The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.

1. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION[BLD60303]
Project 1: Experiencing Construction
DOCUMENTAION AND ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
LEE HUI QIN 0322991
NG KE NING 0323015
EVELYN LAI KAH YING 0322732
NG ZHENG SI 0322585
NG HONG BIN 0319735
CHONG YU XUAN 0317950
LEE KAI YUNG 0318314

2. CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK
3.1 SURVEY AND SETTING OUT
3.2 SITE CLEARANCE
3.3 EARTH WORK
3.4 DRAINAGE
3.5 TEMPORARY FACILITIES AND SERVICES
4.0 FOUNDATION
4.1 FOUNDATION DETAILS (ON SITE)
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 SLAB
5.2 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.3 WALL
5.4 STAIRCASE
6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS
6.1 DOORS
6.2 WINDOWS
7.0 ROOFING
7.1 TYPE OF ROOF
8.0 SUMMARY
9.0 REFERENCES
1
1-2
5-7
3-4
9
8
8
14-16
13
12
11
10
38-40
38
32-37
26-31
22-25
17-21
17
49
48
44
41-43
44-47

3. 1.0INTRODUCTIONNGHONGBIN1.1INTRODUCTIONTOSITE
SITE 1: PRECINCT 11 SETIA ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.
0319735
Project Title: 68 units three storey terrace house (20’ X 65’)
Project Duration: 17 months
Site Possession Date: 03/06/2015
Completion Date: 02/11/2016 (Overall)
02/01/2016 (Mock Up Sample)
Precinct 11, Setia Alam is a quiet serene and low density
neighbourhood. It is located in Setia Alam, Klang which is 10km
to Subang Jaya and 45km to KLIA. There are recreation park,
primary and secondary schools, shopping malls and many
other facilities nearby. It best-kept secret, offers a serene
sanctuary tucked away in the township’s northernmost point.
Ground floor Site planSecond FloorFirst Floor
1

4. 1.0INTRODUCTIONLEEHUIQIN1.1INTRODUCTIONTOSITE
SITE 2: FRONTIER INDUSTRIAL PARK, JOHOR.
0322991
Built-up area : 7,008 sq.ft.
Type of building: Semi-detached factory
Project duration : 15 months
This industrial factory project is owned by Woon Brothers. It is
located at Desa Cemerlang, Johor Bahru which is 15km far
away from the centre of the town. It is naturally eco as it
transform the landscape of industrial development.
Ground floor First floor Side elevation
Front elevationSite plan
2

5. 2.0SITEANDSAFETY
CONSTRUCTION SIGNBOARD
NGHONGBIN
2.0SITEANDSAFETY
3
PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH
0319735
SAFETY SIGNBOARD
• The signboard indicates the construction proposal
of the site.
• It shows the organisation company detail such as
owner, developer company, architect company,
C&S engineer company, M&E engineer company,
surveyor company.
• The safety signboard is put at the entrance of the
construction site to seek people attention before
entering the site.
• To ensure the safety and prevent accidents to
happen.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
SAFETY GLASSES
- use to protect eye from
flying particles.
SAFETY GLOVES
- use to protect hands
from injuries.
SAFETY BOOTS
- use to protect feet from
sharp or falling objects.
SAFETY HELMET
- use to protect head from
falling objects.
HIGH VISIBILITY
VEST
- make sure the
user is highly visible
to other personnel.
SAFETY SIGNAGE

6. 2.0SITEANDSAFETY
• Formwork and reshores shall be
certified structurally safe by a
Professional Engineer and shall
be properly braced or tied
together so as to maintain position
and shape.
NGHONGBIN
2.0SITEANDSAFETY
4
PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH
0319735
• The construction site should be
fully barricaded by protective
hoarding so that public could be
protected from work in progress.
• The hoarding also acts as barrier
to prevent people from trespassing
into the construction site.
• All scaffolds require bracing for
structural support and prevent
from collapsing.
• They should be secured tied and
supported.
• Workers get away from a noisy
or polluted workplace helps to
relax and recover from fatigue.
• Workers can buy daily life needs
and also food ingredients.
• Helps to protect the health of
the workers.
• Provides a changing room for
workers to clean up and change
before heading back home.
• Washing facilities prevents workers
from taking home dirt from the site.
• Ensure that every worker is able to
wash their hands before every meal.
CONCRETE FORMWORK SCAFFOLDINGHOARDING
TEMPORARY TOILET WASHING FACILITIESTEMPORARY CANTEEN

7. 2.0SITEANDSAFETYLEEKAIYUNG2.1PLANTSANDMACHINERY
5
PLANTS AND MACHINERY
0318314
TRUCK-MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES WITH PLATFORM
BACKHOE-LOADER
• A crane mounted on truck with
a man basket
• Worker can travel easily
between floor using this man
basket.
• Only suitable for low risk
construction and can use
without any setup or assembly
• A tractor with a shovel or
bucket on the front and a small
backhoe on the back
• Very useful in digging shallow
excavation and trenches
• It can act as loader for loading
and carrying materials
HYDRAULIC
LUFFING ARM
STABALISING JACK
SLEWING RING
ROAD DRIVING AND
CRANE OPERATION
CONTROLS
PLATFORM
TELESCOPIC BOOM
SECTIONS
TRACTOR
BACKHOE
LOADER
BOOM
STABILIZER LEGS
STICK
BUCKET

8. 2.0SITEANDSAFETYLEEKAIYUNG2.1PLANTSANDMACHINERY
6
0318314
TRUCK-MOUNTED TELESCOPIC CRANES
DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER
• Drive pile into soil to increase
shear strength of the soil
• Versatility in the range of piling
BACK STAY
CATCH BOOM
WINCH EXCAVATOR OR
PILING RIG
PILE CATCH
FRONT JACK
PILE HAMMER
LEADER
• A full revolving superstructure
mounted on a truck.
• Easily transport to a site and use
with different type of load and
cargo with little or no setup or
assembly
• It is very suitable for the short
term project that required crane
utilization
HOIST ROPE
HOIST BLOCK
TELESCOPIC BOOM
SECTIONS
TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC RAM
HYDRAULIC
LUFFING ARM
THE COUNTERWEIGHTSSTABALISING JACK

9. LEEKAIYUNG
7
0318314
PORTABLE MINI CRANE
• Mini crane used for lifting in unconventional and difficult
situation
• Small enough to manoeuvre into a job site and it can setup in
almost any available work space
• It can used indoor and outdoor operations.
• A mini concrete mixer for smaller volume works
• Often used at construction site, giving the workers ample time to
use the concrete before it hardens
PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER
• A concrete plant, a device that combines various ingredients to
form concrete.
• Concrete batching plants are widely used to produce various
kinds of concrete including quaking concrete and hard concrete,
suitable for large or medium scale building works, road and
bridge works and precast concrete plants, etc.
CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT
2.0SITEANDSAFETY2.1PLANTSANDMACHINERY

10. 3.0EXTERNALWORK
The purpose of a boundary survey is to establish the boundary lines of a new parcel of land, or to re-establish the boundary
lines of an existing parcel of land.
LEEHUIQIN3.1SURVEYANDSETTINGOUT
BOUNDARY SURVEY
0322991
SETTING OUT
Setting out is the establishment of mark and line from which the whole of the building can be set out. The position of the
line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any time. The main aim of setting out is to ensure that
the various elements of the scheme are positioned correctly in all three dimensions.
PROCESS
1. Boundary lines of the
land owned is
established with
known bearing and
distance from the pre
computation plan.
2.
Marked and checked
the main lines of the
building can be set
out by theodolite
and each corner
marked with a stout
peg.
tripod
Telescope at right angle
(swivel up and down
within range 3 to 100m)
Corner
post
90 °
sight lines
to correct
posts
3. A check should be
made of the
setting-out line
for right angles
and correct
lengths.
Site
boundary
Base line
Main setting out lines
Profile
board
Diagonal
check
4.
Setting out lines
Nails
positioning
trench and
walls
50 x 50 pointed
posts driven into
ground 450 to 600
deep height above
ground 150 to 600
Profile boards are set
up to determine the
corners and sides of
buildings. It required
at all trench and wall
intersections.
8

11. 3.0EXTERNALWORKLEEHUIQIN3.2SITECLEARANCE
SITE CLEARANCE
0322991
Site clearance is the first step in preparation of construction site where it involves clearing vegetation and removal of soil to
reduce levels in the proposed site. This is to ensure that the proposed buildings will be free from vegetation and the soil is
suitable for foundation to improve the stability of proposed buildings.
CLEARING VEGETATION AND TOPSOIL REMOVAL
Uprooting whole tree with machinery
The arm of the
excavator is placed
against the trunk
and push it aside.
Then, it use the
edge of bucket to
chop the tree trunk
into smaller pieces.
1. 2.
A bulldozer is
then used to push
the branches and
stones to the
collecting point.
3.
300mm Surface soil
The top 300mm soil
should be remove as it
contain plant life and
decaying vegetation
which is easily
compressed and
unsuitable for
foundations.
4.
Reuse the topsoil
Topsoil
removed
Excavate to the desired
depth and transport
the topsoil to another
location for other
purpose as it can be
reuse.
9

12. 3.0EXTERNALWORKLEEHUIQIN3.3EARTHWORK
EARTHWORK
0322991
Earthwork is a process that include removal, moving and adding of large quantities of soil or rock from a particular area to
another. This is done in order to make an area a suitable height and level for a specific construction purpose. It can be
performed by cutting into or excavating an area of ground or by constructing a new area.
CUT AND FILL
cut
fill
Original ground levelFormation or reduced
level (cut line)
Sloping Site
Cut line is made for
reduced level and also to
estimate how much land
need to be fill.
Cut
It gives undisturbed soil
over the whole of the
site.
Fill
The amount of fill should
not exceed a depth of
600mm.
Marked for original height level
of the land
Marked for original height level
of the land
This is used to estimate the
total volume of land been
cut by calculate the area
and height being reduced.
10

13. 3.0EXTERNALWORKLEEHUIQIN3.4DRAINAGE
SUBSOIL DRAINAGE
0322991
Subsoil drainage is installed within the ground to remove excessive water from the soil to avoid the passage of ground moisture
to the interior of the building and damage to the fabric of the building. With the help of subsoil drainage, it helps to improve the
stability of the ground, lowering the humidity of the site and also improving its horticultural properties.
The system is
terminated at a
suitable outfall which
is river or stream.
Precautions should
be taken to ensure
the system will not
work in reverse
which cause rising
tide.
OUTFALL TO STREAM
Branch drains
Grid Iron
The pipes are
arranged in grid
iron pattern to
cover as much
to the site as is
necessary.
Concrete bank
protection
Drain to
discharge above
water level
Metal baffle
Cover and frame
Pipe channel for
access to system
Brick built manhole
Brick wall
A manhole or access chamber is required
to gain access to a drainage system for
un-blocking, cleaning, rodding or
inspection.
11

14. 3.0EXTERNALWORKLEEHUIQIN3.5TEMPORARYFACILITIESAND
SERVICES0322991
SITE OFFICE
It is a portable cabin which is a
congregation point between contractors,
architects and engineers. Visitors need to
get permission for entering from here.
ACCESS AND EXIT
It is an open storage area as the
materials are bulky and heavy and
also able to resistant to the weather.
MATERIAL STORAGE
HOARDINGS
It prevent unauthorized access and shield
the construction site from view to minimize
disturbance. The gaps between each panel
is to withstand wind load.
SIGNAGE
Administration area and office signs
for visitors to report to and also for
security purpose.
Only one access to the site to
prevent unauthorized access and to
afford satisfactory of traffic vehicles.
SCAFFOLDING
A temporary structure which
provide working platforms, ladders
and guard rails for the workers.
WORKER ACCOMODATION
Temporary shed and a rest area for
construction workers.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
Provide power supply to some
machinery or for the daily life of
workers.
WATER SUPPLY
For production of cement or serve
as drinking water for the workers.
12

15. 4.0FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below ground level, which transmits the loads of the
super structure to the supporting soil.
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION:
• To hold together and increase the stability of the structure.
• To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area.
• To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to prevent unequal settlement.
• To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
• To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.
Foundations are generally divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation.
DEEP FOUNDATION: used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of
topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings including
impact driven piles, drilled shafts and caissons.
NGHONGBIN
4.0FOUNDATION
13
FOUNDATION
Ballast Weights
0319735
Caisson foundationDriven foundation Bored foundation
Water Water
Workspace
Pressurized Air
Supply
Muck Tube
Personnel Access
Tube
Air Lock

16. 4.0FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is a form of deep foundation and is used when the ground is soft or is a filled ground. Piling is
generally used to transfer load from the unsuitable ground at the surface deep into the ground. Our sites use
prefabricated reinforced concrete pile.
NGHONGBIN4.1FOUNDATIONDETAILS
(ONSITE)
14
PILE FOUNDATION
0319735
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• Used when the soil is soft and no hard
strata available to a certain depth.
• Carrying capacity is derived mainly from
the adhesion or friction of the soil in
contact with the shaft of the pile.
• Transfer their load to the ground through
skin friction.
Load Structure
Pile Cap
Piles
Lower Density
Medium Density
Higher Density
The structure carries heavy
concentrated loads.
Pile foundation is suitable when:
The soil is very soft and
solid bed is not
available at a
reasonable depth to
keep the bearing power
within safe limits.
COLUMN LOAD
- Transfer load from
superstructure to pile
cap.
PILE CAP
- Connect to the cluster
of RC piles below to
ensure equal load
distribution.
PREFABRICATED
REINFORCED
CONCRETE PILE
- Transfer the loads
towards the more
stable stratum.
FRICTIONAL FORCE
- Produced by the
resistance of earth mass
to provide lateral
stability.

17. 4.0FOUNDATION
Step 1: Piling
NGHONGBIN4.1FOUNDATIONDETAILS
(ONSITE)
15
PROCEDURE OF PILE FOUNDATION
0319735
Step 2: Pile Cap Step 3: Footing Step 4: Ground Beam
A pile is a column of concrete
that extends downward deep into
the soil. It is a type of deep
foundation.
A pile cap is defined as a
concrete block cast on the head
of a group of piles. Pile cap
transfers the load from the
structures to a pile group and the
load further transfers to firm soil.
A base that supports the
structure. Footing is the wider
part of concrete that goes under
concrete wall and is used to
keep the wall from sagging.
Ground beams are designed to
support brickwork or to form a
permanent shutter to the edge of
in-situ concrete floor slab. The
beams can be designed to
withstand any heave forces with
the use of void forming or
compressible materials.
PROCESS OF PILE FOUNDATION (DETAILS)
1. DRIVE
Starter or drive pile until maximum
at pile point.
2. WELD
The plate join of adjacent pile
for extension.
3. APPLY
Bitumen at joint as water proofing
coating to prevent rust.
4. DRIVE
The extension pile into the ground
until maximum.
5. CUT
Cut off the excessive extension
pile using a pile cutting machine.
6. EXCAVATE
Surrounding soil of the pile
cluster by approximately
300mm depth.
7. CAST
The pile cap in situ.
8. LOAD TEST
Carried out by putting loads on
the pile for certain period. It is a
pass If the pile does not crack.

18. 4.0FOUNDATION
• Concrete block cast on the head of a group of
piles.
• Ground stability increases with depth & pressure.
• The top of pile is more vulnerable to movement &
stress.
• Tie the pile heads together.
NGHONGBIN4.1FOUNDATIONDETAILS
(ONSITE)
16
PILE CAP
0319735
FUNCTIONS
• To distribute a single load equally over the pile
group & over a greater area of bearing potential.
• To stabilize individual pile thus increasing overall
stability of the group.
• To provide necessary combined resistance to stress
set up by the superstructure.
TYPE OF ARRANGEMENTS OF PILES
MACHINERY USED:
DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER
3 pile cap 4 pile cap
6 pile cap
HELMET: Distribute the force
from the hammer to the pile
evenly and prevent damage
DIESEL PILE HAMMER: Create
the magnitude of force to drive
the pile by inducing downward
momentum in the metal ram.
BACKSTAY: Transfer
the counterweight
tension from the
leader towards the
ground to stabalise
the driver.
CRANE: Lift and hoist
the pile.
LEADER: Provide vertical
attachment support for pile
hammer.
Maximum load
250 kN
Pile length various
from 6-30m
depend on ground
condition.
15cm 15cm
Column
Pile Cap
Piles

19. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.1SLAB
17
0322732
Simply supported slab
These are slabs which rest in a bearing and for design purposes are
not considered to be fixed to the support and are therefore, in theory
, free to lift.In practice however they are restrained from
unacceptable lifting by their own self weight plus any loadings.
Concrete slabs
Concrete is a material which is strong in compression and weak in
tension and if member is overloaded its tensile resistance may be
exceeded leading to structure failure.
SLAB
Types of slab
One way slab
Length is two more times the width. Slab
supported on two sides and bending takes
place predominantly in one direction
Two way slab
Length is less than double the width
(approximately square). Slab is
supported on all four sides and
bending take place in two
directions.
Suspended slab
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct
contact with the ground. They form roofs or
floors above ground level

20. Unless the site is flat and sandy it
may be necessary to excavate.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.1SLAB
18
0322732
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CONCRETE SLAB
1.Preparing site 3. Building Formwork
Defining the boundaries of the
concrete slab with wooden stakes.
4.Vapour Barrier
Incorporate a damp-proof membrane
(DPM) under the concrete slab.
5. Reinforcing
Install the welded steel
reinforcement mesh and rebar. (two
layers of BRC A8).
6. Mixing Concrete
Distributes the aggregate evenly
throughout the cement paste,
ensures that all of the cement has
been fully saturated in water, and
removes large air voids.
2. Soil Support System
A thin layer of graded, granular,
compactible material is normally used as
fine grading material to minimize friction
between the base material and the slab.

21. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.1SLAB
19
0322732
8.Consolidation
Once the concrete is in place, it should be consolidated
to remove large air voids developed during placement
and to make sure that the concrete has flowed into all of
the corners and nooks of the formwork. This process is
also called compacting.
9.Finishing
Final treatment of the concrete surface after it has
been consolidated to achieve the desired properties.
This can be as simple as pushing a wide blade over
the fresh concrete surface to make it flat screeding.
10.Curing
As the concrete hardens and gains strength it becomes
less and less vulnerable, so the critical time period is
the first hours and days after it is placed.
7. Placing Concrete
Placed concrete into the formwork that
defines its final position and shape.

22. REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE SLAB
Steel Reinforcing Bars and Welded Wire Reinforcement
Concrete is very strong when it is squeezed in compression but very weak when it is
being pulled apart in tension. Steel reinforcing bars and welded wire reinforcement
are very strong in tension, have similar thermal expansion and contraction properties
to those of the concrete, and thus can handle high-tension stresses while the concrete
can take substantial compressive stresses.
Starter bar
Starter bars are usually used to tie reinforced masonry or concrete walls to slabs or footings
Starter bars in beam before the installation of slab Starter bars are bent
Beam
Bent starter bar
Damp proof membrane
2 layers of BRC
Compressed hardcore
Slab
STRUCTURE OF SLAB
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURE5.1SLABNGZHENGSI
0322585
20

23. SUSPENDED SLAB
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground level
CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF SUSPENDED SLAB
1.Preparation of timber formwork.
2. Completion of steel bars
and erection of formwork to
the required size. Concrete
is poured and left to cure.
3. Finished slab.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURE5.1SLABNGZHENGSI
0322585
21

24. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM TO
COLUMN CONNECTION
• Beams are set on beaming pads on
the column corbels.
• Steel angles are welded to metal
plates cast into the beams and
columns and the joint is grouted solid.
Diagonal cracking & crushing of
concrete can be prevented in joints.
Mostly, for this large column size is
the most effective.
• Concrete fromwork purpose is to place and form concrete
mixture according to prescribed size and design.
• It is a temporary building structure which needs to be
opened when the concrete inside hardens.
FORMWOK DESIGN
Formwork construction for
concrete column
Formwork construction for
concrete beam
Reinforcement steel bar
Columns in timer formwork,
waiting to dry.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGKENING5.2BEAMANDCOLUMN
22
0323015
Cement concrete

25. ColumnBeam
Beam is horizontal load bearing member
which is used to withstand load. It does
so by allowing the structure to maintain
its shape and not bend. It is commonly
reinforced with rebar.
Column is vertical load bearing member
which transfer loads from beams to the
foundation. Reinforcement are applied to
strengthen their compressive force.
Column Beam
Beam and column are elements that make up a building’s structure.
For our particular site, the beams and column are made of concrete. There are two different type of concrete beams
and columns, pre cast and in-situ. Pre cast being beams and columns that are pre-casted off site and brought on site to
be assembled on to the structure and in-situ being casted on site using formwork which was that was used in our site.
Our site uses cast on site reinforced concrete. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tensile forces. Therefore
steel reinforcement bar(rebar) are applied. Into concrete beam, slab and column to increase their tensile strength and
resist compression, tension, shear and bending.
Scaffolding
Timber formwork
Hold up the formwork
and concrete so that it
maintains its shape.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGKENING5.2BEAMANDCOLUMN
23
0323015

26. Material: Reinforced Concrete, timber & steel
PROCESS CONSTRACTING BEAM AND COLUMN
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGKENING5.2BEAMANDCOLUMN
24
0323015
1. Setting up of
reinforcement bars. The
thickness of bars and the
number of bars used
depends on the load it has
to bear.
2. Cladding of formwork
using plywood.
3. Cement is being poured into
the formwork. A concrete
vibrator is then used to
release trapped air and excess
water.
4. When the concrete
of the columns have
dried up after 28
days, cladding of
formwork for beams
can be done.
5. Reinforcement
bars for beams are
set up.
6. Cement is poured into
the formwork. A concrete
vibrator is then use to
ensure that the concrete
settle firmly in place.
7. The formwork is removed after
the concrete dried. Columns and
beams are formed. Excess rebar on
top of column is for continuation of
rebar for next floor.

27. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGKENING5.2BEAMANDCOLUMN
25
0323015
Timber formwork
Scaffolding
The timber is for plywood formwork,
the oil beside it is used to paint on it
so that the concrete will have shinny
surface.
Lateral Reinforcement
• Number of reinforcement bar used in
columns may be varied instead of varying
the size of columns.
• Formations of lateral reinforcement bars
depends on the number of vertical
reinforcement bars used in a column.
• Lateral ties should have a minimum
diameter of 10 meter.
• Type of reinforcement used is usually T12,
reinforcement steel with diameter of
12mm.
• Concrete columns mat be supported by
isolated footings or by pile caps.
• Length of overlapping reinforcement
bar is 24 times of the diameter of bar.
• Dowels tie column to support beam or
slab.
• Vertical reinforcement should not be less
than 1% nor more than 8% of the cross
sectinal concrete beam.
• Types of reinforcement steel includes T12,
T14, T16, T20, T25, T32 and T40.
• ‘T’ represents reinforcement steel and the
numbers indicates the diameter.

28. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURE
A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height, built to provide shelter or compartments.
NGZHENGSI
5.3WALL
26
WALL SYSTEM
0322585
TYPES OF WALL
Clay brick masonry wall Concrete load- bearing wall
MASONRY WALL
Standard brick size
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units
laid in and bound together by mortar.
75mm
MORTAR
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such
as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the
irregular gaps between them.

29. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGZHENGSI
5.3WALL
27
0322585
METHOD OF MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
Preparing mortar
Lay the bricks starting from
the corner using mortar. Use
a level to check the course
for correct height.
Fill in the lead.
Corner lead
Footing
End lead
Corner and end lead of
masonry wall.
1. 2. 3. 4.
INSTALLATION OF DAMP-PROOF COURSE (DPC)
A damp proof course (DPC) is a physical barrier inserted into the
fabric of a building to stop water passing from one place to
another.
Damp proof course is
laid between an even,
fresh bed of mortar in
continuous lengths for
the full width of the
wall
A horizontal DPC is usually
placed 150mm above
ground level
150mm
Damp-proof
course(DPC)
Damp-proof
course(DPC)
INSTALLATION OF DOWEL BAR
Dowel bars are short steel bars that provide
a mechanical connection between two
surfaces without restricting horizontal joint
movement.
Dowel bars connect the brick wall with
the column. It helps to strengthen the
brick wall by pulling the force towards
column.
Damp-proof course(DPC)

30. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGZHENGSI
5.3WALL
28
0322585
STIFFENER
The purpose of using stiffener is to improve the strength of the brick wall and help to withstand the wind load.
Stiffener is built in the gap in between
brick walls. Steel bars are arranged in
formwork.
Concrete is poured and left to
cure.
The thickness of the stiffener is
same as the size of brick.
1. 2.

31. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGZHENGSI5.3WALL
29
0322585
LOAD BEARING WALL
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure. The
materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.
Concrete load bearing wall
Wall Forms
Plywood Sheathing
Inner surface of panels leaves an impression on
the concrete, thus are coated with parting
compound– oil, wax, or plastic.
Spreaders
Usually made of wood, space and
keep the wall or forms apart.

32. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGZHENGSI
5.3WALL
30
0322585
CAST IN-SITU SHEAR WALL
Preparation of timber formwork Completion of steel
bars and erection of
formwork to the
required size
Closing of formwork,
concrete is poured and
left to cure
Completed RC shear wall
1. 2. 3. 4.
formwork
Completed RC shear wall
Installation of
RC shear wall
formwork

33. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTURENGZHENGSI
5.3WALL
31
0322585
PLASTERING
Plastering is to coat a layer of plaster on the wall . The purposes of plastering are
to give resistance to the wall, increase fire resistance of the building elements,
and to give a good appearance to the wall. Cement plaster is usually coated on
masonry wall.
Skim coating is a name for a plastering technique. The widely used mixture is
made up of lime putty and sugar sand. Skimming is a thin coat of plastering layer
applied to the existing plaster to upgrade the surface. The thickness of skimming
depends on client’s request.
SKIM COATING
Surface well
brushed with
hard broom to
remove loose
material and
dust
Chases cut before
plastering
Fixing plug
inserted
before
plaster is
applied
Any metal
fixings to be
painted or
galvanized to
prevent
staining
Wall
surface
to be dry
Thin coats of undercoat
plaster applied and built
up to required thickness
Floated undercoat
brought to a true and
level surface with a rule
or straightedge
Fine wooden
scratcher used
to form key for
finishing coat
Textured surfaces
can be obtained by
using different tools
Finishing coat
of plaster
applied with
steel trowel
to give a
smooth finish
Trims and decorative
finishes applied after
plaster has set and
cured
1. Preparation 2. Undercoating 3. Finishing
METHOD OF PLASTERING

34. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.4STAIRCASE
32
STAIRCASE
0322732
A staircase is a construction designed to link a large vertical distance by
dividing it into smaller vertical distance which is called steps.It allows
easy movement between different levels.
Aspect that should be considered when designing a staircase is the
placement of stairs, ease of travel and most importantly the safety.The
design of a staircase should take proper consideration of the width,
treads, riser, nosing, landings, handrails which are the requirement of
a staircase.
TYPES OF STAIRCASE USED ON SITE
1.U shaped stairs with winder treads
"Winder" stairs refer to stairways that make a turn
without including an intermediate landing or platform
to provide a flat rectangular turning space.
2.Double Quarter Landing Stairs
Represent a variety of straight stairs, which also include a
landing. But here the landing is needed to change a
direction of the flight by 90 degrees and at the same time it
serves as a place for rest when moving.

35. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.4STAIRCASE
33
0322732
Reinforced Concrete Staircase
Concrete staircase are usually
specified for its durability, long
lasting, high strength, fire and
weather resistance.
Reinforced concrete stairs are
designed as slabs and requires
structural analysis of load,
support and span conditions.
Details of Reinforced Concrete Staircase
Material
External wall
Half landing area
Main bars
Distribution bars
Main bars
Tension lap
Starter bars
A staircase consists of riser, going(run), stair waist,
handrail, balustrade, newel other components according
to the types.
Rebar(Reinforcing bar)

36. Starter bars in staircase
In order to achieve a connection with the subjacent floor there must
be properly placed starter bars. Moreover, starter bars must be
positioned and at the superjacent floor for the staircase of the next
level.
1.Placement of starter bar
Before the positioning of the staircase’s formwork
(planking), the starter bars are properly bent at the
necessary height.
During the final phase of the positioning of the
staircase’s reinforcement, the lower rebars (in red
color) are tied to the distribution bars to their
proper position. The stringers and the risers are
placed last
2.Staircase formwork and reinforcement at the starter bars
3.Starter bars at the top of staircase
the lower rebars of the staircase are not continued into
the staircase slab and therefore, they are not
presented.
4. Staircase construction in following phase
The staircase will be supported on those starter
bars and the starter bars of the lower floor.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTURE5.4STAIRCASE
0322732
EVELYNLAIKAHYING
34

37. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.4STAIRCASE
35
0322732
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE
Step 1: Measuring
Calculate the height of one floor to the other
(total rise). Measure the horizontal distance of
the staircase (total run). Measure the width of
each step from left to right in the area where the
staircase will go (staircase width).
Step 3: Building and Assembling Formwork
The form can be made by plywood or framing
lumber. The first step is to cut the side forms
according to the tread and riser calculations.
They must be securely adhered to the
building's foundation. Depending on the width
of the stairs, you might have to add bracing to
the center of each riser
Step 2: Determine the dimension of foundation
The dimension of foundation will be the length
of total run by the width of the staircase
measured in step 1.
Total rise
Total run
run
rise
Total run Width of staircase

38. 5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.4STAIRCASE
36
0322732
Step 4: Reinforcing
Reinforcing the concrete staircase
with steel.
Step 5: Preparing Concrete
Produce sufficient and well mixed
mortar with portable cement mixer.
Step 6: Pouring Concrete
Start from the bottom and pour one step at a time.
Make sure the mortars are spread evenly. Grease
the inner surface area of your to release the panels
easier after the cement set.
Step 7: Add Finishing
Repeat the trowelling process several
times for each step to smooth the steps.

39. Step 8: Curing
Spray the steps with curing compound and
cover it with burlap. Once the concrete has
hardened for a week, removed the form
lumber.
5.0SUPERSTRUCTUREEVELYNLAIKAHYING5.4STAIRCASE
37
0322732
Step 9: Installing the handrails
i) Position the stair railing onto the staircase
where it will be installed
ii) Mark the position
iii) Drill pilot holes into the staircase at the
marks you made
iv) Place the railing into the pilot holes
v) Pour cement into the hole to fix the
handrail

40. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.1DOORS
38
TYPE OF DOORS
0318314
SLIDING DOOR
Sliding doors make excellent
use of space, and allow
significantly larger entryways
than conventional hinged
doors. 'Pocketed' sliding doors
even allow you to conceal
doors inside wall cavities.
HINGED DOOR
the basic hinged door is almost
certainly the type that comes
to mind. Find out how they
work, what options are
available and where they are
and aren't suitable.
Style O-X-X
Triple track. The right hand door
is fitted to the inside of the track
and slides to the left with the
middle door. The far left door
remains fixed.
METAL SLIDING DOOR IN
BRICK VENEER WALL
HEAD
SILL

41. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.1DOORS
39
0318314
DOOR METAL FRAME AND CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
DOOR OPENING
HEIGHT
DOOR OPENING
WIDTH
SILL ANCHORS
WIRE MASONARY
ANCHORS
CORNER CONNECTION
HEAD JAMB
SIDE JAMB
DOOR STOP
FACE
JAMBDEPTH
SOFFIT
RABBETRABBET
BACKBENDS
THROATOPENING
WALLWIDTH
METAL FRAME
MASONRY
WALL
MASONRY
ANCHORS
METAL DOOR FRAME ELEMENTS:
• DOOR FRAME
• HEAD AD SIDE JAMP WITH STOPS
• CASING OR TRIM
• DOOR HARDWARE – HINGEDS AND LOCKSET

42. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.1DOORS
40
0318314
METAL FRAME INSTALLATION
Identify brickwork
location and door
position
Use planks and nails to prop up metal
door frame. Ensure the correct
direction of the door hinge then erect
the door frame.
Use spirit leveller to
check whether the frame
is properly plumbed.
Begin brickwork by laying
the bring into the rebate
behind the back or the
metal door frame.
Place mortar into each gap between the brick
and frame of each layer. This is to ensure the
frame is properly filled to give rigidity and
strength by becoming an integral part of the
structure.
Wire masonry anchors
are used to ties with the
brick and the metal door
frame. These tie are for
binding the bricks.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.

43. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.2WINDOWS
41
0318314
Casement Window
TYPE OF WINDOWS
Casement windows are hinged on the side and open outward
to the left or right. Usually taller than wide, their entire sash
opens to provide top-to-bottom ventilation.
Awning windows are hinged at the top and open outward.
Usually wider than they are tall, their entire sash opens to
provide full side-to-side ventilation.
Awning Window

44. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.2WINDOWS
42
0318314
METAL WINDOW FRAME DETAILS
HEAD
SILL
JAMB
CASING
LOCK
HINGE
WINDOW ELEMENT (CASEMENT WINDOW)
HINGE ARM
JAMB
HINGE TRACK
RETAINER CLIP
Elevation of awning window.
Elevation of casement window
SILICON SEAL
WINDOW SASH
The windows element contain main 3 part, which is glazing,
sash, and the frame.
Glazing: Clear glass of a window
Sash: The part that holding glazing
Frame: The fixed part of assembly the receives sash.

45. 6.0DOORSANDWINDOWSLEEKAIYUNG6.2WINDOWS
43
0318314
INSTALLATION OF ALUMINIUM WINDOW FRAME
Position the sub-frame
using the aluminium
plate
Check the alignment of
the sub-frame
Aluminium Plate
Anchor the sub-frame into
the rough opening using
nail
Placing main frame on the sub-
frame. Use millet to knock the
finishing frame.
Seal the anchor head and the
joints with the wall with
protection tape on the frame
Anchor Head
Joints with wall
Millet
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.

