The document discusses the preliminary works being carried out at a construction site. It describes how site clearance is the first step, involving demolishing existing structures, removing vegetation, and leveling the land. Formwork and scaffolding are then erected to support concrete works during construction. Temporary site facilities like welfare buildings and storage areas are also set up to support workers.

1. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
ASSIGNMENT ONE : EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
Tutor:
AR. SATEERAH HASSAN
Members:
NG LEK YUEN 0324010
NG PUI YAN 0324785
MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
0324757
TING XIAO YAO 0328663
ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN 0323838
WAJEEHA KAHN 0328484

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction and Group Member detail | NG PUI YAN
2. Site Safety | NG PUI YAN
3. Preliminaries Work | TING XIAO YAO
4. Foundations | NG LEK YUEN
5. Superstructures | NAIM ROSLI
6. Roof | ARRON GOH
7. Doors and Windows | ARRON GOH
8. Summary | WAJEEHA & NG LEK YUEN
01
05
10
17
22
32
35
43

3. INTRODUCTION
by NG PUI YAN
For this project, we were required to visibly
demonstrate the subject topics covered in the
syllabus through an ongoing construction site.
In a group of 6, we were required to carry out
an analysis as well as documentation of the site
through visual images, annotated sketches and
drawings. The result of the research as well as
analysis are then clearly shown on this report.
01

4. INTRODUCTION by NG PUI YAN
1.1 Group Members Detail
The tasks are efficiently separated to ensure that the information and analysis
obtained are well documented. The delegation of topics is as follows:
Introduction of site and Site Safety - Ng Pui Yan
Preliminary works - Xiao Yao
Foundation - Ng Lek Yuen
Superstructure - Naim Rosli
Doors, Windows and Roofs - Arron Goh Swee Tien
Summary - Wajeeha Kahn
(From left to right:
Ng Lek Yuen, Ng Pui Yan, Naim Rosli, Ting Xiao Yao, Arron Goh and Mr. Tan)
1.2 Introduction to site
Address:
Lot 1074, Mukim Cheras, Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Tetuan Maha-
jaya Property Sdn Bhd.
Our documented site consists of 84 terrace units (2 Floors – Type A 22’ x 70’) , 14 ter-
race units (2 Floors – Type A1 22’ x 70’ Varies) , 1 terrace unit ( 2 Floors – Type A2 26’
x 70’) , 36 townhouse (18 units 2 Floors) - Type TH (22’ x 70’) , 1 town house unit (2
Floors ) - Type TH 2 (22’ x 70’) , 1 electrical substation.
The site consists of different construction stages according to the units. Some unit
houses are at a phase where only the foundation and plumbing work is complet-
ed and so on. The topography of the site is fairly flat throughout the entire site.
The diagram shows the overall site plan of the ongoing construction site.
02

5. INTRODUCTION by NG PUI YAN
1.3 Main Access Road
The main access road is where mostly construction vehicles as
well as workers enter or leave the site. The main entrance road
is made wider compared to other roads to ease the access of
multiple vehicles at once.
1.4 Temporary Welfare and Storage Area
The welfare as well as storage area are located not far from the site entrance. The construction materials are arranged neatly and put in
the same area according to the types of materials. Meanwhile the temporary welfare room provides a shelter for workers from the site to
rest.
03

6. INTRODUCTION by NG PUI YAN
1.6 Water Supply and Drainage
Water supply stored in water tanks on site are located
nearby the entrance for washing exiting construction
vehicles. Drains are also available to channel the wa-
ter out of the site.
1.5 Construction Area
The construction area consisting of the
ongoing building of the terraces are built at
different stages. Materials that would be used
to continue constructing the building such as
stacked precast concrete blocks are placed in
front of the building. The materials in front of the
building are neatly arranged in stacks instead of
being dumped for safety purposes of the
workers as well as incoming vehicles.
04

7. SITE SAFETY
by NG PUI YAN
Site safety is a very crucial action in a construction
site as it applies to the space as well as vehicles
use during construction. Improper actions and lack
of caution can lead to minor accidents to
disastrous accidents. Site safety is responsible to
ensure that the construction area is a safe
environment for all workers to work in good
conditions.
05

