The document provides an overview of steganography, including:
1) Steganography is the technique of hiding secret information within a cover file such that the existence of the secret information is concealed. It aims for invisible communication.
2) The main components of a steganographic system are the secret message, cover file, stego file, key, embedding and extracting methods.
3) Steganography differs from cryptography in that it does not alter the structure of the secret message and aims to conceal the very existence of communication, whereas cryptography scrambles messages and is known to transmit encrypted messages.
A Robust Technique to Encrypt and Decrypt Confidential Data within Imageinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Review paper on Data Security using Cryptography and Steganographyvivatechijri
One of the major problems faced by this digital world is Data Security. Data Security plays an important role in the field of information technology. As there are large advancements in internet technology, there has been huge text as well as multimedia data transfer over the internet. The communication channel available for data transfer from the transmitter to receiver is highly insecure. As the security of electronic data is a major issue and to achieve high security and confidentiality, the public and the private sectors use different kinds of techniques and methods to protect the data from unauthorized users. Cryptography and Steganography are the most popular and widely used technologies for security. Cryptography is the art of hiding information by encryption and steganography is a technique to hides data in the cover medium. Cryptography hides the readable and meaningful contents of the data. And the existence of the data is hidden by the Steganography technique.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images -...Editor IJCATR
Steg
nography is the most common term used in
the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derive
d
from the Greek language. Steg
nography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the rece
iver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosyst
em, the prime
objective of Steg
nography is to conceal messages
inside other risk
-
free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays,
it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In th
is research a novel approach of image
steg
nography
based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application wh
ich
ranks images in a users library on the
basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, th
e application
first encrypts the da
ta by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
A NUMERICAL METHOD BASED ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM WITH STEGANOGRAPHYcscpconf
Now-a-days many encryption algorithms have been proposed for network security. In this
paper, a new cryptographic algorithm for network security is proposed to assist the
effectiveness of network security. Here symmetric key concept instead of public key is
considered to develop the encryption – decryption algorithm. Also, to give more security in the
algorithm, the idea of one way function alongwith Newton’s method is applied as a secret key to
the proposed work as well as Digital Signature Standard (DSS) technology is used to send the
key. Moreover, steganography is used to hide the cipher within a picture in encryption
algorithm. In brief, a numerical method based secret key encryption – decryption algorithm is
developed using steganography to enhance the network security.
A Robust Technique to Encrypt and Decrypt Confidential Data within Imageinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Review paper on Data Security using Cryptography and Steganographyvivatechijri
One of the major problems faced by this digital world is Data Security. Data Security plays an important role in the field of information technology. As there are large advancements in internet technology, there has been huge text as well as multimedia data transfer over the internet. The communication channel available for data transfer from the transmitter to receiver is highly insecure. As the security of electronic data is a major issue and to achieve high security and confidentiality, the public and the private sectors use different kinds of techniques and methods to protect the data from unauthorized users. Cryptography and Steganography are the most popular and widely used technologies for security. Cryptography is the art of hiding information by encryption and steganography is a technique to hides data in the cover medium. Cryptography hides the readable and meaningful contents of the data. And the existence of the data is hidden by the Steganography technique.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images -...Editor IJCATR
Steg
nography is the most common term used in
the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derive
d
from the Greek language. Steg
nography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the rece
iver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosyst
em, the prime
objective of Steg
nography is to conceal messages
inside other risk
-
free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays,
it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In th
is research a novel approach of image
steg
nography
based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application wh
ich
ranks images in a users library on the
basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an
image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, th
e application
first encrypts the da
ta by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least
Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
A NUMERICAL METHOD BASED ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM WITH STEGANOGRAPHYcscpconf
Now-a-days many encryption algorithms have been proposed for network security. In this
paper, a new cryptographic algorithm for network security is proposed to assist the
effectiveness of network security. Here symmetric key concept instead of public key is
considered to develop the encryption – decryption algorithm. Also, to give more security in the
algorithm, the idea of one way function alongwith Newton’s method is applied as a secret key to
the proposed work as well as Digital Signature Standard (DSS) technology is used to send the
key. Moreover, steganography is used to hide the cipher within a picture in encryption
algorithm. In brief, a numerical method based secret key encryption – decryption algorithm is
developed using steganography to enhance the network security.
