Installation method – Single-core or multi-core cables.
DB-1/C OR 3/C
DB-Touching-Circuit-1 1
DB-Touching-Circuit-2 0.75
DB-Touching-Circuit-3 0.65
DB-Touching-Circuit-4 0.6
DB-Touching-Circuit-5 0.55
DB-Touching-Circuit-6 0.5
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-1 1
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-2 0.8
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-3 0.7
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-4 0.6
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-5 0.55
DB-One Dia apart-Circuit-6 0.55
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-1 1
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-2 0.85
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-3 0.75
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-4 0.7
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-5 0.65
DB-0.125-m - apart-Circuit-6 0.6
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-1 1
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-2 0.9
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-3 0.8
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-4 0.75
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-5 0.7
DB-0.25-m - apart-Circuit-6 0.7
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-1 1
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-2 0.9
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-3 0.85
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-4 0.8
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-5 0.8
DB-0.5-m - apart-Circuit-6 0.8
8. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 8
Reduction factors for group of more than one multi-core cable to be applied to reference current-
carrying capacities for multi-core cables in free air –
Reduction factors for group of more than one
multi-core cable
to be applied to reference current-carrying
capacities for multi-core cables in free air –
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-1 1
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-2 0.8
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-3 0.7
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-4 0.65
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-5 0.6
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-6 0.57
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-7 0.54
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-8 0.52
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-9 0.5
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-12 0.45
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-16 0.41
Ladder Tary-multi-layer-Circuit-20 0.38
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-1 1
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-2 0.87
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-3 0.82
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-4 0.8
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-5 0.8
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-6 0.79
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-7 0.79
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-8 0.78
Ladder Tary-Single-layer-Circuit-9 0.78
9. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 9
3 CABLE IMPEDANCE CALCULATIONS
3.1 Conductor Resistivity
The Resistivity is defined as the electrical resistance of a body of unit length, and
unit cross-sectional area or unit weight.
Volume Resistivity is commonly expressed in ohms for a theoretical conductor of
unit length and cross-sectional area, in inch-pound units in Ω ·cmil / ft and in
acceptable metric units in Ω·mm2/m. It may be calculated by the following equation:
Where: = ρ = Volume resistivity, Ω·cmil / ft,
A = cross-sectional area, cmil,
L = gauge length, used to determine R, ft
R = measured resistance.
In Accordance with ASTM- B-193, Table 2
Volume resistivity for Copper, Ω·cmil/ft or Ω·mm2/m = 10.371
A
L
R
10. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 10
3.2 Temperature Correction
The measurement is made at any other than a reference temperature; the
resistance may be corrected for moderate temperature differences to what it would
be at the reference temperature, as follows:
Where:
Rt = resistance at reference temperature T2,
R = resistance as measured at temperature T1,
Alpha T = known or given temperature coefficient of
resistance
of the specimen being measured at reference temperature T,
T2 = reference temperature, and
T1 = temperature at which measurement is made.
NOTE 1—The parameter AlphaT, in the above equation, varies with
conductivity and temperature. For copper of 100 % conductivity and a reference
temperature of 20°C, its value is 0.00393.
Rt R 1 T2 T1
18. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 18
3.4 Conductor Reactance
D= Spacing between conductors
D= diameter of wire (2 x radius) + 2 x insulation thickness
r = Radius of conductors.
, the insulation thickness for multiconductor cables with outer coverings is as
follows,
XL 2 f L
L
8
1 4 ln
D
r
4 10
7
H
m
20. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 20
4 CABLE VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS.
Permissible Voltage Drop, with respect to Load Power Factor.
Volt drop can be defined as the difference in magnitude of the voltage at the supply
compared to the voltage at the load. This voltage drop is based on the loads power
factor, the cable's internal resistance and reactance, and the cable length.
The three phase voltage drop permitted on the circuit run is calculated using the
following equation.
Vd.3 I L R cos ( ) X sin ( )( 3
Where:
Vd3p = three phase voltage drop, volts (V)
ө = Power factor Angle
I = current flowing in cable, amperes (A)
L = route length of circuit, meters (m)
R = AC resistance of cable, ohm/kilometer (W/km)
X = reactance of cable, ohm/kilometer (W/km)
21. F:Elementscable programscable ampacity calculation IEC.docx Page 21
5 CABLE SIZING & CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY
CALCULATION STEPS
To calculate the current-carrying capacity requirements of a circuit:
STEP-1 Determine the current requirements, based on 1.25 times the FLA
continuous current, of the Loads.
STEP-2 Select the Cable Size based on the De-Rated Ampacity of the
Cable.
STEP-3 Calculate Length x Amp factor for each size of the cable based on
% voltage drop and the circuit power factor, as per the following formula.
STEP-4 Calculate the length of the selected cable based on the FLA of the
circuit.
STEP-4 If the calculated length L is < than the circuit length D, then
calculate Length x Amp FLA x D of the circuit.
STEP-5 Select the cable FLA x D with the matching Length x Amp L X I
factor.
STEP-6 Calculate Length x Amp factor for each size of the cable based on
% voltage drop and the circuit power factor, as per the above formula.
STEP-7 Calculate the Circuit Voltage drop for the length of the circuit.
STEP-8 if the voltage drop exceeds the design criteria then increases the
Cable size to meet the voltage drop.
STEP-9 SELECTS THE CALCULATED CABLE SIZE.
IL
Vd3
R cos ( ) X sin ( )(
L
Vd3
R cos ( ) X sin ( )( )( I