Building Construction II Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 (BLD 60303)
Assignment 1 : Experiencing, documenting and analysing the Construction Process
Submitted by:
Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292
Chong Jia Yi 0320869
Ee Yun Shan 0319990
Lee Ning 0320125
Loong Bo Lin 0321469
Muhd Anwar bin Fauzi 0320213
Oscar Wong Zheng Yang 0319874

0.0 TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Site 3
2.0 Site and Safety (Oscar Wong) 6
2.1 Plants & Machineries (Caleb Soh Er Wen) 11
3.0 External Work (Caleb Soh Er Wen) 16
3.1 Setting Out & Earthwork
4.0 Foundation (Chong Jia Yi) 20
4.1 Shallow Foundation 20
4.2 Deep Foundation 24
5.0 Superstructure (Lee Ning) 29
5.1 Beam & Column 30
5.2 Slab 40
5.3 Wall 51
5.4 Staircase (Mohd Anwar) 57
6.0 Door & Window (Ee Yun Shan) 63
6.1 Door 63
6.2 Window 67
7.0 Roof (Loong Bo Lin) 71
7.1 Roof type and construction
8.0 References 75
Form work
TOPIC PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292
1.1 Introduction to Site
Site 1 - Seksyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Serendah
Antara Gapi is town sited in Serendah, Selangor, which is located approximately about 50km from Kuala Lumpur and 7km from Rawang. It is
near to Erina Heights, Hulu Yam Baru and Hulu Yam Lama. Homes at Antara Gapi feature attractive facades and quality finishing coupled with
its affordable price offerings.
The development in Antara Gapi comprises of leasehold single, and double-storey terrace houses, double-storey shop-offices and residential
bungalow lands.
FEATURES
- Leasehold land for 99 years, expiring on 20th February 2103
- Comprise of 54 units, of two different layouts
- Floor area 2375 square feet
- Land area 3250 square feet
- Five bedrooms and five bathrooms
LOCATION MAP
Steel
reinforcement

Steel
reinforcement
Project Team Information
Developer : Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS)
Architect : Zain Hamzah Architect
Civil & Structural Engineer : Wawasan Bersatu SDN BHD
Infrastructure Engineer : Wawasan Bersatu SDN BHD
Mechanical & Electrical Engineer : ZNVA & Associated
Quantity Surveyor : MCM Associates
Contractors : AJ-Corp SDN BHD

Steel
reinforcement
Architectural Drawings
Type A Type B

2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292
2.1.1 Concrete Mixing Transport Truck
Used to transport and mix concrete to the construction
Used the rotation of the drum to agitate the concrete to maintain its liquid state until
needed at the site
Components
Steel
reinforcement
Form work
Method of Use
a) Loading - Loaded with dry materials and water and mixing happens
along the way
b) Transport - Uses the rotation of the drum to agitate the concrete to
maintain its liquid state until needed at the site
c) Unloading - The rotation of the drum and conversely the spiral blade
is reversed to discharge the concrete out of the drum
1. Chassis
2. Hydraulic system
3. Water supply system
4. Mixing drum
5. Ladder
6. Inlet and outlet
7. Control system
1 2
3
4
5
6
7

2.1.2 Telescopic Mobile Crane
Fitted with wheels to ease movement around the site. It is used primarily to hoist and lift
heavy objects at the site. It’s function may vary depending on the attachment at the end
of the boom.
- Crane consist of a series of tubes fitted inside on another
- It extends and retracts its tube using a hydraulic mechanism to increase or decrease
the reach of the boom
Form work
Components
1. Hook block
2. Jib
3. Luffing cylinder
4. Operating cabin
5. Counterweight
6. Hoist
7. Outrigger beam
8. Outrigger plate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2.1.2 Telescopic Mobile Crane
Concrete Bucket
Deployment
Steel
reinforcement
Form work
a) When it reaches the designated site, it increases its base area
by extending four hydraulics outriggers outwards
b) The four outriggers also extend downwards to level and
stabilize the crane during use
Attachments
Hook Blocks Plain Hook

2.1.3 Backhoe Loader
Versatile construction machinery, capable of a wide variety of functions, which includes,
construction, light transportation of materials, powerhouse for other equipments,
excavation and digging holes.
Components
Steel
reinforcement
Form work
1. Bucket
2. Loader Boom
3. Steering Cylinder
4. Cab
5. Arm Cylinder
6. Bucket Arm
7. Excavating Bucket
8. Boom
9. Support Leg
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9

2.1.4 Excavators
Fitted with wheels to ease movement around the site. It is
used primarily to hoist and lift heavy objects at the site. It’
s function may vary depending on the attachment at the
end of the boom.
- Crane consist of a series of tubes fitted inside on
another
- It extends and retracts its tube using a hydraulic
mechanism to increase or decrease the reach of the
boom
Steel
reinforcement
Form work
Components
1. Boom
2. Dipper
3. Bucket
4. Cabin
5. Engine / Counterweight
6. Tracks
1
2
3
4
5
6

3.0 EXTERNAL WORKS Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292
3.0.1 Site Clearance
This process usually involves two stages:
- Stage one : The removal of vegetation, plants,
Stumps, rubble, trash.
: Also known as grubbing
- Stage two : The removal of the surface level soil
: Top 300mm of the ground
It is done to ensure a conducive environment for the commencement
of all construction work.
Steel
reinforcement
Form work

3.0.2 Setting Out Building Outline
The responsibility of a licensed land surveyor.
STEPS
1. The first step is to establish a baseline to which all subsequent setting out will
be related.
2. The next would be to mark out the main building points by using wooden
posts with nails driven through the center.
3. A cord would be tied from one post to the other forming the building line
- This serves as a boundary on which the building should not exceed
- This is an important stage of the construction process and such the setting out
lines would always be checked by second personnel using a site square. Baseline
Site
Boundary
Footpath
1
3 2
Corner
posts
Building
Line
Cement Powder

3.0.3 Setting Out Trenches
Serves two purposes:
i) Establish the excavation size, shape and orientation
ii) Establish the width and position of the walls
STEPS
1. Based on the setting out lines marked previously, profile boards are used to
indicate the position, width and depth of the proposed trench
2. The width of trench is marked on the profile board by sawing cuts and painting
a band on it.
3. The size of the excavation work is marked on the ground with cement powder
Using the width markings on the profile board, a traveller is used
to mark out the centre line of trench.
An excavator then uses a trench width bucket to excavate the
trench along this line
1 2
3
Saw marks on the
profile board
Concrete Powder

3.0 EXTERNAL WORKS
3.0.4 Excavation Work 3.0.5 Cantilever Reinforced Concrete Wall
STEPS
Excavation work is done based on the concrete powder marks on the ground
using an excavator.
The excavation is done to the required depth and plan dimensions
Steel
reinforcement
Form work
Function :
- Retaining soils at an angle excess of the soil’s natural angle of
repose.
- Achieved utilizing the principle of leverage
- Stem designed as a cantilever fixed at the base
- Based designed as a cantilever fixed at the stem.
- Beam is placed below the base to increase the total passive
resistance to sliding.
Components
1. Front Face
2. Sloping Face
3. Toe
4. Base
5. Heel
6. Stem
7. Rear face
8. Angle of repose
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8

FOUNDATION
4.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION (Reference)
Spread footing
A spread footing is an enlargement at the bottom of a
column or bearing wall that spreads the applied structural
loads over a sufficiently large soil area. Typically, each
column and each bearing wall has its own spread footing, so
each structure may include dozens of in individual footings.
● consists of a number of courses of bricks, the lowest
being usually twice the thickness of wall above.
● The base width of the wall is increased by providing
5cm on either side of the wall. The depth of each
course is usually 10 cm.
● In some cases, however, the bottom course is made
20cm deep. In the case of footing for store walls, the
size of offset is slightly more than that of the brick wall
footing.
● Cheapest type of foundations and is widely used for
walls of common buildings.
Advantages of spread footing:
● Low cost and ease of construction
● Small or medium size structure with good soil condition
● Lower risk of failure
● Easier to build basement
4.1 CHONG JIA YI (0320869)
Elements of
spread footing

4.1.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION (On site)
Spread footing
Formwork
● To support structure and
mould to create structure out
of concrete
● Plywood are used for the
site
● Can be reuse if stored
carefully
● Install and built on site
Steel reinforcement in footing
● To strengthen the foundation
● Place before pouring concrete
● Dowel is built out of footing to connect with
the column of superstructure
Excavation
● Lower the floor level for the
footing
● Must done before
foundation started
Steel reinforcement
bar
FOUNDATION4.1 CHONG JIA YI (0320869)

Construction procedure
1. Backhoe is used to excavate
spread footing, handwork is
necessary to produce clean
excavation. Recheck soil
condition of the site.
2. Procedure of pouring the
concrete directly against the soil is
called neat footing.
3. To make sure the top of the
footing is at the proper
elevation, shallow wooden
forms placed above
excavation. Make a larger
excavation and build a full-
depth wooden form of the soil
(formed footing)
Lean concrete
Worker building formwork
Formwork done
Plywood formwork
Place to build spread
footing

4. Place rebar spacer to secure the
reinforcing steel or "rebar" in
reinforced concrete structures as
the rebar is assembled in place
prior to the final concrete pour.
The spacers are left in place for
the pour to keep the reinforcing in
place, and become a permanent
part of the structure.
5. Reinforcing steel placed after
excavation and placing the form.
Threaded anchor bolts and steel
brackets are embedded into the
concrete if the footings have to
support a wood or steel structure.
6. Short steel rebar (dowel) are placed such that they
extend above the complete footing for concrete and
masonry structure.Then, the concrete is placed.
Rebar spacer
Reinforcement steel
Dowel
Concrete
After concrete cured, remove the
formwork
Before pouring concrete

4.2.1 DEEP FOUNDATION (reference)
Piling foundation
There are 2 types of piles:
1) Load bearing pile foundation
- In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile
rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock.
-The bottom end rests on the surface which is
the intersection of a weak and strong layer.
-The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and
transferred to the strong layer.
2) Friction Pile
- The pile transfers the load of the building to
the soil by fiction across the full height of the
pile.
- The amount of load a pile can support is
directly proportionate to its length.
Piling is a type of ground treatment which is driving a pile into the ground below ground
level. Except sheet pile, other piles like concrete pile, timber pile, steel pile, bored pile
are used to transfer the building load to the ground. It’s used to strengthen the soil so that
the ground able to support the load of the building. While sheet pile is usually used to
support lateral load and act as a supporting wall.
Construction method
1. Driven piles
- made from concrete, steel or timber.
-piles are prefabricated
- When these piles are driven into the granular soils, they displace
the equal volume of soil. This helps in compaction of soil around the
sides of piles and results in the densification of soil.
- compact the soil adjacent to it is also called as compaction pile.
This compaction of soil increases its bearing capacity.
Friction
Hard soil
Soft soil

Construction method
2. Cast-in-situ piles
- concrete pile.
- constructed by drilling holes in the
ground to the required depth and then
filling the hole with concrete.
- small diameter compared to drilled
piers.
- straight bored piles or with one or more
bulbs at intervals are casted
- with one or more bulbs are called as
under-reamed piles.
3. Driven and cast-in-situ piles.
- have the advantages of both driven and cast-in-situ piles.
- The construction process that show it is both drive and cast-in-situ:
Pile load test
Load tests on piles are conducted on completion of 28 days after casting of piles. Two types
of tests namely initial and routine tests, for each type of loading viz. vertical, horizontal
(lateral) pull out, are performed on piles. It aim to ensure the safe load capacity of piles and to
detect any unusual performance contrary to the findings of the Initial Test
Kentledge shall be suitably designed to get the desired reaction on the piles. Anchor piles (if
required) shall be placed at a centre to centre distance of 3 times the pile diameter subject to a
minimum distance of 2 M.

Reinforced concrete pile (used for the site)
● Precast, prestressed, cast in place, or of composite construction
● Precast concrete piles made using ordinary reinforcement or
prestressed.
● Ordinary reinforcement pile are designed to resist bending
stresses during picking up & transport to the site & bending
moments from lateral loads and to provide sufficient resistance
to vertical loads and any tension forces developed during driving.
● Prestressed piles are formed by tensioning high strength steel
prestress cables, and casting the concrete about the cable. When
the concrete hardens, the prestress cables are cut, with the
tension force in the cables now producing compressive stress in
the concrete pile. It is common to higher-strength concrete (35 to
55 MPa) in prestressed piles because of the large initial
compressive stresses from prestressing. Prestressing the piles,
tend to counteract any tension stresses during either handling or
driving.
● Max length: 10 - 15 m for precast, 20 - 30 m for prestressed
● Optimum length 10 - 12 m for precast. 18 - 25m prestressed
● Loads for usual conditions 900kN for precast. 8500 kN for
prestressed
● Optimum load range: 350 - 3500 kN
Advantages of reinforced concrete pile:
1. High load capacities, corrosion resistance can be attained, hard driving
possible
2. Cylinder piles in particular are suited for bending resistance.
3. Cast in place concrete piles are formed by drilling a hole in the ground &
filling it with concrete. The hole may be drilled or formed by driving a shell or
casing into the ground.
Driving shoe
Precast reinforcement
concrete piles

4.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION (site visit)
1. Excavation, The subsoil of the site are excavated to
reduce the level for construction of pile cap. The
excavated materials are disposed off-site by the
lorry.
2. The pile is tied on its lifting lug. Lift the pile
and straighten it to ready for hammering.
3. The pile driven through the ground using
drop hammer. The subsoil around the pile is
displaced. The pile is driven to the grough until
it couldn’t be driven into the soil any further.
4. Cutting off the pile. The concrete is crushed
by the pneumatic hammer. The reinforcement
in the pile is cut manually. The cutted pile is
lift and disposed.

4.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION (site visit)
5. The end of the pile is not structurally connect
to the footing which connect the column to the
base. Therefore, pile cap constructed. The
superstructure can start to build once pile cap
constructed.
Pile cap construction
1. Pilings are first trimmed to ensure that the individual columns are all the same length
and their tops are flush.
2. An area around the piling group is excavated to accommodate the timberwork that will
form the boxing or mold for the concrete.
3. The reinforcement for the slap will typically be built in the form of a steel cage that is
then inserted into the cast box and fasten to the piling group, typically with a timber frame or
cross member.
4. The concrete can be poured into the mold and allowed to cure. Once the concrete has
cured correctly, remove framework, leaving a slab of reinforced concrete joining the pilings.
Now the superstructural work can be started.
A thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into
soft or unstable ground in order to provide a suitable stable foundation.
Reinforcement work of pile cap
before pouring concrete
Pile cap disperse the load equally to pile
FOUNDATION4.2 BY: CHONG JIA YI (0320869)

SUPERSTRUCTURE
Superstructure is an upward extension of an
existing structure above a baseline. In a building
construction site, superstructure included the
beam and column, slab, wall and staircase.
Beam and Column
Suspended Slab
Slab on Grade
Wall
Beam
Column
Slab on
Grade
Suspended
Slab
Staircase
Wall
Staircase
5.0 BEAM AND COLUMN, SLAB, WALL AND STAIRCASE
5.0 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTION
Beam is a structural member which is normally placed
horizontally. It provides resistance to bending when loads are
applied on it.
DIAGRAM 5.1.1 Section showing beams
TYPE OF BEAM
RCC Beams- Ground Beam
Continuous Suspended Beam
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

PICTURE 5.1.1 Ground beam formwork on site
WEAK POINT
SOLUTION
TIZ S-bar to connect
the pile caps with
ground beams.
PICTURE 5.1.2 & 5.1.3 Reinforcement Steel Bar Cage (Rebar cage)
installation on site
DIAGRAM 5.1.1 Ground beam weak point connection
GROUND
BEAM
Transmit loads on
the ground level
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

DRAWING 5.1.2 Section of ground beam
The ground is cleared
Formworks are set at the surrounding of
the reinforcements
Reinforcement of beams are tied
to the pile cap to hold them in
the position
Blinding layer is placed on the
top of ground to prevent the
concrete from losing moisture
Concrete Grade M30 is poured and the
formwork is removed after 7 days
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF GROUND BEAM
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

SUPPORT OF BEAM FORMWORK
Acrow T-shores are used to support
ledgers which support the joist of the
formwork.
The distance between the rebar cage and the diameter
of the rebar used is determined by the load that have
to supported by the beam
PICTURE 5.1.4 Acrow V-shores are used to support the ledgers
DIAGRAM 5.1.2 Formwork and reinforcement of suspended beam
DRAWING 5.1.3 Section showing reinforcement of beam
DRAWING 5.1.4
Section showing size of
beam
FLOOR BEAM
Placed on the
columns and
build up the
levels to support
the slabs.
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Column with starter bar
Install Reinforcement Steel Bar
(Rebar) cage
Build up the beam formwork with props to support the
ledgers as supporting system for beams
Pour machine mixed concrete (Grade M30) into the
formwork and leave it to dry for 7 days
Remove the formwork, the reinforced
concrete beam is done
DRAWING 5.1.5 Section of suspended beam
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FLOOR BEAM
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTION
Vertical structures that
built above ground-level
and are considered as the
part of the superstructure.
TYPES OF COLUMN
Reinforce Cement Concrete (RCC)
column
transfer loads from slab and beam
directly to subsequent soil.
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

DRAWING 5.1.6 & 5.1.7
Sizes of columns used in
site
PICTURE 5.1.5 Reinforcement of columns
Number of
reinforcement bar:
Determined by the
load it will have to
withstand.
Differentsizesofcolumnsusedingroundfloorandfirst
floor.
Thegroundfloorcolumnshavetowithstandmore
loads.Forexample,thegroundfloorcolumnshaveto
taketheloadonthefirstfloor,theroofandthelife
load.
Whereas,thefirstfloorcolumnsonlyneedtosupport
theweightoftheceilingandroofing.
DIAGRAM 5.1.3 Section of column
showing reinforcement
DIAGRAM5.1.4
Sectionshowingsizesofcolumnsindifferentfloor
level
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Pile cap with starter
bar
Rebar cage is tied to the
starter bar for reinforcement
Install formwork for
the column
Formwork is left for 7 days
for the concrete to dry
Pour machine mixed concrete
(Grade M30) into the formwork
Remove the formworkThe RCC column is done
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF COLUMN
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

PICTURE 5.1.6 Formwork connection between columns and
suspended beams
CONNECTION Dowels
Placed in the columns to act as a starter bar to support the beams.
TieD with the rebar and rebar cage to reinforce the strength of the
connection between beams and columns.DRAWING 5.1.8 Section of column and beam showing the
connection
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

MATERIALS OF BEAM AND COLUMN
Reinforcement steel bar (Rebar)
Tied Rebar Machine mixed Concrete grade M30
Rebar cage
Timber plank for formwork
Timber bar for formwork
PICTURE 5.1.7-5.1.12 On site pictures on materiality
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTION
Slab is a plate structure that is reinforced to span either one or both
directions of a structural bay. It consult a structural engineering and the
building code for the required size, spacing and placement of all
reinforcement.
LEGEND
SLABEONGRADE
SUSPENDEDSLAB
TYPE OF SLAB
SLAB ON GRADE
SUSPENDED SLAB- two way
slab.
DRAWING 5.2.1 Section of showing slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Two-way slabs are dived into columns and
middle strips to simplify the placement of
reinforcing steel
Openings of slabs are determined
before the construction of slabs
to save the cost of drilling holes
on slabs
DRAWING 5.2.2 Section of suspended slab
200mm thickened edge slab
DIAGRAM 5.2.1 Slab on grade
SLAB ON GRADE
has a thickened edge slab
load is transferred from the slab
directly to the ground and ground
beam
TWO WAY SLAB
Has uniform thickness
Reinforced in two directions
Cast integrally with supporting
Beams and columns on four sides
of square or nearly square bays
Effective for medium span and
heavy loads
Required a high resistance to
lateral force.
DIAGRAM 5.2.4 Two way
slab
DIAGRAM 5.2.3 Slab
reinforcement
DIAGRAM 5.2.2 Opening of slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

One of the end of the BRC wire mesh is
bent down to have a connection with the
ground beam.
A layer of 50mm lean concrete is poured
into the slab on grade.
PICTURE 5.2.1 BRC mesh installation
PICTURE 5.2.2 Completed ground slab
DIAGRAM 5.2.5 Section of ground slab
DRAWING 5.2.3 Section of showing
ground slab
DRAWING 5.2.3 Ground floor plan of showing ground
slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Well-compacted sub-
base is filled
Formwork of ground
beam is removed
Installing BRC mesh
and supporting it by
spacer blocks.
Sewer pipes are
installed
50mm thick lean
concrete is poured in to
the slab
Concrete is poured into
the slab and wait for 21
days to dry throughly
Pre-treat the fill and
subgrade for insects
using termiticide.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SLAB ON GRADE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

JOIST
Props
Acrow V-shores are
used to support the
frames.
The head screw
jacks are used to
hold the bearers and
joists.
CONNECTION
Overlapping of slab BRC & rebar
arrangement
BRC bottom layer of slab is extended
into the rebar of beam
Slab top bar is not tie to the beam main
bar
After the slab BRC & rebar
arrangement and formwork for
suspended slab and beam is done,
casting for slab and beam is then start
together.
DIAGRAM 5.2.7 Props erected
DIAGRAM 5.2.6
Section showing connection of
reinforcement between slab and
beam
DRAWING 5.2.4 Section of suspended slab
DRAWING 5.2.5 Floor plan showing suspended slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Props for slab are erected to support
the joist of bearers after the
formwork of beam is done
Concreate is poured in
to the formwork after
the cleaning process
The formwork of slab is
installedPlywood is then decked
on the bearers
Installing BRC mesh
and supporting it by
spacer blocks.
The formwork is
removed after 7 days
and the slab is done for
finishing
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SUSPENDED SLAB
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Timber plank
Timber barMachine mixed Concrete Grade M30BRC
Bricks Plywood
MATERIALS OF SLAB
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

TYPES OF FLOORING
CERAMIC TILES FLOORING
- used in the bathrooms and ground level
PERGO FLOORING
- used in the first floor except for the bathrooms.
LEGEND
CERAMICTILESFLOORING
PERGOFLOORING
Characteristics Ceramictiles Pergoflooring
Waterabsorption Lower Higher
Durability Higher Lower
Density Higher Lower
Conformability Lower Higher
DRAWING 5.2.5 Floor plan showing types of flooring
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Centre point of the room
is determined and
snapped with two chalk
lines
Layout strategy is tested by
laying a single half row of
tiles in both directions
without mortar
Thin-set is mixed and spread
evenly. The notched edge is
used to make a raking motion
First tile is set in place at the
corner lines made by the
centre
Tile spacer is set and more
tiles are installed
Level is used to determine the
degree of tiles level during the
installation
The adhesive is left to dry
for at least one day.
Press grout into the joints to an even
level with the tile in a diagonal
direction
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF CERAMIC TILES FLOORING
PICTURE 5.1.9 Ceramic tiles flooring
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