Adaptive Steganography Based Enhanced Cipher Hiding Technique for Secure Data...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Steganography Technique of Sending Random Passwords on Receiver’s Mobile (A N...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information
in other information. There are many application of Steganography with different carrier file format. Here we
perform Steganography Technique with sending OTP on receiver mobile, which is one of the best secured
technique in current scenario. This technique is hiding file information into image with OTP password that is
only known by receiver. And can decrypt using that OTP only this is pure Steganography. Pure Steganography
means that there is none prior information shared by two communication parties. We are not sharing OTP
information by two communication parties. So this is more secure than other technique.
Key Words : Steganography, OTP, ICT, Password, IP, UDP, SIHS, LSB.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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One of the reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and comprehend. Intruders may reveal the information to others, modify it to misrepresent an individual or organization, or use it to launch an attack. One solution to this problem is, through the use of Steganography. Steganography is a technique of hiding information in digital media. In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. In this review paper we will understand what Steganography, Cryptography is and what are the advantages of using them? In last we will discuss our goal of this paper that what types of techniques worked on video Steganography?
A NOVEL IMAGE ENCRYPTION SCHEME WITH HUFFMAN ENCODING AND STEGANOGRAPHY TECHN...IJNSA Journal
In today’s day and age when everything is done with the aid of computing technology, the need for confidential communication has drastically increased. Not only the sensitive data such as top intelligent secrets of our nation but personal information of common people needs to be secure. Several combinations of cryptography and steganography techniques in different ways are used by researchers over the past to protect the data being transmitted. Cryptography uses mathematical algorithms to convert the data into an incomprehensible form and Steganography, on the other hand hides the data in a carrier such as image, data, audio or video. Cryptography provides necessary mechanisms for providing accountability, accuracy and confidentiality in public communication mediums such as the Internet and steganography is used in other fields such as copyright, preventing e-document forging etc. We are of the opinion that this security mechanism can further be increased by incorporating the use of Huffman coding in order to reduce the data length. This paper is an effort in the direction to hide, secure and compress the data. It explains the executed procedure by applying various encryption techniques one by one and our aim is to get the best security out of the existing ones. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB2016a and the results shown in this paper that our technique is better approach then the conventional techniques.
A Survey on Enhancement of Text Security Using Steganography and Cryptographi...ijtsrd
Increase in the number of attack recorded during electronic exchange of information between the source and intended destination has indeed called for a more robust method for securing data transfer. Cryptography and steganography are well known and widely used techniques that manipulate information in order to cipher or hide their existence. Many different carrier file format scan be used but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. The digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Web among all different carrier file formats. Image steganography, achieves the secrecy by embedding data into cover image and generating a stego-image. There are many types of steganography techniques each have their advantages and disadvantages. This paper discussed a technique used on the advanced LSB (least significant bit) and RSA algorithm. By matching data to an image, there is less chance of an attacker being able to use steganalysis to recover data. Before hiding the data in an image the application first encrypts it Priya Jain | Somesh Kumar | Raj Kumar Goel"A Survey on Enhancement of Text Security Using Steganography and Cryptographic Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15800.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/15800/a-survey-on-enhancement-of-text-security-using--steganography-and-cryptographic-techniques/priya-jain
A SURVEY ON RECENT APPROACHES COMBINING CRYPTOGRAPHY AND STEGANOGRAPHYcsandit
Digital communication witnesses a noticeable and continuous development in many
applications in the Internet. Hence, a secure communication sessions must be provided. The
security of data transmitted across a global network has turned into a key factor on the network
performance measures. Cryptography and steganography are two important techniques that are
used to provide network security. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of
steganography and cryptography. We survey a number of methods combining cryptography and
steganography techniques in one system. Moreover, we present a classification of these
methods, and compare them in terms of the algorithm used for encryption, the steganography
technique and the file type used for covering the information.
Secure Data Hiding System by using AES Algorithm and Indicator Based LSB Methodijtsrd
Security of data is one of the most challenging problems in todays technological world. In order to secure the transmission of secret data over the public network Internet , numerous data security and hiding algorithms have been developed in the last decade. Steganography combined with cryptography can be one of the best choices for solving this problem. In this paper, the proposed framework is the dual layer of security, in which the first layer is to encrypt the secret text message using advanced encryption standard AES algorithm and in the second layer to embed this message using the indicator based least significant bit LSB method which is used to hide the encrypted text message into the cover image. It differs from the LSB algorithm in that it does not embed the bytes of the cover data sequentially but it embeds into one bit or two bits at once. Actually, it depends on indicators to determine where and how many bits to embed at a time. The Mean Square Error MSE and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio PSNR measure the imperceptibility of the system. Experimental results show that the stego image is usually indistinguishable from the cover image. Myo Ma Ma | Zar Zar Hnin | Yin Min Htwe "Secure Data Hiding System by using AES Algorithm and Indicator-Based LSB Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26500.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/26500/secure-data-hiding-system-by-using-aes-algorithm-and-indicator-based-lsb-method/myo-ma-ma
Secure Message Transmission using Image Steganography on Desktop Basedijtsrd
The rapid increase in our technology has made easier for us to send and receive data over internet at most affordable way. There are many transmission medias like emails, facebook, twitter, etc” ¦ which led way for the intruders to modify and misuse the information what we share over the internet. So in order to overcome these kinds of issues many methods has been implemented such as Cryptography, Steganography and Digital watermarking to safeguard our data transmissions in a most prominent way. In this paper, hiding text inside a digital image using Stegano tool for secure data transmissions has been described. Sidharth Sai S | N. Priya "Secure Message Transmission using Image Steganography on Desktop Based" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38067.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/38067/secure-message-transmission-using-image-steganography-on-desktop-based/sidharth-sai-s
Cash Flow Valuation Mode Lin Discrete TimeIOSR Journals
This research consider the modelling of each cash flow valuation in discrete time. It is shown that
the value of cash flow can be modeled in three equivalent ways under same general assumptions. Also,
consideration is given to value process at a stopping time and/ or the cash flow process stopped at some
stopping times.
Adaptive Steganography Based Enhanced Cipher Hiding Technique for Secure Data...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Steganography Technique of Sending Random Passwords on Receiver’s Mobile (A N...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information
in other information. There are many application of Steganography with different carrier file format. Here we
perform Steganography Technique with sending OTP on receiver mobile, which is one of the best secured
technique in current scenario. This technique is hiding file information into image with OTP password that is
only known by receiver. And can decrypt using that OTP only this is pure Steganography. Pure Steganography
means that there is none prior information shared by two communication parties. We are not sharing OTP
information by two communication parties. So this is more secure than other technique.
Key Words : Steganography, OTP, ICT, Password, IP, UDP, SIHS, LSB.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
One of the reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and comprehend. Intruders may reveal the information to others, modify it to misrepresent an individual or organization, or use it to launch an attack. One solution to this problem is, through the use of Steganography. Steganography is a technique of hiding information in digital media. In contrast to cryptography, it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. In this review paper we will understand what Steganography, Cryptography is and what are the advantages of using them? In last we will discuss our goal of this paper that what types of techniques worked on video Steganography?
A NOVEL IMAGE ENCRYPTION SCHEME WITH HUFFMAN ENCODING AND STEGANOGRAPHY TECHN...IJNSA Journal
In today’s day and age when everything is done with the aid of computing technology, the need for confidential communication has drastically increased. Not only the sensitive data such as top intelligent secrets of our nation but personal information of common people needs to be secure. Several combinations of cryptography and steganography techniques in different ways are used by researchers over the past to protect the data being transmitted. Cryptography uses mathematical algorithms to convert the data into an incomprehensible form and Steganography, on the other hand hides the data in a carrier such as image, data, audio or video. Cryptography provides necessary mechanisms for providing accountability, accuracy and confidentiality in public communication mediums such as the Internet and steganography is used in other fields such as copyright, preventing e-document forging etc. We are of the opinion that this security mechanism can further be increased by incorporating the use of Huffman coding in order to reduce the data length. This paper is an effort in the direction to hide, secure and compress the data. It explains the executed procedure by applying various encryption techniques one by one and our aim is to get the best security out of the existing ones. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB2016a and the results shown in this paper that our technique is better approach then the conventional techniques.
A Survey on Enhancement of Text Security Using Steganography and Cryptographi...ijtsrd
Increase in the number of attack recorded during electronic exchange of information between the source and intended destination has indeed called for a more robust method for securing data transfer. Cryptography and steganography are well known and widely used techniques that manipulate information in order to cipher or hide their existence. Many different carrier file format scan be used but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the internet. The digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Web among all different carrier file formats. Image steganography, achieves the secrecy by embedding data into cover image and generating a stego-image. There are many types of steganography techniques each have their advantages and disadvantages. This paper discussed a technique used on the advanced LSB (least significant bit) and RSA algorithm. By matching data to an image, there is less chance of an attacker being able to use steganalysis to recover data. Before hiding the data in an image the application first encrypts it Priya Jain | Somesh Kumar | Raj Kumar Goel"A Survey on Enhancement of Text Security Using Steganography and Cryptographic Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15800.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/15800/a-survey-on-enhancement-of-text-security-using--steganography-and-cryptographic-techniques/priya-jain
A SURVEY ON RECENT APPROACHES COMBINING CRYPTOGRAPHY AND STEGANOGRAPHYcsandit
Digital communication witnesses a noticeable and continuous development in many
applications in the Internet. Hence, a secure communication sessions must be provided. The
security of data transmitted across a global network has turned into a key factor on the network
performance measures. Cryptography and steganography are two important techniques that are
used to provide network security. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of
steganography and cryptography. We survey a number of methods combining cryptography and
steganography techniques in one system. Moreover, we present a classification of these
methods, and compare them in terms of the algorithm used for encryption, the steganography
technique and the file type used for covering the information.
Secure Data Hiding System by using AES Algorithm and Indicator Based LSB Methodijtsrd
Security of data is one of the most challenging problems in todays technological world. In order to secure the transmission of secret data over the public network Internet , numerous data security and hiding algorithms have been developed in the last decade. Steganography combined with cryptography can be one of the best choices for solving this problem. In this paper, the proposed framework is the dual layer of security, in which the first layer is to encrypt the secret text message using advanced encryption standard AES algorithm and in the second layer to embed this message using the indicator based least significant bit LSB method which is used to hide the encrypted text message into the cover image. It differs from the LSB algorithm in that it does not embed the bytes of the cover data sequentially but it embeds into one bit or two bits at once. Actually, it depends on indicators to determine where and how many bits to embed at a time. The Mean Square Error MSE and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio PSNR measure the imperceptibility of the system. Experimental results show that the stego image is usually indistinguishable from the cover image. Myo Ma Ma | Zar Zar Hnin | Yin Min Htwe "Secure Data Hiding System by using AES Algorithm and Indicator-Based LSB Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26500.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/26500/secure-data-hiding-system-by-using-aes-algorithm-and-indicator-based-lsb-method/myo-ma-ma
Secure Message Transmission using Image Steganography on Desktop Basedijtsrd
The rapid increase in our technology has made easier for us to send and receive data over internet at most affordable way. There are many transmission medias like emails, facebook, twitter, etc” ¦ which led way for the intruders to modify and misuse the information what we share over the internet. So in order to overcome these kinds of issues many methods has been implemented such as Cryptography, Steganography and Digital watermarking to safeguard our data transmissions in a most prominent way. In this paper, hiding text inside a digital image using Stegano tool for secure data transmissions has been described. Sidharth Sai S | N. Priya "Secure Message Transmission using Image Steganography on Desktop Based" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38067.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/38067/secure-message-transmission-using-image-steganography-on-desktop-based/sidharth-sai-s
Cash Flow Valuation Mode Lin Discrete TimeIOSR Journals
This research consider the modelling of each cash flow valuation in discrete time. It is shown that
the value of cash flow can be modeled in three equivalent ways under same general assumptions. Also,
consideration is given to value process at a stopping time and/ or the cash flow process stopped at some
stopping times.
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Assessment of Activity Concentration of The Naturally Occurring Radioactive M...IOSR Journals
The activity concentrations of potassium, Radium and thorium in soil samples from a mining site in yankandutse, Kaduna north western Nigeria were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy method. Activity concentration of potassium, Radium and thorium were determined. The activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th, respectively in Bq kg-1 in the soil samples ranged as follows: K-40 196.11±2.02 to 553.03±1.08 with average of 382.01, Ra-226 .1506±.03 to 5.67±.03 with average of 2.08 and Th-232 18.13±3.19 to 73.09±1.59 with average activity concentrations of 47.23 .The mean activity concentration of potassium and radium are below average but for thorium the activity concentration is above average.
For increase network security of messages sent on
internet the steganography is mostly preferred. To transmit data
secretly steganography is used in open system environment. In
this paper discussed the reviews of image steganography and the
general framework of image steganography using different
method. Steganography is nothing but art of hide information
behind the other information without leaving remarkable track
on original message.
TWO PHASE CLANDESTAIN IMAGE ENCRYPTION acijjournal
In today’s internet world is full of data steals and hackers. So, there is a essential to design a system that
assists the internet users to interchange their secret and private data safely across the web. Informationhiding
process in a Steganography system starts by identifying medium’s redundant bits. The encryption
process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message.
