In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.
Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
This presentation has been uploaded by Public Relations Cell, IIM Rohtak to help the B-school aspirants crack their interview by gaining basic knowledge on Economics.
References:
www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/economics/macroeconomics/section1.php
http://www.slideshare.net/RahulKaurav/xx-unit-iii
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/051904.asp
https://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx
1. Definition
2. Variations of Inflation
3. Calculation of Inflation
4. Keynisian view of Inflation/Causes of Inflation
5. Effects of Inflation
6. Methods to Control Inflation
7. Is inflation good or bad?
8. Inflation and GDP
In these slides there is a basic introduction of inflation. It includes it's meaning, definition, types, causes, effects, control measures and present scenario of Rwandan Economy.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
1. •What is inflation?
•Measurement of Inflation
•Types of Inflation
•Causes and Effects of Inflation
•Control of Inflation
•Inflation and Economic Developement
•Inflation in India
INFLATION
2. What is Inflation?
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase
in the general price level of goods and services in
an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in
the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss
of real value in the medium of exchange and unit
of account within the economy.
3. Measuring Inflation
• Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a
general price index, usually the consumer price index, over
time.
• If the price level in the current year is ‘P1’ & in the previous
year is ‘Po’, then inflation for the current year is
(P1 – Po)/ Po x 100
4. CPI and WPI
• CPI: It is a comprehensive measure used for estimation of
price changes in a basket of goods and services representative
of consumption expenditure in an economy is called consumer
price index. The percentage change in this index over a period
of time gives the amount of inflation over that specific period,
i.e. the increase in prices of a representative basket of goods
consumed.
• WPI: represents the price of goods at a wholesale stage i.e.
goods that are sold in bulk and traded between organizations
instead of consumers. WPI is used as a measure of inflation in
some economies. Inflation rate is the difference between WPI
calculated at the beginning and the end of a year. The
percentage increase in WPI over a year gives the rate of
inflation for that year.
5. Other widely used price indices
for calculating price inflation
• Commodity price indices : It is a fixed-weight index or (weighted)
average of selected commodity prices, which may be based on spot
or futures prices. It measures the price of a selection of
commodities.
• GDP deflator : is a measure of the price of all the goods and services
included in gross domestic product (GDP).
• Asset price inflation : is an undue increase in the prices of real or
financial assets, such as stock (equity) and real estate.
• Core price indices : The "core" PCE price index is defined as personal
consumption expenditures (PCE) prices excluding food and energy
prices. The core PCE price index measures the prices paid by
consumers for goods and services without the volatility caused by
movements in food and energy prices to reveal underlying inflation
trends. This is because food and oil prices can change quickly due to
changes in supply and demand conditions in the food and oil
markets, it can be difficult to detect the long run trend in price levels
when those prices are included.
7. 1. Cost –Push Inflation
• Cost push inflation occurs when we experience rising prices due to higher
costs of production and higher costs of raw materials. Cost push inflation is
determined by supply side factors. Cost-push inflation can lead to lower
economic growth and often causes a fall in living standards, though it often
proves to be temporary.
• CAUSES OF COST-PULL INFLATION:
1. Rising wages
2. Import prices
3. Raw material prices and commodity costs
4. Profit push inflation
5. Declining productivity
6. Higher taxes
8. DiagramShowingCostPushInflation
• In the diagram X-axis represents the year for which GDP is calculated
• Y-axis : represents the price level
• While SRAS represents the Short Run Aggregate Supply.
• Short run aggregate supply curve shifts to the left, causing higher price level and
lower real GDP.