8. 2.1.1 Construction Safety Signboard
The construction safety sign board is placed nearby the entrance of the construction site to
protect and remind workers and the public about their safety around the site. General safety
measures such as the proper attire as well as safety measures are shown on the board. Em-
ployers are in charge of providing information to employees on the meaning and require-
ments of any signs used in the construction site, especially where text on supplementary sign-
boards is used.
2.1.2 Scaffolding
Scaffolds accidents cause an estimated 4,500 injuries and
50 fatalities each year. Scaffold accidents happen when
scaffolds are not erected or used properly therefore fall
hazards occur. All framework must be raised, disassembled
and modified in a sheltered way. For platforms that fall out-
side the extent of a by and large perceived standard setup
the plan must be to such an extent that protected erection
and disassembling procedures can likewise be utilized all
through the span of the works. To guarantee strength for
more perplexing frameworks, drawings ought to be created
and, where important, these may should be supplement-
ed with particular directions. Any proposed adjustment or
change that takes a framework outside the extent of a for
the most part perceived standard setup ought to be out-
lined by a skillful individual and demonstrated by estima-
tion.
SITE SAFETY by NG PUI YAN
06

9. 2.1.3 Waste Disposal
Development wastes consists of unwanted materials pro-
duced directly or incidentally during construction or by
the development of industries. This incorporates building
materials, for example, protection, nails, electrical wiring,
shingle, and material and in addition from site planning, for
example, digging materials, tree stumps, and rubble. Devel-
opment waste may contain lead, asbestos, or different risky
substances. Much building waste is comprised of materials,
for example, blocks, cement and wood harmed or unused
for different reasons of amid development. Observational
research has demonstrated this can be as high as 10 to 15%
of the materials that go into a building, a considerably high-
er rate than the 2.5-5% generally expected by amount sur-
veyors and the development business. Since impressive in-
constancy exists between development destinations, there
is much open door for lessening this waste.
SITE SAFETY by NG PUI YAN
2.1.4 Ladders & Stepladders
Ladders and stairways are another source of wounds and fatalities among
construction labourers due to inappropriate usage of ladders as well as stair-
ways. The proper usage of ladders and stairways can be followed by en-
suring the correct length as well as the correct type of ladder used at the
suitable location. Apart from that, the ladder or the stairway has to be able
to stay firm on the ground It is estimated that there are 24,882 injuries and as
many as 36 fatalities for each year because of falls on stairways and steps
utilized as a part of development.
07

10. SITE SAFETY by NG PUI YAN
2.1.5 Material Storage On Site
Every construction site requires a space to store the materials on site. An inappropriate storage area would leave the materials ex-
posed to theft by unauthorised trespassers, contamination. Safe and efficient materials storage depends on good co-operation
and co-ordination between everyone involved including, client, contractors, suppliers and the construction trades. An appropriate
storage area will have designated storage areas for plant, materials, waste, flammable substances, example: foam plastics, flam-
mable liquids and gases such as propane and hazardous substances for ex pesticides and timber treatment chemicals.
08

11. SITE SAFETY (PLANTS AND MACHINERY ) by NG PUI YAN
2.2.1 Excavator
An excavator can post many threats in the construction site if it is handled by the wrong
hands. The main hazards caused by the excavator is when it is moving, where it may have
the potential to strike a pedestrian, particularly while it is reversing. Slewing may also occur
whereby the person will be trapped between the excavator and the fixed structure or vehi-
cle. Therefore the person controlling the excavator has to be trained competent and author-
ised to operate the specific excavator. As well as being competent and authorised to direct
excavator movements.
2.2.2 Bulldozer
Bulldozers are designed to cut and push large quantities of material in a matter of seconds.
With their enormous size, they can cause serious injury and even death, if not operated prop-
erly. A bulldozer can post many threats in the construction site if it is handled by the wrong
hands. The engine should be started only when seated on the operator’s seat and when the
path is clear of workers, objects and other obstructions. Bulldozers should be kept away from
overhead power lines.
2.2.3 Crane Lift
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontal-
ly. Controllers should take all practicable steps to ensure that cranes are in a safe condition
and are operated safely. They should ensure that they undergo regular inspections and prop-
er maintenance. To ensure safety while using crane lift on site, the crane should be working
on a stable ground as well as carrying the suitable amount of weight. Lastly, the crane lift
should be maintained by getting check ups from time to time to ensure that the vehicle is still
function.
09

