factors that improve efficiency of solar cell.

1. DEVELOPING SOLAR CELL
BEYOND SHOCKLEY-QUEISSER
EFFICIENCY LIMIT
Remy Lumin Benedict
Nirmel Siva
EEE, Kongu Engineering
College.

2. COPPER ZINC
TIN SULFIDE
SOLAR CELL
DYE-SENSITIZE
D SOLAR CELL
PEROVSKITE
SOLAR CELL
ORGANIC
SOLAR CELL
E Emerging photovoltaics
Quantum
dot solar
cell

4. SQ EFFICIENCY LIMIT.
▪SINGLE-JUNCTION SILICON SOLAR CELL
HAS A THEORETICAL MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
OF ABOUT 30 PERCENT, KNOWN AS THE
SHOCKLEY-QUEISSER LIMIT.
▪CUTTING-EDGE LABORATORY CELLS CAN
MANAGE 46 PERCENT EFFICIENCY IN
ABSOLUTELY PERFECT CONDITIONS USING
MULTIPLE JUNCTIONS TO CATCH PHOTONS
OF DIFFERENT ENERGIES.

6. MULTI-JUNCTION CELL.
▪CELLS MADE FROM MULTIPLE MATERIALS CAN HAVE
MULTIPLE BANDGAPS AND WILL THEREFORE RESPOND
TO MULTIPLE LIGHT WAVELENGTHS.
▪A MULTI-JUNCTION CELL BY LAYERING THE DIFFERENT
MATERIALS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER, SHORTEST
WAVELENGTHS (BIGGEST BANDGAP) ON THE "TOP"
AND INCREASING THROUGH THE BODY OF THE CELL.
▪THE PHOTONS HAVE TO PASS THROUGH THE CELL TO
REACH THE PROPER LAYER TO BE ABSORBED.

8. INTERMEDIATE BAND CELL.
▪INTERMEDIATE-BAND SOLAR CELL IS DESIGNED TO
PROVIDE A LARGE PHOTOGENERATED CURRENT
WHILE MAINTAINING A HIGH OUTPUT VOLTAGE.
▪CELLS INCORPORATE AN ENERGY BAND THAT IS
PARTIALLY FILLED WITH ELECTRONS WITHIN THE
FORBIDDEN BANDGAP OF A SEMICONDUCTOR.
▪NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS AND CERTAIN
ALLOYS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED IN THE PRACTICAL
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERMEDIATE-BAND.

10. HOT CARRIER CELL.
▪WORKS ON HOT CARRIER INJECTION.
▪A PHENOMENON IN SOLID-STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
WHERE AN ELECTRON OR A “HOLE” GAINS
SUFFICIENT KINETIC ENERGY TO OVERCOME
A POTENTIAL BARRIER NECESSARY TO BREAK AN
INTERFACE STATE.
▪THE TERM "HOT ELECTRON" COMES FROM THE
EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE TERM USED WHEN MODELLING
CARRIER DENSITY.

11. SPECTRUM CONVERSION.
▪THE CONVERSION OF PARTS OF THE SOLAR
SPECTRUM INCIDENT ON SOLAR CELLS TO MORE
USABLE REGIONS.
▪THE MODIFICATION OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM
WOULD LEAD TO A NARROW-BANDED INCIDENT
SPECTRUM AT A CENTER WAVELENGTH
CORRESPONDING TO AN ENERGY THAT IS LARGER
THAN THE BAND GAP OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR
MATERIAL.

13. FILL FACTOR.
▪FULL UTILIZATION OF FILL AREA IS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN HIGHEST
OUTPUT FOR A GIVEN SURFACE AREA.
▪COMPARING THE MAXIMUM POWER TO THE THEORETICAL POWER (PT)
THAT WOULD BE OUTPUT AT BOTH THE OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AND
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT TOGETHER.

14. SOLAR TRACKING.
▪A GREAT WAY OF INCREASING THE OUTPUT POWER.
▪IT ROTATES THE PANEL OR ARRAY OF PANELS SO THAT THEY
ALWAYS DIRECTLY FACE THE SUN.

15. CONCENTRATOR.
▪SOLAR PANEL OUTPUT POWER MAY BE INCREASED
VIA A LIGHT CONCENTRATOR .
▪OUTPUT MAY BE INCREASED BY PERHAPS 50%.

16. MULTI FUNCTION COATING.
▪ANTI-REFLECTING.
▪ANTI-SOILING.
▪SELF-CLEANING.
▪TIO2-PHOTOCATALYTIC-HYDROPHILIC COATING
IS UV LIGHT-BASED COATING.
SOLAR CELL GLAZING.
▪CONSISTS OF DOUBLE GLASS PANEL SEPARATED BY
VACCUM OR GAS TO REDUCE THE HEAT FROM PARTS
OF SOLAR ENVELOPE.

18. MPPT CONTROLLER.
▪MPPT STANDS FOR MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING.
▪IT DOES TURN THE EXCESS POWER INTO ADDITIONAL CHARGE CURRENT
.
▪IT USES SWITCH MODE TECHNOLOGY TO MAXIMIZE POWER TRANSFER.

19. CONCLUSION.
▪MULTI-JUNCTION CELLS USE MULTIPLE SOLAR CELLS THAT SELECTIVELY
ABSORB DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM.
▪INTERMEDIATE-BAND CELLS USE ONE JUNCTION WITH MULTIPLE
BANDGAPS TO INCREASE EFFICIENCIES.
▪HOT-CARRIER CELLS CONVERT THE EXCESS ENERGY OF ABOVE-BANDGAP
PHOTONS INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
▪SPECTRUM CONVERSION SOLAR CELLS CONVERT THE INCOMING
POLYCHROMATIC SUNLIGHT INTO A NARROWER DISTRIBUTION OF
PHOTONS SUITED TO THE BANDGAP OF THE SOLAR CELL.
▪WITH DISCUSSED FACTOR THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SOLAR CELL CAN BE
RAISED ABOVE SHOCKLEY-QUEISSER EFFICIENCY LIMIT,WITH PROPER
MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE .