Project 1: Experiencing Construction

2. Pages 1 - 2
Pages 3 - 8
Pages 9 - 13
Pages 14 - 18
Pages 19 - 24
Pages 25 - 27
Pages 28 - 37
Pages 38 - 42
Pages 43 - 48
Pages 49 - 57
Pages 58 - 60

3. Page 1

4. Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort - West Wing
Located at Kuala Rompin, the Johor-Pahang border on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, this charming
resort is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered. It is an ideal choice of accommodation for all, either
corporate or leisure.
Known for its paradise on earth, the resort offers unknown pleasures and luxuriate in Mother Nature's cradle.
Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort is set amidst the best environment Malaysia has to offer: with the lush unspoiled
130 million years old tropical rainforest of Endau Rompin National Park and pristine golden sandy beaches,
both just a stone's throw away.
Its 86 units of rooms feature Deluxe, Chalet, Villa for guests' selections, Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort offers
variety of recreational facilities include golf course, beach sport, fishing activities, night jungle walk, jungle
trekking, cycling, fire flies and clams picking
Page 2

5. Page 3

6. Construction Signboard
This board is to communicate with the public to provide information
about the site. The information found on it board would include; project
owner, the architect, structural engineer, M&E engineer, landscape
architect, developer, quantity surveyor and contractor. It will also have
the works that with happen in the project like start and finish dates.
This board is alway elevated at the front entrance of the site and stays
erected throughout the whole construction period.
Safety Signboard
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Factories and
Machinery (building operations and works of engineering constructio)
regulations
48. Danger Signs
A simple but effective warning notice in the national
language shall be placed in a conspicuous position at the
discharge end of every chute to warm the employees and
public.
This are placed at the entrance on the construction site to warn the
people what is happening in the construction site
Page 4

7. Hoarding
DOSH regulations
11.1 The worksite should be fully barricaded by
protective hoarding so that the general public would
be protected from work in process. The hoarding
should be able to protect not the only the public from
danger within the site but also act as barrier or
security to prevent persons from trespassing into the
site
Each hoarding panel is 10ftx8ft made with metal(steel) and is
painted with a finish coat to protect it material from, rusting.
The hoarding provides protection to the public and the site
Page 5

8. Safety Helmets
DOSH Factories and Machinery (safety, health and Welfare)
32. Safety Helmets
(b) every person exposed to falling or flying objects and blows on the
head shall wear well fitting industrial safety helmets
Safety helmets take in the impact force of falling objects are it hits the helmet.
First Aid Kit
DOSH Factories and Machinery (safety, health and
Welfare)
38. First Aid
Any injured person shall at all times receive prompt
first-aid treatment and such further medical
attention as may be necessary.
First aid is always found in the office as a box with a
crescent and white background
Page 6

9. MACHINERY
EXCAVATOR
BACKHOE
MOBILE CRANE
10 TON ROLLER COMPACTOR
It is use in preliminary
earthwork, as it
removes greeneries
on site before
construction can take
place. It also can dig
trenches and holes
from foundation.
It can lift heavy loads to a
height advantage. It can
travel on the road so it
can transport and carry
heavy objects to and
away from site
It is can dip up hard
compacted ground or lift
heavy loads and carry
these loads. It can also
smoothen soil surfaces
and can pushing objects
into holes
It is used to compress
the soil and other
surface and
smoothen surface,
compacts soil, gravel
and concrete when
working on ground
work
Page 7

10. CONCRETE MIXER
DUMP TRUCK
BAR BENDING MACHINERY
BAR CUTTING MACHINERY
BACK PUSHER
As it can travel on the
road it is used to
transfer materials to
and away from site or
just around to site.
It is used to make and mix concrete on site
if the site is far from where the concrete is
mixed.
It is used when making
reinforcement bars to put in beams
or concrete. To bend the bars
It is used when making
reinforcement bars to
put in beams or
concrete. To cut the
bars
It is used to push soil
into holes or clear the
soil from greeneries
when doing earthwork.
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11. Page 9

12. Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort, Kuala Rompin
SITE LAYOUT / SITE BOUNDARY
Site Boundary &
Temporary Fencing
Construction SiteSite Security
Wash trough located near the
entrance of the site
Site Office
Entrance
Worker’s
Quarters
Temporary Toilet,
Storage
Outside the site office
Temporary Storage Area
Page 10