12. PRELIMINARY WORKS
by TING XIAO YAO
Preliminary works in a construction means all
activities and preparation that has to be
carried out before the main construction work
commences in order for it to go smoothly.
10

13. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
3.1 Site Clearance
Site clearance is the compulsory procedure to remove any obstructing elements such as vegetation found on site to prepare for
excavation or structure building. It involves:
- Demolition and removal of existing buildings and structures.
- Grubbing out of bushes and trees.
- Remove the top soil to reduce levels.
STEP 1.
First, vegetation is removed. A
bulldozer is use to uproot the
trees.
STEP 2.
Then, the bulldozer is used to
remove the cleared
vegetation from the site. The
uprooted trunks and loose
rocks are pushed toward a
collection point. Taller and
heavier trunks that cannot be
pushed by the bulldozer are
towed away by another
machinery. Excavator
removing topsoil on site.
STEP 3.
Next, the topsoil at 30cm is
removed because it contains
decaying organic matter
and roots. This part of the soil
is unstable as a construction
material for foundation and
structure building.
STEP 4.
Lastly, excavate the desired
depth and transport the
topsoil to another space as it
can be reused later.
11

14. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
3.2 Site Leveling
A process where earth is moved from one place to another to level the ground. “cut” is when the earth is removed from the top while
“fill” is when a hole in the ground is filled.
12

15. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
3.3 Setting Out
Setting out, Also known as Construction Surveying or Staking, is the activity of laying down markers or indicators that will enable the
planning and to clearly define the excavation boundaries and ground lines. Setting out is usually carried out in many construction pro-
jects, not limited to buildings, but also roads, pipelines, and concrete frames. Physical features that appear on the plan are marked out.
in order to correctly locate them.
A coordinate system is used in order to carry out these surveys. A specialist surveyor will use this coordinate system to form a grid that will
represent the rows and columns of the walls of the basic structure. This can be observed in the picture to the left.
Setting Out And Checking Methods
STEP 1:
Establish a baseline from which the whole of
the building can be set out. The position of this
line must be clearly marked on site so that it
can be re-established at anytime.
STEP 2:
Set out the main lines of building, each corner
being marked with a stout peg.
STEP 3:
A check should now be made of the set-
ting-out lines for right angles and connect
lengths.
STEP 4:
Profile boards are set up at all trench and wall
intersections.
Typical Profile Boards
13

16. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
3.4 Earthworks
Setting out, Also known as Construction Surveying or Staking, is the activity of laying down markers or indicators that will enable the
planning and to clearly define the excavation boundaries and ground lines. Setting out is usually carried out in many construction pro-
jects, not limited to buildings, but also roads, pipelines, and concrete frames. Physical features that appear on the plan are marked out.
in order to correctly locate them.
A coordinate system is used in order to carry out these surveys. A specialist surveyor will use this coordinate system to form a grid that will
represent the rows and columns of the walls of the basic structure. This can be observed in the picture to the left.
Earthwork checklist in Building Construction:
1. Services Connection
Before starting earthwork make sure there are no services line such as electrical connection, water supply and drainage connection,
telephone line etc. below ground.
2. Benchmark
Mark your desired level in a permanent place. You’ll need this mark through the project duration.
3. Side-slope in excavation
During earth excavation check that slope is maintained in side-slope.
4. Base soil
Check the base soil, on which building’s foundation will rest, is hard enough. You may consult geotechnical engineer that the base soil
is perfect for further work execution.
14

17. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
5. Excavation area
Check the excavation area is extended beyond the foundation of building for easy moving
during work execution.
Cleaning of foundation bed: Check that loose and displaces materials are cleaned from the
foundation bed.
Dump trucks are normally used instead of scrapers when the soil is being excavated by
loaders. Most dump trucks can travel over public highways, and move faster than scrapers.
6. Backfill
Check backfill is being done after ending the shutter removal period of footing.
Backfilling material: try to backfill with the excavated soil. And check the backfilling material
is free from large lumps, organic or any other foreign materials. Check all shuttering materials
are removed before backfilling.
7. Backfill Compaction
Backfilling should be done layer by layer. Each layer shouldn’t exceed thickness. And each
layer should be compacted to maximum dry density of soil. Check those are being done
properly.
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18. PRELIMINARY WORKS by TING XIAO YAO
Storage Area
-To avoid damages to anyone
-To avoid ultimately lead to wastage
-To save the space within the restricted space on site
Wash-through
-For cleaning purpose
-To wash the vehicle or machineries’s tyre
16

19. FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lowest part of a building or
other construction, partly or wholly below the
surface of the ground. It is designed to support
and secure the superstructure and transmit its
weights directly to the earth.
by NG LEK YUEN
17

20. FOUNDATION by NG LEK YUEN
4.1 Type of foundations and type of pile used
1. Shallow foundation: Concrete Pad Footing Foundation
The pad footing foundations used are a form of spread foundation formed by rectangular or square
concrete pads that support localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns
or framed structures. The load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of soil or rock below.
Advantages:
- do not require much excavation.
- generally suitable where the bearing capacity of ground is relatively low depths.
Disadvantages:
- can be large in plan shape.
- may not be effective against differential settlement, uplift forces or wind forces.
2. Deep foundation: Precast Reinforced Concrete Square Piles
Precast Concrete Pile used on site is moulded in square form. The precast concrete piles are cast and
cured in a casting yard and then transported to the site for driving.
Advantages:
- cost of manufacturing will be less, as a large number of piles are manufactured at a time.
- highly resistant to biological and chemical actions of the sub soil.
- suitable in subsoil water which contains more sulphates.
Disadvantages:
- Precast Reinforced Concret piles are very heavy. So, special equipments are required for handling
and transportation.
- Once constructed, it is not possible to increase the length of the pile.
- Driving these piles created a lot of noise pollution.
18
Hammer
Precast Pile
Crane
Winch
leader pole used to
guide the hammer and
pile into position
Soil
Plan
Section

21. FOUNDATION by NG LEK YUEN
4.2 PDA Test
Dyanamic pile testing was conducted on 5 numbers of
reinforced concrete piles. The results showed that these piles
had achieved a mobilized total resistance of 63, 70, 62, 59 and
54 tonned respectively at the time of testing. The piles had
achieved the required test load of 50 tonnes. The structural
integrity of these piles was acceptable.
4.3 Slump Test
The slump test is used for checking and make sure the
correct amount of water has been added to the mix.
When the cone is removed, the slump may take one of
three forms such as True Slump, Shear Slump and
Collapse Slump. The slump test carried out is a true
slump. The concrete in a true slump will simply subsides,
keeping more or less to shape which is safe to use.
Impact Hammer Ram
Test Pile
Sensors
Working Platform
Pile Top
Structural Irregularity
Pile Toe
19

22. FOUNDATION by NG LEK YUEN
4.4 On Site Piling Procedure
1. Earthwork excavation is done before setting out for
foundation. Then, pile is hammered into the ground.
2. Completed piling for deep
foundation.
3. Pad footing formwork in progress.
4. Pile cap, pad footing and column
stump are completed.
5. Close up view of the completed pile
cap, pad footing and column stump.
6. Completed foundation on site view.
20

23. FOUNDATION by NG LEK YUEN
4.5 Consideration before installation:
- Site topography and settlement
- Construction method
- Machines to be used
- Project timeframes.
- Condition of soil and surrounding
- Verify the materials used
- The nature of the load requiring support
- Accessibility
- Sensitivity to noise and vibration
- Proximity to other structures
4.6 Factors to be avoid during installation:
- Exceeding weight of load
- Broken pile
- Pouring a foundation in inappropriate weather
- Excess soil hydration
- Failure to waterproof
- Failure to Seal Inside Leaks
21

24. SUPERSTRUCTURE
A superstructure is a part of the building that is
above its foundation and such as elements like
beams and columns, that serves the function of
the building.
by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
22

25. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.1 Columns
A column is a vertical pillar to support a
structure.
Each column consist of 10 bars of 12mm steel
rods to support the column and the floor above.
These metal rods are called reinforcements bar.
Size of column: 3213mm x 150mm
5.1.1 Formwork and Moulding Process
An example of how columns are created on foundation.These is called formwork and concrete is being poured into the formwork to create
a column.
The formwork are made up of wood and differs in sizes which depends on how big the column is.
Formwork details
Formwork board
Support
T-column
Temporary
support
23

26. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.1.2 Finished Columns
Usually it takes 24-48 hours before removing the formwork so that there’s time for concrete to really hardened.formwork should not be re-
moved until the concrete is fully hardened.
Sectional detail of column Column construction process
Detail column with beam bars
COLUMN
Reinforcement metal bars
BEAM
Reinforcement bars arrange
vertically and horizontally making
internal structure with thinner steel
bars around it
Timber is nailed together to
created formwork for the
column
Function of yorkes is to stop
concrete from leaking.
Concrete is poured and left
to cure for a week
24

27. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.2 Beams
In this building ,each beam sits exactly below
a slab or exactly on a column
The beams contains reinforcements bar and
the rebar size for this type of beams are 2 bars
of 12mm in the bottom and 2 bars Of 10mm
on the top.
Size of beams: 6000mm x 150mm
This rebar is to prevent the beams from
breaking as well as strengthening the slabs.
5.2.1 Formwork and Moulding Process
The metal structure in this photo shows that the scaffolding is temporarily holding the temporary formwork to make the beams.
As for the beams, the process is the same way as how column is made.
Slab
Beam
Collumn
25

28. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.2.2 Finished Beams
Usually it takes 24-48 hours before removing the formwork so that there’s time for concrete to really hardened.formwork should not be re-
moved until the concrete is fully hardened.
26

29. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.3 Slabs
A broad, flat, thick piece, as of stone spread throughout the floor is called slabs and as for this site, concrete slab is being used.
The slabs that is being used at the site is a two way concrete slab and the size varies on how thick the beams and columns are. The transfer
of the load is on all of the walls, all four become support walls
Thickness of slabs:132mm
Reinforcement metal bars
Concrete Slab
27

30. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.4 Walls
Wall is used to cover part of the building as a
shelter and security.
In this project, the architect used precast con-
crete blocks for the wall.
Size of concrete blocks: 440 x 215mm
Thickness of wall: 300mm
5.4.1 Precast Conrcrete Blocks
The reason why the architect use precast
concrete block is because it is cost effec-
tive compared
To the other types of bricks.
To bind it together, the contractor uses
mortar which takes 3-4 days to set so plas-
ter and paint can
proceed.
5.4.2 Component of Wall
from left to right:
1. Concrete Frame
2. Precast Concrete Block
3. Mansory Wall
4. Plastering
28

31. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.4.3 Mortar
Mortar is made up of cement, lime, and
sand. The purpose of mortar is to bond all
the precast concrete blocks together and
holds it securely.With precast blocks being
used, less mortar is being used at site since
precast blocks has its own joint.
Types of mortar: cement mortar, lime mor-
tar, gauged mortar
5.4.4 Finished Wall
Plasticiser is used to cover the bricks and
blocks so that the wall can be painted.
Usually it takes 5-6 days to let it cure so the
wall can be painted.
29

32. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.5 Staircase
A staircase is to connect existing floors in a
building. Staircases are designed to provide
circulation from different floors.
The landing of a staicase is usually located
in the middle of the flight steps, but as for this
site, they didn’t have any landings.
Dimension of staircase:
280mm x 1100mm x 168mm
5.5.1 Construction Process
Straight
Staircase Type
Wall String
Joint
Decking
Riser board
Riser cleat
Riser
Tread
Thickness stairs side
Total stairs height
Stair width30

33. SUPERSTRUCTURE by MUHAMMAD ROS SYAZNAIM BIN ROSLI
5.5.2 Finished Staircase
The type of stair used at this articular site is a straight staircase. Ceramic floor tiles is being used for the finishing and each stairs is actually
curved towards the inner part.
31