So, we propose a method for encrypting the image, which has two phases. In the first phase, Perform
Circular Shift Operations on the image pixels and the number of rotations have been calculated based on
the length of the password. In the second phase, the first phase has undergone some bitwise operations
with a carriage image, by doing this; breaking of the cipher text is difficult.
How is steganography different from cryptography-SolutionThe study of.docxhamblymarta
How is steganography different from cryptography?
Solution
The study of hiding information is called Cryptography. When communicating over an untrusted medium such as internet, it is very important to protect information and Cryptography plays an important role in this. Today, cryptography uses principles from several disciplines such as mathematics,
computer science, etc. Steganography deals with composing hidden messages so that only the sender and the receiver know that the message even exists. Since, nobody except the sender and the receiver knows the existence of the message, it does not attract unwanted attention.
Difference :
1. Cryptography is the study of hiding information, while Steganography deals with composing hidden messages so that only the sender and the receiver know that the message even exists. In Steganography, only the sender and the receiver know the existence of the message, whereas in cryptography the existence of the encrypted message is visible to the world.
2. Due to this, Steganography removes the unwanted attention coming to the hidden message. Cryptographic methods try to protect the content of a message, while Steganography uses methods that would hide both the message as well as the content. By combining Steganography and Cryptography one can achieve better security.
3. Here are three types of cryptographic algorithms used called Symmetric key cryptography, Public-key cryptography and hash functions. Symmetric key cryptography involves encryption methods where both the sender and the receiver share the same key used to encrypt the data. In Public-key cryptography, two different but mathematically related keys are used. Hash functions does not use a key, instead they compute a fixed length hash value from the data. It is impossible to recover the length or the original plain text from this hash value.
4. Some examples for these methods are messages hidden in messages body, messages written in secret inks, messages written on envelopes in areas covered by stamps, etc. Modern Steganography methods are called Digital Steganography.
5. These modern methods include hiding messages within noisy images, embedding a message within random data, embedding pictures with the message within video files, etc. Furthermore, Network Steganography is used in telecommunication networks. This includes techniques like Steganophony (hiding a message in Voice-over-IP conversations) and WLAN Steganography.
.
Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images-A...Editor IJCATR
Stegnography is the most common term used in the IT industry, which specifically means, "covered writing" and is derived
from the Greek language. Stegnography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the
communication between the sender and the receiver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect,
interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosystem, the prime
objective of Stegnography is to conceal messages inside other risk-free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even
sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays, it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any
public medium such as internet. In this research a novel approach of image stegnography based on LSB (Least Significant Bit)
insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application which
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Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density
STEGANALYSIS ALGORITHM FOR PNG IMAGES BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUEIJNSA Journal
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image, audio or video files. However the efficiency and performance of previous approaches still have
room for improvement. In this research, we focus on algorithm design for better efficiency of hidden message detection from PNG files. We employ three classic AI approaches including neural network, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm and evaluate their efficiency and performance in controlled experiments. Finally we introduce our message detection system for PNG files based on LSB approach and present its
usability in different case scenarios
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 11, Issue 1 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 15-19
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
An Overview of Steganography
Sheelu1
, Babita Ahuja2
1
(M. Tech (CSE) - Manav Rachna College Of Engineering, Faridabad, India)
2
(Assistant Professor (IT), Manav Rachna College Of Engineering, Faridabad, India)
Abstract: The paper explore about an overview of steganography, different methods of steganography, its
applications and how it is different from cryptography Digital communication has become an essential part of
infrastructure. Nowadays, a lot of applications are Internet-based and demand of internet applications requires
data to be transmitted in a secure manner. Data transmission in public communication system is not secure
because of interception and improper manipulation by eavesdropper. So different techniques like cryptography
and steganography are used to secure the communication. Steganography is the scheme of hiding the existence
of secret information in the cover file.
Keywords : Steganography, Cryptography, Cover file, Stego file, key
I. Introduction
Steganography is the technique of hiding secret information in a communication channel in such a
manner that the very existence of information is concealed. It is the science of “invisible” communication and
prevents an unintended recipient from suspecting that the data exists. Steganography is derived from the Greek
word steganos which means “Covered” and graphy means “Writing”, i.e. covered writing. Many different
carrier file formats can be used like Text, Images, and videos, but digital Images and Audios are the most
popular because of their frequency on the Internet.