13. Site clearance is the compulsory procedure to remove any
obstructing elements such as vegetation found on site to
prepare for excavation or structure building. It involves:
- demolition and removal of existing buildings and
structures;
- grubbing out of bushes and trees;
- removal of topsoil to reduce levels
SITE CLEARANCE
STEPS
1. First, Vegetation is removed. A bulldozer is used to
uproot the trees.
Site before clearance Site after clearance progress
2. The bulldozer is then used to remove the cleared
vegetation from the site. Uprooted trunks and loose
rocks are pushed toward a collection point.
Taller/heavier trunks that cannot be pushed by the
bulldozer are towed away by another machinery.
3. Next, the topsoil at 30 cm is removed because it
contains decaying organic matter and roots. This part
of the soil is unstable as a construction material for
foundation and structure building.
soil
surface
surface soil is
usually from 5 to
30 cm deep
remove the
surface soil
4. Lastly, excavate the desired depth and transport the
topsoil to another space as it can be reused later.
Page 11

14. Setting out of a building refers to the act of measuring and
marking out a full size plan of the building or element of the
building on site. It is usually undertaken once the site has
been cleared out of any debris or obstructions and any
reduced level excavation work is finished.
SETTING OUT
PROCESS
3. After completing and checking the setting out of the
main building lines, profile boards are setup to
determine the corners of the buildings. These are set
up clear of the foundation trench positions to locate
the trench, foundations and walls.
2. After the baseline has been set out, each corner
should be marked with a corner post. A check should
now be made of the setting out lines for right-angles
and correct lengths
Setting out done on site
1. The first task in setting out the
building is to establish a baseline
to which all the setting out can be
related.
nail in the
center of post 50 x 50 corner
post driven firmly
into the ground
cord marking
outline of building
outline marked on
ground with dry
lime or similar
powder.
site boundary corner posts
90° to all
angles
baseline of the
building
pegs
cord/string
width of
foundation
Page 12

15. Earthwork is a process which involves removing, moving and adding large quantities of soil, rocks from an existing
land to another area.This is done to achieve a suitable level or height for a construction purpose. The specific type of
earthwork done is determined by the condition of the site and soil and to prepare the site for other construction works
such as making roadways, works on bridges and under tunnels.
EARTHWORK & EXCAVATIONS
Types of Excavation
Topsoil Excavation
The removal of topsoil as a Building Regulation
Requirement Depth varies from site to site but usually
in a 150 to 300mm range.
Topsoil contains flora and fauna life and decaying
matter which makes the soil compressible and
unsuitable to support the building structures.
Cut & Fill Method
Used for sites with slopes - existing slopes are
measured and levelled. This is a common and most
used method as it can help save on the labour work of
landfilling and also time consumed on transport. The
quantity of soil that has been removed will equal to the
quantity to be filled.
original ground level
formation or
reduced level
fill
cut
Excavation done on site
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16. Page 14

17. Foundation can be classified into shallow and deep foundation and is determined by the following factors:
GROUND CONDITION
The ground or soil condition is necessary for determining the type of suitable foundation. The soil on which the
building rests may be stable, level and of uniform composition, but in some situations it may be otherwise.
FACTORS DETERMINING TYPE OF FOUNDATION
LOAD FROM BUILDING
The loading condition depends on the form and type of building to be constructed.
In case of low rise building with large span, the extent of loading is relatively modest,
so shallow foundation is preferred in this case. On the other hand, high-rise building
with short span has high loads. Therefore, deep foundation is required in such
cases.
When the load is transferred from the structure to soil through
foundations, the soil tends to consolidate and settlement of foundation
occurs.The settlement of foundation causes cracks in building walls,
beams, slabs etc. and building can even fail in case of large settlement.
Where soil close to the surface is capable of supporting structure loads,
shallow foundations can be provided. Where the ground close to surface
is not capable of supporting structural loads, deep foundations are used.
Page 15

18. STRIP FOOTING
- Suitable for most subsoils and light structural
loadings such as those encountered in low to medium
rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be
used.
PAD FOOTING
- Suitable for most subsoils except loose sands, loose
gravels and filled areas.
- Usually constructed of reinforced concrete and where
possible are square in plan.
CANTILEVER FOUNDATION
- Can be used where it is necessary to avoid imposing
any pressure on an adjacent foundation underground
service.
existing
foundation
existing wall
column base
beam
cantilever
end of beam
square footing circular footingrectangular footing
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
RAFT FOOTING
- Used to spread the load of the superstructure over a
large base to reduce the load per unit area being
imposed on the ground.
- Useful where low bearing capacity soils are
encountered and where individual column loads are
heavy.
uniformly
distributed load
(udl)
point loads
Page 16