46. 7.0ROOFING
Part of a building envelope that covers the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provide protection from
weather and animals.
CHONGYUXUAN7.1TYPEOFROOF
44
ROOF
Scaffolding font size: 14
0317950
SLED ROOF
Also known as the monopitched roof, is a roof structure that has one sloping surface
and the sloped surface does not rest on any form of wall on the opposite ends.
Monopitched roof encourages good drainage during rainy weather as well as aiding in
reflecting heat away from the building if oriented appropriately. It is one of the easiest
roof structures to build and requires less cost.
Our site consist of 2 types of sled roof:
• Metal roof
• Clay tiled roof
CLAY TILED ROOFMETAL ROOF

47. 7.0ROOFING
0317950
CHONGYUXUAN
45
7.1TYPEOFROOF
ADVANTAGES AND DISADAVANTAGES
Advantages CLAY TILED ROOF
Durable and long lasting able to last for more
than 100 years.
• available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and
colors, unlike regular shingles.
• has reflective properties, which help to
increase the efficiency of heating and
cooling systems.
• not susceptible to mold or rot, can
withstand hurricane-force winds.
• does not shrink and expand with the
temperature like wood.
Advantages of METAL ROOF
• Proven performance expectation of 50+ years.
• Beautiful styles to match any home or
neighborhood.
• Interlocking panels for maximum wind resistance.
• Fire resistance.
• Energy efficiency by keeping homes cooler.
• Low weight to help preserve structural integrity and
life.
Disadvantages of METAL ROOF
• Noisy during rain or hail.
• High cost.
Disadvantages CLAY TILED ROOF
• Weight of the individual tiles.
• Needs strong support beams to support the
weight.
• High cost.

48. 7.0ROOFING7.1TYPEOFROOFCHONGYUXUAN
0317950
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF METAL ROOF
1.The rafters are installed following the direction of
the roof slope. Each rafters are 12 to 24 inches
apart. The rafters act as the spine for the roof.
Rafters
2.Then the purlin is installed with a string like tool
called tie rod, which is used to hold the purlin in
position so that the distance between each purlin
will be the same.
Purlin
Tie rod
3. After purlin and rafter, A layer of reflective foil
laminate is put into place. It helps cooling and
prevents condensation. Which can cause roofing
sheets to rust prematurely.
Reflective foil laminate 4. Next will be putting on the metal roofing sheets
The metal roofing sheets are light, and are usually
passed up to the roof by hand, one by one.
They’re laid in place, and are carefully marked and
cut for hips and valleys. Metal sheets is then
drilled and screwed down.
46

49. 7.0ROOFING7.1TYPEOFROOFCHONGYUXUAN
0317950
47
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CLAY TILED ROOF
1. The construction of tiled roof begins
with installation of the guttering and fascia boards.
2. Measurements are made
and set-out nails are
hammered in place along
the rafters to hold the
battens, which are timber
pieces that run horizontally
across the surface of the
roof to keep everything in
place.
3. A layer of sarking (commonly a reflective foil
laminate, or RFL) is then laid down over these set-
out nails, with the reflective side facing
downwards.
4. Next, anti-ponding board (APB) is installed
underneath the sarking at the edges of the roof.
The purpose of the anti-ponding board is to
prevent water from pooling underneath the tiles
at the outer edge of the roof.
5.Tiles are then laid out
across the roof and
clipped on. Tiles at the
edges are cut to make
even lines along the hips
and valleys of the roof.
Battens
Reflective foil
Rafters
Fascia board

50. 8.0SUMMARYCHONGYUXUAN
0317950
SUMMARY
In this project, we learn about the construction process which is the part where ideas become reality. The
underappreciated middle part of architecture. We studied the building process through observation, self-
experience and also research. From site & safety, plant and machineries, external works, foundation,
superstructure, doors, windows to roofs. Each part of the process shows utmost importance in producing the final
outcome, the piece of architecture that the people can enjoy.
48

51. 9.0REFERENCES
BOOKS
Barry, R. (1996). The construction of buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Charlett, A. J. (2007). Fundamental building technology. London: Taylor & Francis.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2000). Construction technology (3. ed., reprint). Harlow: Longman.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2001). Building construction handbook. Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Levy, S. M. (2010). Construction databook: construction materials and equipment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mehta, M. (1997). The principles of building construction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
WEBSITE
Building concrete stairs(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from
http://www.idscontractors.com/articles/building-concrete-stairs/
Building construction 8. formworks and scaffoldings(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from
http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/building-construction-8-formworks-and-scaffoldings
Rcc slab casting-work procedure(2014).Retrieved October 19,from http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-
casting-work-procedure/1656/
PARTS OF PELLA DOOR. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pella.com/support-center/glossary/door-
anatomy/default.aspx
Health and Safety Executive. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/
How steel / Colorbond / Zincalume roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-steel-
colorbond-zincalume-roofs-are-installed
How tile roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-tile-roofs-are-installed
49