9. • In 2011/12, the UK experienced a rise in cost-push
inflation, partly due to the depreciation in the
Pound against the Euro. (also due to higher taxes) Graph showing
Infation in UK
10. 2.Demand-pull inflation
• Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand is
growing at an unsustainable rate leading to increased
pressure on scarce resources and a positive output gap
• When there is excess demand, producers can raise their prices
and achieve bigger profit margins
• Demand-pull inflation becomes a threat when an economy
has experienced a boom with GDP rising faster than the long-
run trend growth of potential GDP
• Demand-pull inflation is likely when there is full employment
of resources and SRAS is inelastic
11. Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation
• A depreciation of the exchange rate increases the price of imports and
reduces the foreign price of a country's exports. If consumers buy fewer
imports, while exports grow, AD in will rise – and there may be a
multiplier effect on the level of demand and output
• Higher demand from a fiscal stimulus e.g. lower direct or indirect taxes
or higher government spending. If direct taxes are reduced, consumers
have more disposable income causing demand to rise. Higher
government spending and increased borrowing creates extra demand in
the circular flow
• Monetary stimulus to the economy: A fall in interest rates may
stimulate too much demand – for example in raising demand for loans
or in leading to house price inflation. Monetarist economists believe
that inflation is caused by “too much money chasing too few goods" and
that governments can lose control of inflation if they allow the financial
system to expand the money supply too quickly.
• Fast growth in other countries – providing a boost to UK exports
overseas. Export sales provide an extra flow of income and spending
into the UK circular flow – so what is happening to the economic cycles
of other countries definitely affects the UK
12. Concepts of Deflation,
Disinflation,Reflation & Stagflation
• Deflation – is a condition of falling prices on account of
insufficient effective demand. Results in a continuous fall in
level of economic activity & growing unemployment
• Disinflation – it is a process of lowering costs & prices when
they are excessively high. Brings down inflationary trend in
prices without causing unemployment
• Reflation – is a moderate degree of inflation that is
deliberately undertaken to relieve depression
• Stagflation – a situation in which a high rate of inflation
prevails simultaneously with a high rate of unemployment or
stagnant economic condition. It is a combination of inflation &
stagnation
14. General Effect
• An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the
purchasing power of the currency. The effect of inflation is not distributed
evenly in the economy, and as a consequence there are hidden costs to
some and benefits to others from this decrease in the purchasing power of
money.
• Effect On Redistribution Of Income:
(1) Debtors and Creditors,: debtors gain and creditors lose.
(2) Salaried Persons: lose
(3) Wage Earners: may gain or lose
(4) Fixed Income Group: lose
(5) Equity Holders or Investors: gain
(6) Businessmen: gain
(7) Agriculturists: gain or lose
15. Positive Effect Of Inflation
1.Deflation (a fall in prices – negative inflation) is very harmful. When
prices are falling people are reluctant to spend money because they
are concerned that prices will be cheaper in the future, therefore,
they keep delaying purchases.
2. Moderate inflation enables adjustment of wages: example, it may
be difficult to cut nominal wages .But, if average wages are rising
due to moderate inflation, it is easier to increase the wages of
productive workers;
3. Inflation can boost growth. At times of very low inflation the
economy may be stuck in a recession. Arguably targeting a higher
rate of inflation can enable a boost in economic growth. (Although
this view is controversial).
16. Control of Inflation
1. Monetary Measures: Monetary measures aim at reducing money incomes.
(a) Credit Control
(b) Demonetisation of Currency
(c) Issue of New Currency
2. Fiscal Measures: Fiscal measures are highly effective for controlling government
expenditure, personal consumption expenditure, and private and public investment.
(a) Reduction in Unnecessary Expenditure
(b) Increase in Taxes
(c) Increase in Savings
(d) Surplus Budgets
(e) stop repayment of public debt
3. Other Measures: are those which aim at increasing aggregate supply and reducing
aggregate demand directly.
(a) Increase Production
(b) Adopt Rational Wage Policy
(c) Check Price Control
(d) Rationing
17. Inflation in India
• In India ,CPI (combined) is used for calculation of
inflation.
• Current inflation in India: august 2016:- 5.30 %
• In India WPI is published on a weekly basis and
CPI on monthly basis.