19. Pile Foundations
- A series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the load(s) of a structure to a lower level of
subsoil.
- Can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not present at or near ground level making the use of deep
traditional foundations uneconomic.
Classification of Piles
Piles may be classified as either End bearing or Friction piles, according to the manner in which the pile loads are
resisted.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Friction or Floating Piles
Friction piles obtain support by adhesion or friction action
of the soil around the perimeter of the pile shaft.
End Bearing Piles
The shafts of the piles act as columns carrying the loads
through the overlaying weak subsoils to firm strata into
which the pile toe has penetrated.
pile pile
friction
loadload
pile cap pile cap
firm strata
pile transmits load
directly to firm
strata - it also
receives lateral
restraint from
subsoil
pile transmits load
directly to
surrounding soil
via friction
between the
surface of the pile
and soil
deep layer of
weak subsoil
such as clay
or silt
Page 17

20. Pad footings are made up of rectangular or square concrete ‘pads’ that support
localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or
framed structures.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ON SITE: REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) FOOTING
Formwork
Pad footing on-site
Formwork is built.
Spacer blocks are
placed before
reinforcements are laid.
Reinforcement bars bent and
tied in a basket
Excavation is done to the desired
level. A layer of lean concrete is
placed to provide a firm base.
The rebar “basket” is
placed into the
formwork, raised
above the concrete
base.
Stump reinforcements are erected
in rectangular arrangement.
Ready-made concrete will set and
cure in the formwork and is
dismantled afterwards
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21. Page 19

22. BEAM
Materials used on our site: Reinforced Concrete
(RC)
- Also known as composite beam, it is made of
concrete and steel.
- RC is a composite material in which the poor
tensile strength and ductility of concrete are
counteracted
by including reinforcement.
- Here the reinforcement is
steel reinforcing bars (rebar),
embedded passively in concrete
before the concrete sets.
- A singly reinforced beam is
used, in which the concrete
element is only reinforced near
the tensile face and the
reinforcement, called tension
steel.
- This strengthens concrete
beams, columns, and slabs by
providing more resistance
towards compression and tension
forces.
Page 20

23. Importance of reinforcement
- Without reinforcement, beams will crack if too much
pressure is applied to it
- Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate
strength, leading to mechanical failure, or due to a
reduction in its durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw
cycles may damage poorly designed or constructed
reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the
oxidation products (rust) expand and tends to flake,
cracking the concrete and unbonding the rebar from
the concrete.
Page 21

24. DEFLECTOR BEAM DETAIL
Beam-to-Column
connection :
Beams are set on bearing
pads on the column
Corbels.
Steel angles are welded
to metal plates cast into
the beams and columns
and the joint is grouted
solid.
Page 22

25. PROCESS OF IN-SITU CASTED BEAMS
1. Construction of a beam will require formwork for its sides and soffit. The
latter will have to be supported temporarily until the completed beam has
gained sufficient strength.
2. Once soffit formwork has been erected, the necessary reinforcing steel is
fixed, making the necessary connection to the reinforcement in the supporting
columns or other elements. The side formwork is then fixed. Spacers are
required to make sure that there is adequate cover to the reinforcement.
3. The concrete is then cast and the top surface of the beam finished off to the
required level. After finishing, the top surface must be covered to prevent
moisture loss. Generally the side formwork may be removed the day after the
concrete is cast, taking care not to damage the surface of the concrete and
corners. All exposed surfaces must be covered with polythene or wet hessian
to prevent moisture loss for about 5 days, so that the concrete is fully cured.
4. As indicated above, the soffit supports and the soffit formwork should not be
removed until the beam had reached sufficient strength for it to carry its own
weight and any additional imposed loads.
Page 23

