This document is a presentation by Geeta Malik on the topic of trade cycles. It defines a trade cycle as recurring periods of economic prosperity and recession that can last for several years. The document outlines the meaning, nature, causes and phases of trade cycles. It discusses fluctuations in trade cycles and lists the phases as boom, recession, depression, and recovery. Causes mentioned include banking operations, shifts between capital and consumer goods, purchasing power, and human psychology. The document also briefly discusses the global depression of 1929-1932 and preventive and corrective measures that can be used to control trade cycles.

1. GEETA MALIK
Assistant Professor
Advanced Educational Institutions
TRADE CYCLE
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2. Flow of The PPT
 Meaning and Definition of Trade Cycle.
 Nature of Trade Cycle.
 Fluctuations in Trade Cycle.
 Causes of Trade Cycle.
 Phases of Trade Cycle.
 Global Depression, 1929-1932
 Measures To Control Trade Cycle.
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3. Meaning Of Trade Cycle
The trade cycle refers to the ups and downs in
the level of economic activity which extends over
a period of several years. If we examine the past
statistical record of the business conditions, we
will find that business has never run smoothly for
ever. There are many fluctuations in the period.
Some times prosperity is followed by adversely. In
Economics this tendency of the business
activities, to fluctuate from prosperity to adversely
is called business cycle.
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4. Definition
Prof. Keynes says : " A trade cycle is composed
of periods of bad trade characterized by falling
prices and high unemployment percentages while
a period of good trade is characterized by rising
prices and high employment, percentages."
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5. Nature Of Trade Cycle
RECURRING
FLUCATIONS
PERIOD OF TRADE
CYCLE IS NO
LONGER THAN A
YEAR
SYNCHRONIC
INVENTORIES OF
GOODS
INTERNATIONAL IN
CHARACTER
CONSUMPTION OF
NON- DURABLE
GOODS AND
SERVICES
PROFITS
FLUCTUATE MORE
THAN ANY OTHER
TYPE OF INCOME
PHENOMENON OF
THE CRISIS
PRESENCE OF THE
ALTERNATING
FORCES OF
EXPATION AND
CONTRACTION
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6. Fluctuations Of Trade Cycle
 Secular
 Seasonal variations
 Cyclical fluctuations
 Miscellaneous random fluctuations
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7. Causes Of Trade Cycle
 Banking Operations
 Capital goods and consumer goods
 Purchasing power
 Profit mania
 Human psychology
 Cyclical changes in weather
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8. Phases of Trade Cycle
Phases
of trade
cycle
Depression
Recession
Recovery
Boom
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9. BOOM/ PEAK
 Peak or prosperity phase:
 Real output in the economy is at a high
level
 Unemployment is low
 Domestic output may be at its capacity
 Inflation may be high.
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10. RECESSION
 Contraction or recession phase:
 Real output is decreasing
 Unemployment rate is rising.
As contraction continues, inflation pressure
fades.
 If the recession is prolonged, price may
decline (deflation)
The government determinant for a recession
is two consecutive quarters of declining
output.www.advanced.edu.in

11. DEPRESSION
 √ Trough or depression phase:
 Lowest point of real GDP
 Output and unemployment “bottom out”
 This phase may be short-lived or prolonged
 There is no precise decline in output at which a
serious recession becomes a depression.
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12. RECOVERY
 √ Expansionary or recovery:
 Real output in the economy is increasing
 Unemployment rate is declining
 The upswing part of the cycle.
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13. www.advanced.edu.in

14. Global Depression, 1929-1932
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15. MEASURES TO CONTROL TRADE
CYCLE
 Preventive measures:
a) Precise relation between cyclical changes in
general business.
b) Nature of the cyclical price movements in relation
to the general trade cycle.
 Corrective measures:
a) Monetary policy
b) Fiscal policy
c) Direct controls
d) Automatic stabilizers
e) Fixed investments policy
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16. GEETA MALIK
Assistant Professor
Advanced Educational Institute
Advanced Educational Institutions,
70 km Milestone,
Delhi-Mathura Road, Dist. Palwal, Haryana-
121105
+91–1275–398400, 302222
gmalik16@gmail.com
www.advanced.edu.in
www.advanced.edu.in