The slab is ready for
finishing after 21 days of
drying and been smoothen
The vapour barrier is
installed
Layer of the polyurethane
sheet is installed
Pergo is installed start
from the corner , followed
by the side then continued
row by row
After the pergo flooring is
done, baseboard is nailed
by using a stud finder
Install the shoe and cap
molding and apply
caulking after finishing to
prevent spilling or
dripping
PICTURE 5.2.10 Pergo
flooring and molding
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF PERGO FLOORING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

CONNECTION OF CEILING
CONNECTION OF FLOORING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

LEGEND
Masonry Wall
Party Wall
SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
BY: LEE NING 0320125
DRAWING 5.3.1 Floor plan showing types of walls
INTRODUCTION
Wall is a vertical constructions of a building that enclose,
separate and protect its interior spaces.
TYPE OF WALL
NON LOAD BEARING WALL
Load is transferred to the columns
Strong in compression, required reinforcing to handle
tensile stresses
Height to width ratio, provisions for lateral stability
Wall must be furnished
Characteristics Masonry
Wall
Party Wall
Materiality Concrete
bricks
Clay Brick
Durability Lower Higher
Heat Ventilation Lower Higher
Sound ventilation Lower Higher

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
TYPES OF BONDING
FLEMISH BOND
Use for cavity and veneer wall
Composed of overlapping structure
RUNNING BOND
Alternating headers and stretchers at each course
Headers are placed below and upper of a stretcher
Flare headers with darker ends are often exposed as
patterned brickwork
DIAGRAM 5.3.2 Running bond wallDIAGRAM 5.3.1 Flemish bond wall
PICTURE 5.3.1 Flemish bond wall PICTURE 5.3.2 Running bond wall

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
The strings are tied to the nails to
act as a guideline on the
construction of wall
Bricks are laid according
to the strings guideline
and the types of bonding
Mortar is applied to the
surfaces of header and
stretcher
Brick is placed firmly to
the wall
Brick is hit to improve the
bonding between the
bricks
Level is used to ensure the
correct levelling of the
bricks
Pegs are use to make sure
the wall is built upright
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF BRICKS WALL

Machine mixed ConcreteConcrete Bricks
PlywoodPlaster
Timber bar
SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
MATERIALS OF WALL
Concrete Bricks

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
DIAGRAM 5.3.3
Showing different layers of finishing wall
PICTURE 5.3.3 Bare concrete brick wall
PICTURE 5.3.4 Different progress of finishing wall
Plastering
Coating
Skim Coat
Finishing- Paint
PICTURE 5.3.4 Tile wall
TYPES OF FINISHING WALL
PAINT
Use for most of the masonry wall
TILE WALL
Use for part of the kitchen wall and bathrooms

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3
WALL
Mortar is mix and spread
on the wall
Tiles is place from the
bottom of the wall
The spacer id placed in
between the tiles and the tiles
are then placed continuously
The wall is fully placed
with tiles, additional part
of tiles will be cut off
Press grout into the joints to an even level
with the tile in a diagonal direction
The extra grout on the tiles is
removed and the tiles wall is done
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF CERAMIC TILES WALL

DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 DOOR
BY: EE YUN SHAN 0319990
A door can be defined as “an openable barrier or as a framework of wood, steel,
aluminium, glass or combination of these materials secured in a wall opening”.
Function of door:
∙ It is provide to give access to the inside of a room of building.
∙ It serve as a connecting link between the various internal
portion of building.
∙ Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing
it,excluding air drafts, so that interiors may be more
effectively heated or cooled
∙ Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes,
keeping formail and utility areas separate.
6.0