26. COLUMNS
1. Columns at ground level are constructed on a pile cap, edge beam or some
other type of foundation.
2. On our site the construction process is similar. At the base of the column,
‘starter’ bars will project from the supporting member.
3. Reinforcement, main vertical bars and horizontal links, will lap with starter bars
for continuity. Reinforcement projects from top of the column for continuity.
Formwork is fixed, with the necessary props to make sure that it is vertical and
does not move during the casting of the concrete.
4. A variety of methods are used to fix the base of the formwork in place and to
ensure a grout-tight seal. Then, concrete is placed slowly and vibrated (using
poker vibrators).
5. The side formwork is thus removed the day after the concrete is cast, taking
care not to damage the surface of the concrete, corners etc.
6. Finally it may be appropriate to provide temporary protection to corners to
prevent damage by other construction work.
7. To conclude, the column should be wrapped with polythene for about 5 days, to
prevent moisture loss so that the concrete is fully cured.
In-Situ Columns
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27. Page 25

28. SLABS
- Here the slabs are made of reinforced
concrete.
- They are plate structures, horizontal slabs of
steel reinforced concrete, laid with
reinforcement bars to withstand load.
- They are supported on foundations and is used
to construct the ground floor of the building.
- Ground-bearing slabs built using formwork.
Page 26

29. GROUND SLABS
Concrete Slab
- Minimum thickness is 100mm and
maximum is 500mm, depending on the
load it has to bear.
- Directly on the ground , can drain heat
from a room.
- Concrete slabs are usually cast above
a layer of insulation such as expanded
polystyrene, and the slab may contain
underfloor heating pipes.
- However, there are still uses for an
uninsulated slab, typically in
outbuildings which are not heated or
cooled to room temperature. In those
cases, casting the slab directly onto a
rocky substrate will maintain the slab at
or near the temperature of the substrate
throughout the year, and can prevent
both freezing and overheating.
Construction
- In site concrete slabs are built on the building site using
formwork - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is
poured. If the slab is to be reinforced, the rebars are
positioned within the formwork before the concrete is
poured in. Plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are
used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and sides of
the formwork, so that when the concrete sets it
completely envelops the reinforcement.
- Ground slab, the formwork may consist only of sidewalls
pushed into the ground.
- The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and
boards, plastic, or steel.
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30. Page 28

31. WALL
A WALL IS A VERTICAL STRUCTURE , USUALLY
SOLID ,THAT DEFINES AND SOMETIMES PROTECTS
AN AREA . MOST COMMONLY , A WALL
DELINEATES A BUILDING AND SUPPORTS ITS
SUPERSTRUCTURE , SEPARATES SPACE IN
BUILDINGS INTO SECTIONS, OR PROTECTS OR
DELINEATES A SPACE IN THE OPEN AIR.
TYPES OF WALLS
-CONCRETE WALL
-MASONRY WALL
-DRY WALL
-GLASS WALL
-CURTAIN WALL
WALLS ARE PLACED IN
INTERIOR (WALL/PARTITIONS)
-SUBDIVIDES THE SPACE IN THE BUILDING
-CAN BE STRUCTURAL OR NON-BEARING
- PROVIDE REQUIRED DEGREE OF ACOUSTICAL
SEPARATION
-ACCOMMODATION OF NECESSARY ELECTRICAL
AND MECHANICAL SERVICES
EXTERIOR WALL
-ABLE TO WITHSTAND HORIZONTAL
WIND LOADING
-CAN SERVE AS SHEAR WALLS AND
TRANSFER LATERAL WIND AND SEISMIC
FORCES TO THE GROUND FOUNDATION
IF RIGID ENOUGH
-ACT AS PROTECTIVE SHIELD AGAINST
WEATHER
-INSULATION TOWARD
AIR,SOUND,DAMP,MOISTURE AND HEAT
-ABLE TO SUPPORT THE WEIGHT OF
BUILDING OR NON BEARING
Page 29

32. Concrete Wall
CHARACTERISTICS
-USUALLY LOAD BEARING
-TEXTURE & APPEARANCE CAN BE CONTROLLED BY THE USE OF FORMWORKS FORMWORKS,
ADMIXTURES ADMIXTURES & ADDITIVES ADDITIVES
-OFTEN USED IN HIGH‐RISE BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA
-OFTEN USED IN GOVERNMENT PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA, AS PART OF THE INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING
SYSTEMS (IBS)
-OFFERS GREATER SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION & CONTROL OF QUALITY
3 TYPE OF CONCRETE WALL CONSTRUCTION
- CAST IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME WITH RC INFILL PANEL WALLS
- CAST IN-SITU SHEAR WALL
-PRECAST CONCRETE WALL
TEXTURE OF CONCRETE WALL
Page 30

