Bubble power
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This document describes bubble power or sonofusion as a potential clean energy source. Sonofusion uses ultrasonic sound waves to compress and heat deuterium bubbles in a liquid, potentially causing nuclear fusion. The document outlines the process, including using a piezoelectric crystal to generate oscillations in a flask of deuterated acetone, and firing neutrons to further compress bubbles. If successful, bubble power could provide unlimited clean energy similar to thermonuclear fusion but on a smaller scale. However, the technology remains unproven and would require significant development to implement on a useful scale.
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BUBBLE POWER
This document describes bubble power, also known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion. It involves using ultrasonic sound waves to implode tiny bubbles inside a flask of deuterated acetone, fusing hydrogen nuclei and releasing energy. The document outlines the process, including using a piezoelectric crystal to generate pressure waves in the flask that create and collapse bubbles, potentially reaching temperatures hot enough to produce fusion. It discusses applications for energy production and as a low-cost neutron generator. The technology offers a potentially sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy source.
Bubble power
The document discusses sonofusion, a proposed new energy source involving tiny bubbles imploded by sound waves that could cause hydrogen nuclei to fuse. It describes how sonofusion works by creating high temperatures and pressures inside bubbles in a liquid using ultrasonic waves, potentially allowing for nuclear fusion. The document outlines the experimental setup for sonofusion and the evidence that has been found, such as emissions of neutrons and tritium, to support that low-energy nuclear reactions may be occurring. Sonofusion could potentially become a revolutionary new energy source if fully developed.
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The document discusses sonofusion, a proposed new energy source involving tiny bubbles imploded by sound waves that could cause hydrogen nuclei to fuse. It describes how sonofusion works by creating high temperatures and pressures inside bubbles in a liquid using ultrasonic waves, potentially allowing for nuclear fusion. The document outlines the experimental setup for sonofusion and the evidence that has been found, such as emissions of neutrons and tritium, to support that low-energy nuclear reactions may be occurring. Sonofusion could potentially become a revolutionary new energy source if fully developed.
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In 1909, Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom:
It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom
This nucleus is made up of particles called protons, which have a positive charge
The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space.
In 1913, Bohor proposed the Atomic Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantatized.
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In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to surface tension.
The density of a nucleus is independent of its
size just like the density of liquid which is also
independent of its size.
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within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is constant
Binding Energy
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Density
The density of the nucleus is nearly constant.
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2) Witricity works by using an oscillating magnetic field to induce resonant electric currents in a nearby receiving device, transmitting power efficiently over short distances.
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Wireless electricity
This document discusses wireless electricity or Witricity. It provides an introduction to Witricity, describing it as the wireless delivery of electrical power over room-scale distances with high efficiency. The document outlines the history of wireless power dating back to Nikola Tesla's proposals in 1891. It explains the basic principles of Witricity which uses resonant magnetic coupling between transmitter and receiver coils oscillating at the same frequency. Applications are discussed along with advantages such as being unaffected by weather and allowing charging of devices anywhere in range.
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Nuclear Structure
In 1909, Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom:
It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom
This nucleus is made up of particles called protons, which have a positive charge
The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space.
In 1913, Bohor proposed the Atomic Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantatized.
The energy is emitted or absorb only when an electron jumps from one orbit to another.
Electron can revolve in orbits of fixed angular momentum mvr.
Liquid Drop Model
The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid drop of incompressible liquid of very high density.
In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to surface tension.
The density of a nucleus is independent of its
size just like the density of liquid which is also
independent of its size.
The protons and neutrons of the nucleus move about
within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is constant
Binding Energy
The binding energy, BE, of a nucleus is a measure of the strong force and represents the energy required to separate the nucleus into its constituents protons and neutrons;
Greater the binding energy, the more stable the nucleus.
Volume
The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the total number of nucleons present in it.
Density
The density of the nucleus is nearly constant.
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Daniel adrien franco lespinasse - status of magnetron sputtered qwr
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F. Magnetron Deconstruction and Antenna Adaptation
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2) Connecting the tap wire to an SMA connector was difficult due to material incompatibilities between the copper cavity and stainless steel panel mount.
3) Simulating the magnetron output in EM Pro software proved too complex, so plane wave simulations were used instead. Reducing the magnetron's 900-1000W output power was also explored through circuit designs.
Pira - Cylindrical post magnetron sputtering
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
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The use of Nb/Cu cavity at CERN for the LEP and at the INFN-LNL for Alpi Linac has demonstrated the possibility to use this technology for particles accelerators to substitute the more expensive technology of niobium bulk cavity. The limit of the Nb/Cu cavity is the Q-slope, which decreases the Q factor at high accelerating fields. The accelerators community supposes that it’s possible to eliminate, or to decrease, the problem of Q-slope with high pure films of sputtered niobium. One way to obtain pure films is to decrease the number of impurities enclosed in the growing film.
It’s possible to reduce the number of impurities when the sputtering rate process increases.
We study the possibility to enhance the plasma density in order to increase the sputtering rate and then reduce the impurities in the niobium sputtered film and finally obtain high pure films.
In order to enhance the plasma density we sputter the niobium target with high currents to heat it and get to thermoionic emission. This sputtering method is called high rate sputtering.
First results of Niobium coatings will be presented.