The steganography hides different types of data within a cover file. The resulting stego file also
contains hidden information, although it is virtually identical to the cover file. Steganography exploit human
perception; human senses are not trained to look for files that have information hidden inside of them, although
there are programs available that can do what is called Steganalysis (Detecting use of Steganography).Fig.1[1]
shows the block diagram of a secure steganographic system. Input messages can be images, texts, video, etc.
The components of steganographic system are:
secret message: The secret message or information to hide.
cover file/ digital medium: The data or medium which concealed the secret message.
stego file: A modified version of cover that contains the secret message.
Figure 1. A generic Steganography System
key: Additional secret data that is needed for the embedding and extracting processes and must be known to
both, the sender and the recipient
steganographic method: A steganographic function that takes cover, secret message and key as parameters and
produces stego as output.
inverse of steganographic method: A steganographic function that has stego and key as parameters and
produces secret message as output. This is the inverse of method used in embeding process in the sense that the
result of the extracting process is identical to the input of the embedding process.
2. An Overview Of Steganography
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The embedding process embeds the secret message in the cover file. The result of the embedding function is
slightly modified version of Cover file: the stego file. After the recipient has received stego file, he starts the
extracting process with the stego file and the key as parameters. If the key that is supplied by the recipient is
the same as the key used by the sender to embed the secret message and if the stego data the recipient uses as
input is the same data the sender has produces, then the extracting function will produce the original secret
message.
II. Difference between Steganography and Cryptography
In cryptography[1], the structure of a message is scrambled to make it meaningless and unintelligible
unless the decryption key is available. It makes no attempt to cover or hide the encoded message. Cryptography
offers the ability of transmitting information between persons in a way that prevents a third party from reading
it. The purpose of cryptography is to secure communications by changing the data into a form that cannot be
understand Unfortunately it is sometimes not enough to keep the contents of a message secret, it may also be
necessary to keep the existence of the message secret. The technique used to implement this, is called
steganography. Steganography does not alter the structure of the secret message ,but hides it inside a cover
image so that it cannot be seen. Steganography is the technique of hiding secret information in a communication
channel in such a manner that the very existence of information is concealed. It is the science of “invisible”
communication and prevents an unintended recipient from suspecting that the data exists. The main goal of
steganography is to communicate securely in a completely undetectable manner and to avoid drawing suspicion
to the transmission of a hidden data
Table1 Difference between steganography and cryptography
III. Types of Steganography
There are basically three types[2] of steganographic protocols used. They are:
Pure Steganography
Secret Key Steganography
Public Key Steganography
Pure Steganography is defined as a steganographic system which does not require the exchange of a cipher such
as a stego-key. This method of is not much secure because the sender and receiver can rely only upon the
assumption that no other parties are aware of the secret message.
Secret Key Steganography is defined as a steganographic system that requires the exchange of a secret
key (stego-key) previous to communication. Secret key Steganography takes a cover message and embeds the
secret message inside of it by using a secret key (stego-key). Only the parties who know the secret key can
Steganography Cryptography
Message passing is
umknown
Message passing is
known
Steganography prevents
discover of the very
existence of
communication
Encryption prevents an
unauthorized party from
discovering the contents
of a communication
Little known technology Common technology
Technology still being
developed for certain
formats
Most of algorithm known
by all
Once detected message is
known
Strong current algorithm
are currently resistant to
attack, larger expensive
computing power is
required for cracking
Steganography does not
alter the structure of the
secret message
Cryptography alter the
structure of the secret
message
3. An Overview Of Steganography
www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
reverse the process and read the secret message. Unlike Pure Steganography where a perceived invisible
communication channel is present, Secret Key Steganography exchanges a stego-key, which makes it more
vulnerable to interception. The benefit to Secret Key Steganography is even if it is intercepted; only parties who
know the secret key can extract the secret message.
Public Key Steganography is defined as a steganographic system that uses a public key and a private
key to secure the communication between the parties wanting to communicate secretly. Sender will use the
public key during the encoding process and only the private key, which has a direct mathematical relationship
with the public key, can decipher the secret message. Public Key Steganography provides a more strong way of
implementing a steganographic system because it can utilize a much more robust and researched technology in
Public Key Cryptography. It also has multiple levels of security in that unwanted parties must first suspect the
use of Steganography and then they would have to find a way to crack the algorithm used by the public key
system before they could intercept the secret message.
3.1 Characteristics of Steganograhic system
An effective steganographic scheme should posses the following desired characteristics[3] :
Secrecy: A person should not be able to extract the hidden data from the host medium without the
knowledge of the proper secret key used in the extracting procedure.