33. PRECAST CONCRETE WALL CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
1.REMOVE PRECAST WALL FROM DELIVERY TRUCK
2.CONDUCT SAMPLE MEASUREMENT TO CONFIRM ON THE ACCURACY OF
THE CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS AND
OPENINGS
3.CHECK THE LOCATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF THE LIFTING INSERTS
BEFORE HOISTING
4.CHECK ON THE ACCESSIBILITY OF UNLOADING POINT AND STORAGE AREA
5.SET REFERENCES LINE AND OFFSET LINE TO DETERMINE THE POSITION
OF THE PRECAST ELEMENTS TO BE INSTALLED
6.PROVIDE LEVEL PADS (OR SHIM PLATES) FOR SETTING THE LEVEL OF THE
ELEMENTS. SET THE LEVEL PADS IN THE POSITION USING NON-SHRINK
MORTAR
7.LIFT AND RIG THE PANELS TO ITS DESIGNATED LOCATION WITH THE USE
OF WIRE ROPES
8.ADJUST THE PANEL TO THE POSITION AND SECURE IT WITH DIAGONAL
PROPS
9.PREPARE AND APPLY NON-SHRINK MORTAL TO SEAL THE GAPS ALONG
THE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE INNER SIDE OF THE PANEL
10.FOR CORRUGATED PIPE SLEEVE OR SPLICE SLEEVE CONNECTION
,PREPARE AND POUR NON-SHRINK GROUT OR PROPRIETARY
GROUT
11.FOR PANELS WITH CAST IN-SITU JOINTS ,INSTALL THE JOINTS REBARS AS
REQUIRED
12.REMOVE EXCESS GROUT INFILL AFTER PRECAST WALL IS ERECTED
Page 31

34. MORTAR
MIXTURE OF SAND AND LIME , OR MIXTURE OF
SAND AND CEMENT WITH OR WITHOUT LIME.
PURPOSE OF ADDING LIME IS TO INCREASE WORK
ABILITY OF THE MORTAR. PROPORTIONING BY
WEIGHT IS MORE ACCURATE COMPARED TO
PROPORTIONING BY VOLUME.
TYPICAL MORTAR MIXES (BY VOLUME)
1.CEMENT MORTAR - SUITABLE FOR BRICKWORK
IN EXPOSED CONDITIONS
CEMENT : SAND
1 : 3
2.LIME MORTAR - SUITABLE FOR INTERNAL
BRICKWORK
LIME : SAND
1 : 3
3.GAUGED MORTAR
CEMENT : LIME : SAND
1 : 1 : 6
-SUITABLE FOR SEVERE EXPOSURE 1 : 2 : 9
-SUITABLE FOR MOST CONDITION EXCEPT SERVE
EXPOSURE 1 : 3 : 12-INTERNAL WALL USE
ONLY
QUALITY OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION SOLELY
DEPENDS ON GOOD WORKMANSHIP. USING THE
TROWEL CORRECTLY CAN IMPROVE THE
ACCURACY AND QUALITY WHILE SPREADING THE
MORTAR. DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS THE CORRECT
WAY OF HANDLING THE EQUIPMENT .
MASONRY WALL
- CAN BE EITHER LOAD BEARING OR NON LOAD -
BEARING
-ONE OF THE OLDEST MATERIAL, AND THE MOST
COMMON MATERIALS MATERIALS FOR WALLS
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION IN MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
- DURABLE, GOOD SOUND INSULATION, FIRE
INSULATION AND THERMAL INSULATION
- OFFERS GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN FORM AND
APPEARANCE
Page 32

35. 1.LAY OUT BRICKS IN DRY RUN AND MARK
INDICATION LINE WITH CHALK
2.TEMPORARILY REMOVE THE BRICKS AND
SPREAD 3/4 INCH THICK OF MORTAR BED.
3.PLACE THE BRICKS WITHIN THE INDICATION
BOUNDARY AND LEAVE 3/8 INCH THICK GAP IN
BETWEEN
4.BRICKS WILL BE TRIMMED SO THAT IT WILL
FIT IN PERFECTLY
5.SPREAD A LAYER OF MORTAR AND CONTINUE
THE SECOND LAYER BRICK PLACEMENT
6.USE LEVEL TO ENSURE THE ALL THE BRICKS
ARE PLACES IN LINE
7.LAST BRICK WILL BE PUSHED INTO
REMAINING SPACE
8.SCRAPE OFF EXCESS MORTARS FROM THE
JOINT
9.FINISHED WALL IS READY FOR PLASTERING
AND PAINTING.
METHOD OF MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
Page 33

