The document discusses the business cycle, which refers to the regular fluctuations in economic activity between periods of expansion and contraction. It describes the different types of business cycles including minor, major, very long period, and Kuznets cycles. The phases of the business cycle are also outlined, including expansion, peak, recession, and trough. Finally, the document analyzes various internal and external causes that can trigger business cycles such as consumer spending, investment, government policy, technology, and human psychology.

1. Business Cycle

2. INTRODUCTION
 The term Business cycle refers to economy –
wide fluctuations in production, trade, and
general economic activity.
 The Business cycle is the upward and
downward movements of levels of Gross
domestic product and refers to the period of
expansions and contractions in the level of
economic activities around a long term
growth trend.

3. Types of Business Cycle
 The Minor Cycle: These are the short tem trade cycles named
after Joseph Kitchin. Kitchin cycle is the regular 40 month
fluctuation in prices, production and employment.
 The Major Cycle: This has been emphasized as the fluctuation
of business activity between successive crises. This is also
known as “The Long Jugler Cycle.” A French economist Clement
Jugler showed that the periods of prosperity, crisis and
liquidation followed each other always within a span of the
average of nine to ten years.
 The Very Long Period Cycle: This is also known as Kondratieff
Cycle. This was propounded by N. D. Kondratieff the Russian

4. Types of Business Cycle
 Kuznets Cycle: This type of business cycle was
propounded by the famous American economist
Professor Simon Kuznet. His view was that the secular
swing of the cycle generally occurs in between 7 to 11
years and this can show effect within that period.
 Building Cycles: Economic fluctuations of a longer
duration than the business cycles have taken place in
the building construction activities. These cycles run
from 15 and 20 years and on an average to 18 years.

5. PHASES OF THE
BUSINESS CYCLE

6. PHASES OF THE
BUSINESS CYCLE
 Expansion/Growth: During this phase of the
business cycle, consumer and business spending
rise. Unemployment will drop during this phase,
which will further aid consumer spending.
 Peak: After a period of growth, an economy will
reach a peak, where business is producing at or
near full capacity, and the economy is at or near full
employment.

7. PHASES OF THE
BUSINESS CYCLE
 Recession: This is a phase when real GDP begins
to decline. Consumers and business reduce their
spending, unemployment rises, investment declines,
and pessimism about the economy is likely to grow.
 Trough/Depression: This is the lowest point of the
business cycle. Factories will be operating below
capacity, allowing unemployment to reach high
levels. Jobs are difficult to find in this phase, and
many businesses may fail.

8. CAUSES OF BUSINESS
CYCLES
 Internal Factors:
1. Consumption: When consumer spending increases,
businesses will increase production- causing them to hire more
workers and purchase more materials and capital goods. When
consumer spending decreases, the opposite will occur.
2. Business investment: The purchasing of capital goods
increases the number of jobs in the economy because people
have to make those goods. If investments increases, the
economy will grow, if investment decreases, the economy will
contract.
3. Government activity: The government can influence the
business cycle through fiscal policy (its tax and spend policies)
and monetary policy (its control of the money supply, largely
through the federal reserve).

9. CAUSES OF BUSINESS
CYCLES
 External factors:
1. Inventions and innovation: Major changes in
technology can influence the business cycle.
Usually technological changes move the economy
in a positive direction, but this is not always so.
2. Wars /Pandemic/Political events: The impact of
such events on the economy are very fact specific-
in other words, difficult to generalize about.

10. CAUSES OF BUSINESS
CYCLES
 Monetary Effect : The trade cycle is caused by the expansion
and contraction of bank credit. The trade cycle will be in the
upward phase when the banking systems creates more money,
results in Expansion. Soon the banks start restricting credits as
hey exhaust their reserves, results in Contraction.
 Purchasing Power : Another cause of business cycle is under
consumption or over saving. During the period of boom, the
income of wealthier people will increase and they will start
investing it into the production, as a result supply increases. But
majority of people cannot buy them because of less purchasing
power.

11. CAUSES OF BUSINESS
CYCLES
 Over Investment : According to Frederick A. Hayek, if money
supply increases the investors will invest more money in the
capital goods which results in expansion but soon it turns into
contraction because of over investment.
 Human Psychology : Psychological Cause refers to men’s
attitude of mind towards actual economic conditions. When
businessmen except better times, they expand investment and
output, This gives rise to expansion. A small shock or small
failure will reverse the process, expansion comes to an end.
 Cyclical Changes in Weather : Cyclical changes in the weather
is also a cause of the business cycle. If the weather is favorable
then agricultural production will increase and business cycle also
will see the expansion.

12. A THOUGHT ON THE
BUSINESS CYCLE
 The business cycle tends to be self-
sustaining. In other words, when in a period
of growth, the economy will continue to
grow (jobs leading to jobs) until some event
(internal or external) intercedes.

13. CONCLUSION
 Business cycle refers to the fluctuations in
economic activity occurring regularly in
capitalist societies.
 These changes occur in the form of change in
volume of employment, output and income.
The sequence of changes in business cycle
occurs frequently and in a similar pattern.