∙ Door Frame
A door frame is an assembly of horizontal(head) and
vertical members(jambs or posts} forming an enclosure to
which door shutters are fixed. Materials of the frames are ,
aluminum, concrete, timber, steel, and stone.
Components of door:
∙ Door Shutter
A roller shutter, roller door or sectional overheaddoor is a type of
door or window shutter consisting of many horizontal slats hinged
together. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it.Materials
of the door shutter are timber, plywood, glass and block.
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 DOOR
BY: EE YUN SHAN 03199906.0

Types of Doors
∙ Hinged doors
∙ Revolving doors
∙ Sliding Doors
∙ Swing doors
∙ Folded door
∙ Collapsible doors
∙ Rolling shutter
∙ Battened type
∙ Framed and paneled
∙ Flushed
∙ Louvered
∙ Wire gauged doors
∙ Metal Covered Plywood Door
Site had a variety of doors used throughout construction.The
following type of doors used .
∙ Main Entrance (Timber door with timber flame)
∙ Bedroom and store room (timber flush door with metal flame)
∙ Toilet (clear glass door with aluminium flame)
Double Swing door
∙ A pair of doors in which the door(s) is able to swing in same directions to in or
out.Site had a variety of doors used throughout construction.The following type
of doors used .
∙ Main Entrance (Timber door with timber flame)
∙ Bedroom and store room (timber flush door with metal flame)
∙ Toilet (clear glass door with aluminium flame)
Timber door
∙ Door that made by wooden
Clear Glass door
∙ Door that made by transparent clear glass
Flush door
∙ A flush door is a completely smooth door, having plywood or MDF fixed over a
light timber frame, the hollow parts of which are often filled with a cardboard
core material
Door(on site)
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 DOOR

Door lintel and flame (on site) Framing construction process
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 DOOR

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of
light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.
Types of windows
∙ Pivoted Windows
∙ Double-Hung Windows
∙ Sliding Window
∙ Casement Windows
∙ Glazed Windows
∙ Louvered Windows
∙ Metal Windows
∙ Bay Windows
∙ Clerestory Windows
∙ Corner Windows
∙ Dormer Windows
∙ Awning Windows
∙ Skylight
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 WINDOW

Folded window
∙ window that open with folded together
Casement window
∙ A casement is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges.
Casement windows are hinged at the side.
Corner window
∙ Two windows that meet at a corner edge of a structure.
Awning window
∙ a window consisting of several top-hinged sections arranged in a vertical
series, operated by one or more control devices that swing the bottom edges
of the sections outward
Window (on site)
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 WINDOW

Both side uses precast concrete lintel which are placed above the window
openings. Lintel is used as a support beam and transfers the load to the wall
either side of the window. This can prevent the framework of the window from
bending due to the weight of the wall, floor and roof produce above the window
opening.
window flame (on site)
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 WINDOW

Window construction process Hinge
(on site)
Lever handle
(on site)
DOOR AND WINDOW
6.1 WINDOW

There are numerous roof types and covering available. Shown and illustrated are the roof types:

Material used
● No tiles are used for the roof
covering. Zinculum is used
because of its durability and
strength. It is also thermal
efficent which is suitable for
the warm local climate.
● Rockwool is layered because
of its ability to provide
thermal and sound protection
for the roof. It’s also act as a
fire barrier.
● Aluminum foil is then placed
because it reflects thermal
radiation very well and emits
very little heat.
● Steel trusses and rafters act
the base of the roof covering.
Roof installation
1. A support brace is installed
on the top plate of the wall
bracing.
2. A ridge beam is added to the
support brace. Struts are then
added to the ridge beam to
create a higher end of the
slope.
3. Rafters are added to the
structure to allow roof
covering to be placed on
later. After that, the
outrigger and purlin will be
attached to the structure.
4. The trusses are then added to
increase the strength of the
mono-pitched roof.
Diagram 7.9 Mono-pitched oof installation

REFERENCE8.0
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