36. WALL DETAILS
TYPE OF JOINT
TYPE OF BOND
BRICKS WERE LAID IN SLANTED AT THE TOP
ROW OF THE PARTY WALL TO ALLOW
EXPANSION WHEN FIRE OCCURS.
SINGLE FLEMISH BOND
-COMBINATION OF FLEMISH AND ENGLISH BOND
WHICH PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE
-CANNOT BE APPLIED IN HAVING THICKNESS LESS
THAN ONE AND
Page 34

37. STRUCTURAL FRAMES
TIMBER FRAMES REQUIRE DIAGONAL
BRACING OR SHEAR PLANES FOR LATERAL
STABILITY AND MAY QUALIFY AS HEAVY
TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IS USED WITH
NONCOMBUSTIBLE ,FIRE-RESISTIVE
EXTERIOR WALLS AND IF THE MEMBERS
MEET THE MINIMUM SIZE REQUIREMENT
SPECIFIED IN THE BUILDING CODE
Structural Frames that can
be founded on site
ELECTRIC CASING INSTALLATION
PLUMBING SYSTEM INSTALLATION
Casing
Page 35

38. PLASTERING
PROCESS OF COVERING ROUGH SURFACES WITH A
PLASTIC MATERIAL TO OBTAIN AN EVEN ,
SMOOTH,CLEAN AND DURABLE SURFACE
-A MIXTURE OF LIME OR GYPSUM ,SAND AND WATER
,SOMETIMES EVEN WITH FIBER ADDED WILL BE USED
FOR COATING WALLS AND WHEN HARDEN
TYPES OF PLASTERING
1. LIME PLASTER
- BINDING AGENT IS LIME
2. CEMENT PLASTER
- BINDING AGENT IS CEMENT
3. MUD PLASTER
- APPLIED IN TWO COATS,THICKNESS
FOR FIRST AND SECOND COATS IS
18mm AND 6mm RESPECTIVELY
4. STUCCO PLASTER
- DECORATIVE TYPE OF PLASTER
5. PLASTER ON LATH
- LATHING MIGHT BE EXPANDED
METAL OR TIMBER
PLASTERING TECHNIQUE
SPLASH DASH HELP TO INCREASE
FRICTION WHEN APPLYING PLASTER TO
THE WALL AND INCREASE THE BONDING
SMALL FLAT-TOPPED PYRAMID WITH MORTAR AT
EVERY CORNER AND SIDE END (MAKE SURE THEY
ARE ALL SAME HEIGHT).THIS METHOD IS USE TO
MAKE SURE THE MORTAR IS LAID
PERPENDICULARLY
Page 36

39. After the brick wall is completed, plaster has to be applied on wall
before painting.
1.Use a mixer to combine all of the ingredients that is to make plaster.
2.Put a corner of the hawk into the plaster mix and use the trowel to push the mix
onto the hawk. Rest
the trowel on the hawk, tilt the hawk back and scrape the plaster onto the trowel.
3.Evenly spread the mortar across the wall when applying it. Continue applying the
plaster until
you’ve covered all of the wall.
4.Once the plaster is touch dry, screed the wall. Do this by dragging the straight
edge along the wall.
Screeding takes any excess plaster off the wall to give it a nice flat finish.
5.After the last screed, there might be areas where the plaster is uneven or patchy.
Use the trowel and
hawk to apply plaster where it’s needed.
Process of Plastering
Mixer
-Plastering should be done after curing on
the brick wall.
-Cement and fine aggregate mix ratio
should be:
// 1:6 (1 cement : 6 fine aggregate) for
internal plastering of bricks and
// 1:4 for external plastering
-Never do a plastering beyond 12 or 15mm
thickness on a brick
wall
Page 37

40. Page 38

41. Type of Staircase
Staircase Material
Concrete Staircase
Timber Staircase
Glass Staircase
Steel Staircase
Page 39

42. Staircase On Site
Cast-In-Situ Concrete Staircase
Description:
1.A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings.
2.A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings,newel
posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts.
3.Stairs allow easy movement between the different levels of a design.
4.Building regulations limit the general parameters of the design with regard to safety during emergency such as fire
Page 40

