Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
1)Musthakim Ahmed
2)Yousuf chowdrary
3)SK Reazul Islam
4) Aysha Akter
5) Sanjida Afrin kuheli
6) Thamanna Akter
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
1)Musthakim Ahmed
2)Yousuf chowdrary
3)SK Reazul Islam
4) Aysha Akter
5) Sanjida Afrin kuheli
6) Thamanna Akter
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
This theory relies on the market behaviour of the consumer to know about his preferences with regard to the various combinations for the two reactions and responses of the consumer.
Perfectly Competitive Market: Basic Concepts and AssumptionsArambamSophia
The PPT discusses the basic concept of a market in Economics and also the assumptions underlying the perfectly competitive market. It also discusses the concept of costs in the traditional theory of the firm. It is not an advanced lecture and would be useful for those not familiar with the basics. The reference is 'Modern Microeconomics' by Koutsoyiannnis'
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
This theory relies on the market behaviour of the consumer to know about his preferences with regard to the various combinations for the two reactions and responses of the consumer.
Perfectly Competitive Market: Basic Concepts and AssumptionsArambamSophia
The PPT discusses the basic concept of a market in Economics and also the assumptions underlying the perfectly competitive market. It also discusses the concept of costs in the traditional theory of the firm. It is not an advanced lecture and would be useful for those not familiar with the basics. The reference is 'Modern Microeconomics' by Koutsoyiannnis'
Production Function is a statement of the relationship between a firm’s scarce resources (inputs) and the output that results from the use of these resources.
In mathematical terms, the PF can be expressed as:
Q= f (X1, X2…………Xk) where
Q=output, X1…………Xk=inputs used in the production process
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What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
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If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
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what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
2. Factor Pricing in Competitive
Market
• Factor pricing is similar to commodity
pricing i.e. demand=supply
• Inputs used in production is known as
factors of production
• Land, labor and capital are the factors that
are purchased and sold in the market
• For the simplicity we explain market for
labor. However the theory is for all
“productive factor”
3. Demand for Labor
• Assumptions
– A single commodity, is produced. Price of X is
PX
.
– Goal of the firm is profit maximisation.
– Labor market is perfectly competitive. Hence
in the given wage rate (w) market supply
curve is horizontal.
– Production function is increasing at
decreasing rate i.e. marginal product of labor
is declining.
4. Demand for Labor
• A firm will hire a labor up to the point at
which the last unit contributes as much as
to total cost as to total revenue.
– Contribution by last unit of labor
• In Revenue=PX
*MPL=VMPL
• In Cost= Wage (w)
• For equilibrium VMPL=w
6. Labor Supply
• Labor supply curve is derived by indifference
curve approach.
• First we derive individual supply curve
ZAB
SL
A B
Slope
=w1
Slope
=w2
Y0
Y1
Leisure
Money Income
W
W1
W2
Z
SL
7. Backward Bending Supply Curve
• Individual supply curve may be backward
bending i.e. after certain wage level,
further increase in wage rate reduces
individual labor supply.
• Reason: when wage increases then
income increases. In this situation people
wants some entertainment or similar
things.
9. Market Supply of Labor
• Market labor supply curve, however at
least in the long run, is not backward
bending because if some people at very
high wage rate do not wish to work, young
people will undertake the place.
10. Determination of Wage Rate
• Wage rate is determined by the force of
demand and supply
L
W
SL
DL
L*
W*
11. Pricing of Fixed Factor
(Land and Capital)
• Pricing of land and capital is different than that of
labor.
• Labor can not be purchased while land and
capital can be either purchased or rented in.
• If they are rented in then same theory of labor
applies.
• If they are purchased then both current and
expected value of marginal product should be
considered.
12. Theory of Economic Rent
• This theory explains the pricing of factors
whose supply is fixed in long run.
• Fixed factor doesn’t have marginal
product.
• Economic Rent= Present Earnings-
opportunity cost (i.e. payments in excess
of its opportunity cost)
13. Theory of Economic Rent
• Example
Present Income
of Land (Rs.)
Opportunity
Cost (Rs.)
Rent=Surplus
over
Opportunity
Cost (Rs.)
1000 1000 (Case I) 0
1000 0 (Case II) 1000
1000 700 (Case III) 300
1000 1200 (Case IV) -200
14. Theory of Economic Rent
.
D
S
A
B
C
E
F
O
Total Earning=
Area OBEF
Opportunity Cost =
Area COFE
Rent = Area BCE =
Producers Surplus
15. Quasi Rent
• Some factors have inelastic supply in the
short run as well. These factors are fixed
factors.
• Payment made to an input which is in
fixed supply in the short run is called
quasi-rent.
• Quasi-Rent=TR-TVC
17. Profit
• Reward for entrepreneurship. Profit is residual
income.
• Profit can be classified into two categories
– A) Normal Profit B) Supernormal Profit
• Normal profit is obtained in perfectly competitive
market (at least in the long run)
• Supernormal profit is the outcome of
– Risk taking behavior
– Imperfect market
– Innorvation
18. Profit and Innovation
• Innovation => Use of new machine, finding
new source of raw material, finding new
market, new techniques of selling and
distribution etc.
• Innovation reduces cost and increases
profit.
• Innovation=>Profit=>Innovation
• Profits are caused by innovation and
disappear by imitation.
19. Profit and Risk
• Producer invest based on future cost,
price, demand.
• But future is not certain. So there is risk.
• One receives profit if s/he is able to predict
future correctly.
• Hence profit is reward for taking risk.
20. Profit and imperfect market
• Imperfect market consists of risk since
there is no perfect information.
• In perfectly competitive market there is
perfect information. So there is no super
normal profit.
• In imperfect market there is super normal
profit.