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Chamber for in-situ synchrotron radiation studies of thin films grown by reac...
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F. Magnetron Deconstruction and Antenna Adaptation
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Chamber for in-situ synchrotron radiation studies of thin films grown by reac...
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 9. Contemporary Scenario For more than half a century, thermonuclear fusion has held out the promise of cheap, clean, and virtually limitless energy.
- 10. Unleashed through a fusion reactor of some sort, the energy from 1 gram of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, would be equivalent to that produced by burning 7000 liters of gasoline.
- 11. Why haven’t we built any such reactors?? Basically, because after spending billions of dollars on research, we have yet to identify an economically viable fusion- reactor technology that can consistently produce more energy than it consumes.
- 12. A Spark !!!!
- 14. Introduction It is basically Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion(also known as SONOFUSION) in which by applying sound waves to a deuterium-rich liquid, we create pressure oscillations that implode tiny bubbles filled with deuterium vapor. The bubbles' violent collapse can cause some of the deuterium nuclei to undergo fusion.
- 15. Sonoluminescence The Idea of Sonofusion (technically known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion) was derived from a related phenomenon, sonoluminescence. In sonoluminescence a gas bubble in a liquid is excited by an ultrasonic acoustic waves, it emits short flashes of light of extreme temperatures inside the bubble.
- 16. The bubbles periodically grow and collapse, producing visible flashes of light that last less than 50 picoseconds. Speculations were made that interiors of these light emitting bubbles might reach such high temperatures and pressures that it could trigger fusion reaction.
- 17. HOW SONOFUSION WORKS ACTION OF VACCUM PUMP. FILL THE FLASK WITH DEUTERATED ACETONE. FOR INITIATION AN OCILLATING VOLTAGE OF 10V ,20Khz APPLIED TO THE RING. FIRE A PULSED NEUTRON GENERATOR.
- 18. Practical apparatus Vacuum pump Pyrex flask Deuterated acetone(C3D6O) Piezoelectric crystal Wave generator Neutron generator Neutron and gamma ray detector Microphone & speaker
- 19. Practical setup for sonofusion PYREX GLASS FLASK (100 mm HEIGHT, 65 mm DIAMETER) . LEAD-ZIRCONATE- TITANATE CERAMIC PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL ATTACHED AROUND THE FLASK. FLASK IS FILLED WITH DEUTERATED ACETONE (C3D6O). 99.9% OF HYDROGEN ATOMS IN ACETONE MOLECULES ARE DEUTERIUM.
- 21. OSCILLATING VOLTAGE OF 10v AT A FREQUENCY OF 20,000 Hz is applied to piezoelectric ring. concentric Pressure waves by ring. Oscillations at pressure range of (1500 * 103 Pascal) of maximum pressure to (-1500 * 103 Pascal) of minimum pressure. A pulsed neutron generator is fired when the pressure is at its lower level (-1500 * 103 Pascal ).
- 22. High energy neutrons at 14.1Mega electron volts in a short span of 6µs by generator. that generates implosion of bubbles on surface of liquid. it generates light and sound, which can be used for the generation of electricity.
- 23. action in the flask Neutrons flying through the flask, create a bubble cluster in deuterated acetone liquid. The fast moving neutrons may knock atoms nuclei and give their kinetic energy to liquid molecules. STAGE 1:-
- 24. STAGE 2:- THE NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN LIQUID MAKES THE BUBBLES SWELL 100,000 TIMES IN SIZE.
- 25. STAGE 3:- THE LIQUID PRESSURE TURNS POSSITIVE AND COMPRESSES THE BUBBLE,CAUSING THEM TO IMPLODE WITH GREAT VIOLENCE.
- 26. STAGE 4 :- THE IMPLOSION CREATES AN INSTANTANEOUS PRESSURE OF 10 Tr KPa AND TEMPRETURE OF MORE THAN (100*106) C0, MAKING THE DEUTERIUM FUSE.
- 27. Fusion reaction
- 28. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT TABLETOP NUCLEAR FUSION DEVICE We gather two kinds of evidence that the deuterium is fusing. The first is by measuring levels of another hydrogen isotope tritium. The second is neutron emissions detected by the neutron detector.
- 29. Advantages of Bubble power Environmental friendly. It consistently produces more energy than it consumes. Easily Controllable. Easily available raw materials. Low cost.
- 30. Limitations Till date, we do not have that much developed technology, that we can implement a power plant Mostly bubble power research is done by computer simulation (known as bubble power simulation). bubble power plant require huge land area and highly advance apparatus.
- 31. Applications The technology may lead to a new source of future energy. It may even result in a new class of low cost energy. To analyze molecular structure of materials. Manufacturing of tritium, which is used for all imaging purposes. To create full size nuclear generator.
- 32. conclusion This project is yet to be finish, but if this will successfully complete, then it will be a great revolutionary source of energy. This energy will provide clean, cheap and virtually limitless energy.
- 33. References:- 1)Richard T. lahery jr., Rusi p. Taleyarkhan & Robert I. Nigmatulin, bubble power, Ieee spectrum, page no. 30- 35, may 2005. 2)http://www.academia.edu/10169081/BUBBLE_POWE R_Report 3)http://pediain.com/seminar/Bubble-Power-Seminar- Report-pdf-ppt.html 4)www.purdue.edu