Imperceptibility: The medium after being embedded with the hidden data should be indiscernible from the
original medium. One should not become suspicious of the existence of the covert data within the medium.
High capacity: The maximum length of the covert message that can be embedded should be as long as
possible.
Resistance: The secret data should be able to survive when the host medium has been manipulated, for
example by some lossy compression scheme .
Accurate extraction: The extraction of the covert data from the medium should be accurate and reliable.
IV. Different File Formats Used as Carrier in Steganography:
The four main categories of file formats[4] that can be used as carrier in steganography are:
I. Text
II. Images
III. Audio/ Video
IV. Protocol
Figure 2:Different carriers in steganography[4]
I. Text steganography: Hiding information in text is the most important method of steganography. The method
was to hide a secret message in every nth letter of every word of a text message. After booming of Internet and
different type of digital file formats it has decreased in importance. Text stenography using digital files is not
used very often because the text files have a very small amount of redundant data
.
II. Image steganography: Images are used as the popular cover objects for steganography. A message is
embedded in a digital image through an embedding algorithm, using the secret key. The resulting stego image is
send to the receiver. On the other side, it is processed by the extraction algorithm using the same key. During the
transmission of stego image unauthenticated persons can only notice the transmission of an image but can‟t
guess the existence of the hidden message.
III. Audio steganography: Audio stenography is masking, which exploits the properties of the human ear to
hide information unnoticeably. An audible, sound can be inaudible in the presence of another louder audible
sound .This property allows to select the channel in which to hide information.
4. An Overview Of Steganography
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IV. Protocol steganography: The term protocol steganography is to embedding information within network
protocols such as TCP/IP. We hide information in the header of a TCP/IP packet in some fields that can be
either optional or are never used.
V. Literature Survey
Jayaram[1] in his paper discuss the disadvantages of the different procedure and how those are
different with present method. The main disadvantages of existing methods like echo hiding, spread spectrum
and parity coding are, human ear is very sensitive to noise and it can often detect even the slightest bit of noise
introduced into a sound file and another problem is robustness. The disadvantage of Phase coding is low data
transmission rate because the secret message is encoded only in the first signal segment. Hence this method is
used only when a small amount of data needs to be transferred. LSB method allows large amount of secret
information to be encoded in an audio file.
Steps to hide secret information using LSB are:
a. Covert the audio file into bit stream.
b. Convert each character in the secret information into bit stream.
c. Replace the LSB bit of audio file with the LSB bit of character in the secret information.
This proposed method provides greater security and it is an efficient method for hiding the secret information
from hackers and sent to the destination in a safe and undetectable manner. This proposed system also ensures
that the size of the file is not changed even after encoding and it is also suitable for any type of audio file format.
K.P.Adhiya[3] in his paper proposed an algorithm that has been implemented for Audio Signal to hide text. The
algorithm was based on the redundancy of bits in binary code of numbers, lowercase and uppercase alphabets.
The binary code of numbers from 0 to 9, A to O, O to P, a to o and a to p the last 4 bits are different and first 4
bit are similar. So any number and alphabet can be represented by the last 4 bits and adding either „0‟ or „1‟ at
the first position. To differentiate whether the character is number, uppercase alphabet or lowercase alphabet
control symbols are used which is of the same type as that of number or alphabet.
At the sender side, first of all input the text which is to be embed then convert the text into 5 bit code
by checking the redundancy in binary code of alphabets and numbers. Now read WAV audio file as cover file,
Select audio sample and hide the converted 5 bit code of the text in WAV file using LSB algorithm and Repeat
till the whole message embed in audio and get the stego file. At the receiver side, Read the stego-file i.e. cover
audio after encoding then extract the message by reading the control symbols in samples and reading LSB. Now
select all samples and store all LSB position bits in array. Divide the array into number of rows and columns and
display the secret message. 16bitWAV and 8bitWAVaudio file are supported and the secret message can be
hidden in the audio file with less storage capacity. The proposed algorithm gives better result for 16 bit wav
audio as compared to 8 bit .
Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay[5] in his paper present two layered approach . Here two secret
messages rather than one can be transmitted with a single cover file. Layering approach gives opportunity to do
this. At the first level, cover file (C) was embedded with the first secret message S1. Assume the stego file as C1
which is cover file for next level where secret message can be denoted as S2. Now the final stego file created as
C12. So C12 holds both S1 and S2.