43. Staircase On Site
STAIRCASE REGULATIONS
The staircase should comply with these rules:
●The top of the handrail must be located between 34 and 38-inches (860 and 970-mm) above the pitch
line.
●Along any open side of a stairway, the balusters must be located such that a 4-3/8-inch (110 mm)
sphere cannot pass through.
●The riser height is limited to 7-3/4 inches (200 mm).
●A minimum tread depth of 10 inches (250 mm) is required, measured horizontally between the
nosings of adjacent treads.
●The headroom clearance along any point of the must be at least 80-inches (2 meters)
Half Landing Stairs
-This is the most commonly found stairs on site.
Also can be found easily in any public buildings
Page 41

44. Construction of Staircase
-The wooden formwork is the commonly used
method for cast in reinforced concrete
staircase. Scaffoldings
are used to support the formwork.
-Reinforcement bars were placed inside
the formwork
and were tied to another starter bar on the
next floor.
-After all the rebars were set with all the
formwork in position, process of pouring
concrete will start.
Page 42

45. Page 43

46. Page 44
Interior View of The Building
Frame, paneled door Sliding Door
Materials : Timber,Steel Materials : Steel,Glass,Plastic and rubber

47. TYPES OF DOOR INSTALLED
1. Frame, paneled door
-These are very strong and will give good appearance
when compared to battened doors. These are the widely
used doors in almost all types of buildings.
-Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal members
are grooved along the inner edges of frame to receive the
panels.
2. Glazed Door
-Glazed doors are generally provided in interior wall
openings or in hospitals, colleges etc.
-The interior of room is visible through glazed doors and
light also passes through glazed portion of the door.
3. Swing Doors
In this case, the shutter is attached to frame by double
action spring which helps the shutter to move inwards as
well as outwards.
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48. CONSTRUCTION OF DOORS
Frame, paneled door
-A basic frame and panel item consists of a top rail, a bottom rail, two stiles, and a panel.
This is a common method of constructing cabinet doors and these are often referred to as
a five piece door.
-First make trial cuts of the cope profile (rail) and the stick profile (stole) in scrap stock and
check the accuracy of the joint. This is extremely important when working at maximum
thickness (7/8”). Make sure your stock is flat and cut straight with square edges.
-This is simply accomplished using the CMT Reverse Glue Joint bit. Place the first panel
front-face down on the router table and accurately center the wood to the bit.
2. Gluing up panels
1.Milling the rails and stiles
3. Milling the floating panel
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49. TYPES OF WINDOW INSTALLED
1. Top hung sash opening out
2. Louvred Window
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50. Construction process of louvre window
1. Check frame to be true,
drill hole in sill
2. Apply sealant to seal
3. Insert and attach louvre galleries 4. Insert and attach head section
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51. Page 49

52. Types of Roofs
Flat Roof
1. RC Concrete beam, purlin and decking
Pitch Roof
1. RC Concrete beam, purlin and decking
2. Steel truss system
3. Fascia truss system
2.
1.
3.
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53. STEEL TRUSS SYSTEM
Our site building has a steel truss roof system. A steel
truss system is the Queen Post Truss is designed to be
a very reliable, simple and versatile type of roof truss
that you can use at any given time. It offers a good span,
around 10m, and it has a simple design which makes it
perfect for a wide range of establishments.
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54. The truss roof has two different forces that act on it. One is Tensile force (this is a pulling away from each other
force) and the other is compressive force (this is a push towards each other force). The tensile force is on the
base of the roof and the diagonal steel truss while the Compressive force work on the top part of the roof and
the steel truss perpendicular. Therefore the force cancel each out making the roof stable and suitable for the
structure.
Tensile force
Compression force
FORCES
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55. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. Calculation of roof slope
2. Layout of roof framing plan
construction
3. Roof framing
4. Underlayment
5. Roof drainage
6. Roof flashing
7. Roof covering
1. CALCULATION OF ROOF SLOPE
The roof span, runs and rises must be considered before
construction.
Span: distance between outer edge and top plate
Total run: half of span
Unit run: to figure out the slope to rafters
Total rise: vertical distance from top plate to upper end
Unit rise: the number of inches that a roof rises from 12”
Slope= ratio (unit rise: unit run)
Pitch= ratio (total rise: span)
2. LAYOUT OF ROOF FRAMING PLAN
CONSTRUCTION
1: Outline roof of the building
2: Outline the rectangle
3: Drawing centre lines in every rectangle
4: drawing 25 angled line to centre line
5: Centre lines in 3 connect the hip and valley rafter
6: Layout of roof framing plan
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1 65432
Total rise
Rafler
SpanTotal run
Unit rise
Unit rise
Unit run
Unit run
Pitch