34. ROOF
Roof function as a primary cover of a building or
structure. Roof must be structured to withstand
weathers and carry its own weight as well as the
weight of any attached equipment.
by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
32

35. ROOF by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
6.1 Type of Roof
Gable roof design with steel truss system
Gable roofs are roofs with two angled sloping sides and a ga-
ble at each end.
6.2 Type of Roof Tiles Used
Type of tiles : Concrete Tiles
Distance between battens : 350 mm
Roof : 25 degrees
Roof tiles : 420mm x 330 mm
33

36. 6.3 Construction Process
Step 1:
Steel roof trusses are arranged
and check to ensure they are
arranged accordingly.
Step 2:
Trusses are placed leaning on
the gable end walls
supported by beams
Step 3:
Trusses are then connected
together with battens to form
the whole roof structure
Step 4:
Underlayment are installed on
the roof trusses.
Step 5:
Tile spacing are determined
and installed starting from the
lower part to the top of roof
by using interlocking method.
Step 6:
Finally, concrete ridge tile
is placed on mortar bed &
point to finish.
ROOF by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
34

37. DOORS AND WINDOWS
by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
Door is an accessible barrier at an entrace to a
structure or building.
Window is an opening in the wall of the
building that allows vision inside and out and
transmit light into the room.
35

38. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.1 Type of Doors On Site
36

39. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.1 Type of Doors On Site
7.2 Details of Door
Flush Door
Flush doors are built with plywood or mdf hardwood.
It has a solid core which is built with pine wood pieces glued together.
Flush doors are also primed with white-base primer before painted
with final color.
37

40. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.3 Door Installation Method
STEP 1:
Measurement is taken to prepare rough opening. Rough
opening must have an additional 2 inches in width and 2 ½
inches in height to allow space for door frame.
STEP 2:
Floor condition is check to match the drawings. This is to refrain
from door dragging or having large gaps.
STEP 3:
Spreader is placed at door opening to ensure allignment of
jambs. This is to prevent door frame from twisting.
STEP 4:
After mortar is filled up, concrete bricks are laid partially.
STEP 5:
Then, lintel is laid above frame to withstand structural weight
and prevent bending of frame.
STEP 6:
Lastly, after finishing laying concrete bricks, doors and
hinges can be installed.
38

41. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.4 Type of Windows On Site
39

42. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.4 Type of Windows On Site
40

43. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.5 Details of Window
Casement Window
Casement window are hinged at the sides. It operates like
a hinged door, except that it open and closes with a level
inside. The panels may be glazed , unglazed or partially
glazed with single or double glass insulation.
41

44. DOORS AND WINDOWS by ARRON GOH SWEE TIEN
7.6 Window Installation Method
STEP 1:
Rough opening must be dry and free from dirt, oil and debris.
Then water resistance coating is applied.
STEP 2:
Width and height of rough opening must be atleast ½ - ¾ bigger
than window for installation of frame.
STEP 3:
Lintel is then installed to avoid cracking and colapse of top
structure.
STEP 4:
Final measurements are taken again diagonally.
STEP 5:
Windows are installed and is finished with sealant.
42

45. SUMMARY
by WAJEEHA KAHN
43
Through this assignment we learnt about the basic principles and procedures of construction process by evaluating a
real life project. We understood the sequence and coordination of a construction site, the construction technology
methods with respect to the site context, and the knowledge and function of the construction, material and technology.
We also learnt about the different construction elements and their components and the processes that take place on a
construction site. It made it clear what is the relationship between the present construction industry and the current
material and technology. All in all, the assignment briefed us about the entire process of construction which also contrib-
utes to us being better architects in the future as we know how the stages are preformed translating our design into the
actual construction.

46. REFERENCES
by NG LEK YUEN
Beams | Architectural Components Group, Inc. - ACGI - Woods Walls and Wood Ceilings Manufacturer. (2017). Acgiwood.com. Retrieved 14 May 2017, from http://www.acgiwood.
com/product_detail/Beams/405
Ching, F. (2017). Building Construction Illustrated (5th ed.). United States of America: John Wileyy & Sons.
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