Two levels of steganography can be identified as layer 1 and layer 2. At layer 1 LSB modification
technique and at layer 2 parity encoding technique has been used. After the implementation of LSB technique,
it is observed that stego-file hasn‟t been audibly modified and there is reasonable no change between input
carrier file and output stego file. The parity encoding has been implemented by breaking the data part of the wav
file into number of regions. Each region includes same number elements of secret message text. Then parity flag
of each region calculated. If it does not match with the message bit then the last bit of that region has been
changed with the message bit. Stego object hasn‟t been audibly modified. Also after decoding, secret message
object can be retrieved. When stego object decoded means passes through the decoding algorithm of phase
encoding method the secret message of second level is retrieved. When decoy object passes through the
decoding algorithm of LSB modification method the secret message of first level is retrieved
R Sridevi[6] in his paper introduced Enhanced Audio Steganography , which is a method of hiding the
message in the audio file of any formats. EAS contain extra layers of encryption and decryption. The four layers
in EAS are: Encoding, Decoding, Encryption, Decryption. At the sender side first of all secret message is
encrypted using a key, then encrypted message is encoded with audio file (carrier file) and stego file is send to
the destination. At the receiver side, stego file is decoded and encrypted file is extracted, then encrypted file is
decrypted using the key and secret message is extracted The quality of sound depends on the size of the audio
which the user selects and length of the message. The main two features of this system are
1) Size of file is not changed after encoding.
5. An Overview Of Steganography
www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
2) Since it is bit level manipulation the sound variations cannot be determined by any current software.
It provide the user to give secret key for encryption. The length of message is more than the existing system.
The quality of the audio doesn‟t change variably. The encryption key can be any combination of characters,
symbols, numbers. The key which is used for encoding is also used for decoding .This is a secret key where the
both user have to agree upon a single common key.
Vivek Jain[7] in his paper describe how to implement public key steganography : first of all he Find
the shared stego- key between the two communication parties let user A and user B, by applying Diffie Hellman
Key exchange protocol. Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol shows the technique for the key exchange
between two parties (user A and user B) to get shared Stego-key values. User A must generate the keys (public
and private keys) and use his private keys to give new public key and send it to user B's side. User B must
obtain and issue new public keys. Then at the end the protocol, each side recovers his/her received public key to
reach the shared values between them, which mean user A and user B have arrived same sego-key value. Then
information is encrypted by using the shared stego-key which already generated.
VI. Conclusion
Steganography is not intended to replace cryptography but supplement it. Hiding a message with
steganography methods reduces the chance of a message being detected. However, if that message is also
encrypted, if discovered, it must also be cracked. There are an infinite number of steganography applications.
Steganography does not only pertain to digital images but also to other media (files such as voice, other text and
binaries; other media such as communication channels, the list can go on and on).
steganography is not a good solution to secrecy. If a message is encrypted using substitution
(substituting one alphabet h another), permute the message (shuffle the text) and apply a substitution again, then
the encrypted ciphertext is more secure than using only substitution or only permutation. NOW, if the ciphertext
is embedded in an image, video, voice, etc. it is even more secure. If an encrypted message is intercepted, the
interceptor knows the text is an encrypted message. With steganography, the interceptor may not know the
object contains a message.
References
[1] Jayaram P, Ranganatha H R, Anupama H S, " Information Hiding Using Audio Steganography – A Survey" in The International
Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.3, No.3, August 2011
[2] Jammi Ashok, Y. Raju, S. Munishankaraiah, K. Srinivas "Steganography: An Overview" in International Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology Vol. 2(10), 2010
[3] K.P.Adhiya and Swati A. Patil, " Hiding Text in Audio Using LSB Based Steganography" in Information and Knowledge
Management Vol. 2, No.3, 2012
[4] Pratap Chandra Mandal Modern "Steganographic technique: A survey" in International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering
Technology (IJCSET)
[5] Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay and Barnali Gupta Banik "Multi-Level Steganographic Algorithm for Audio Steganography
using LSB Modification and Parity Encoding Technique" in International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer
Science (IJETTCS) Volume 1, Issue 2, July – August 2012
[6] R Sridevi, Dr. A Damodaram, DR. Svl. Narasimham "Efficient Method Of Audio Steganography By Modified LSB Algorithm And
Strong Encryption Key With Enhanced Security" in Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
[7] Vivek Jain , Lokesh Kumar, Madhur Mohan Sharma, Mohd Sadiq, Kshitiz Rastogi "Public-Key Steganography Based On Modified
LSB Method" in Journal of Global Research in Computer Science Volume 3, No. 4, April 2012