56. Reinforced Concrete Column
Steel Bearing Plate
Piping and ductwork and other
mechanical services can pass
through the webbing spaces
The truss is perpendicular to
the their planes.
3. ROOF FRAMING
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57. TRUSS CONNECTION DETAILS
Connection of truss and column Flying Bracing Section
Connection from truss to steel column Connection from truss to reinforced concrete column
SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW
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58. 4. UNDERLAYMENT
The usage of sisalation under the roof frames is as follows:
Super Sisalation
(A) Physical characteristics:
The outer layer of aluminium foil is bonded to high density kraft
papers which is then bonded together with heavy flame
retardant and tear strength.
(B) Thermal performance:
When used in conjunction with an airspace. Sisalation is an
effective thermal insulation material because of the high
reflectivity, and low emissivity of its aluminium foil surfaces.
5. ROOF COVERING
Is a materials which gives a protective surface to the
roofing structure. The function is only to prevent
ingress or egress of heat & moisture into the building.
The material used is tiles which are made of
a ceramic material and is hard and brittle, but
The disadvantage is that it is poorly suited
for places where tree limbs can fall on a
house's roof. As your site does not that any
large tree is a good suitable material.
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Aluminium foil
Polyethylene
extrusion
Kraft paper
Reinforcing glass fibre
Flame retardant
adhesive
Kraft paper
Polyethylene
extrusion
Aluminium foil
Field Tiles
Cement Mortar
Cover starter unit

59. 6. ROOF FLASHING
The flash is to drain water away from the roof so that water leak into the structure from an angle or joints. Thin
pieces of impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a
weather resistant barrier (WRB) system. In modern buildings, flashing is intended to decrease water penetration at
objects such as chimneys, vent pipes, walls, windows and door openings to make buildings more durable and to
reduce indoor mold problems..
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S-tiles
Galvanized or
copper channel
flashing
Counter flashing
Top log of
flashing min. 4”
Underlayment
extended up
sidewall min. 6”
Approx. 6” min

60. 7. ROOF DRAINAGE
GUTTER
A gutter is a component of water discharge system for a
building is. Water collected by a rain gutter is fed, usually via a
downpipe (also called a leader or conductor),from the roof
edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or
collected.
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PVC Gutter
Internal
Corner
Joiner
Stopper
Expansion
CutletSection

61. Page 59

62. Page 60
As conclusion, surveying a process along the project running enhance the quality and the precision of
building construction. Also it helps to identify certain material used that actually essential for building
also give a suitable ambience to the user of the space.
Excavation process
was brought to
clear the land
Piling is
implanted as a
base and
foundation
Scaffolding is built
to hold the
formwork for the
first floor beam
Formwork of
ground beam is
being filled
Backfilling of sand
is carried on after
the completion of
the ground beam
Construction of
ground floor slab
formwork
Construction of
roof, doors,
windows and
walls marks end
of the project
First floor slab is
constructed after
the completion of
first floor slab

63. ● Chudley, R & Greeno, R 1999, Advanced Construction Technology, 3rd
edn,
Longman
● Chardley, Greeno, R 2005, Building Construction, Butterworth Heinemann
Raft foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2016, from http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.my/2011/06/raft-foundation.html
FOUNDATION SELECTION CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS. (2014). Retrieved May 12, 2017, from
http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-selection-criteria/6971/
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FOUNDATION FOR BUILDINGS. (2015). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from
http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/factors-affecting-selection-of-foundation-f or-buildings/10504/
Page 61
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1112/notes/project_2/beam/reinforced_concrete_beams.p
df
http://athena.ecs.csus.edu/~ce113/CE113-ConcreteBeam.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_column
https://teklastructures.support.tekla.com/2017/en/com_concrete_beam_and_column_c
onnections