Bubble Power is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion.

2.  Introduction to Bubble Power
 Sonoluminescence
 The Idea of Sonofusion
 Experimental Setup
 Basic Requirement
 Advantages of Bubble Power
 Applications
 Future Developments
Content

3. Bubble Power To Avoid Nuclear
Waste Disposals From Nuclear Power
Plant
 There are different ways of energy
generations – energy from fossil
fuels, hydro electricity, nuclear
power, tidal energy etc. All these
methods of power generation are
limited.
 The radio-wastes released from
nuclear reactions are harmful to
human beings.
 In order to generate power from
the most commonly used
“Bubbles”, several researches were
carried out.

4.  One of the conventional methods of producing
bulk energy is nuclear power.
 A new step that has developed in this field
Bubble Power is the revolutionary new energy
source.
 It is working under the principal of Sonofusion.
 It was derived from the related phenomenon
known as Sonoluminescene.
 Sonofusion involves tiny bubbles imploded by
sound wave that can make hydrogen nuclei fuse .
Introduction

5.  When a gas bubble in a liquid is excited by
ultrasonic acoustic waves it can emit short flashes
of light suggestive of extreme temperatures inside
the bubble.
 These flashes of light known as sonoluminescence,
occur as the bubble implode or cavitates.
 Sonoluminescence also called single-bubble
sonoluminescence involves a single gas bubble
that is trapped inside the flask by a pressure
field.
 That is gas bubbles in a liquid can convert
sound energy in to light.
Sonoluminescence

6.  For several years Sonofusion research team from
various organizations have joined forces to create
Acoustic Fusion Technology Energy Consortium
(AFTEC) to promote the development of
sonofusion.
 The idea sonofusion (technically known as acoustic
inertial confinement fusion) was derived from
related phenomenon sonoluminescence.
 In sonofusion a piezoelectric crystal attached to
liquid filled Pyrex flask send pressure waves
through the fluid, exciting the motion of tiny gas
bubbles.
Sonofusion

7.  Pyrex flask.
 Deuterated acetone (C3D6O).
 Vacuum pump
 Piezoelectric crystal.
 Wave generator.
 Amplifier.
 Neutron generator.
 Neutron and gamma ray detector.
 Photomultiplier.
 Microphone and speaker.
Basic Requirement

8.  Action of vacuum pump to remove natural occuring gas
bubbles in liquid because they can`t withstand high
temperature & pressure .
 Fill the flask with deuturated acetone because this
atoms can easily undergoes fusion & fluid can
withstand high tension without unwanted bubble.
 For initiation an oscillating voltage of 20kHz applied to
the ring through wave generator & amplifier , then it
contract & expand , flask send pressure wave(max
1500kpa ,min -1500kpa) through liquid.
 Fire a pulsed neutron generator when pressure
reaches to lowest point.
HOW SONOFUSION WORKS

10. ACTION IN THE FLASK
Stage (1)
The fast moving neutrons
may knock atom`s nuclei
& give their kinetic energy
to liquid molecules flying
in the flask create a bubble
cluster(about 1000
bubbles) in the deuterated
acetone liquid.

11. Stage (2)
By firing neutron
generator in low pressure
i.e, negative pressure in the
liquid makes the bubbles
swell 100000 times in size
(from nano to millimeter-
scale).

12. Stage (3)
The liquid pressure turns
positive and compresses
the bubble, causing them
to implode with great
violence & creates
spherical shockwaves
within bubbles.

13. Stage(4)
The implosion creates an
instantaneous pressure of
10 trillion kilopascals and
temperature of more than
100 million degree C,
making the deuterium fuse.

14.  Deuterium-Deuterium fusion has two probable outputs,
helium and a 2.45-MeVneutron or tritium and a proton.
 The energy of 2.45MeV neutron can be harnessed in a
reactor to create water vapor &drive an electricity
generator.
FUSION REACTION

16.  Laser Beam Technique.
 Magnetic Confinement Fusion.
OTHER APPROACHES OF FUSION
REACTION

17.  In this process extremely energetic laser beams
converge on a tiny solid pellet of deuterium-
deuterium fuel. The result is a shock wave that
propagates towards the centre of the pellet and
creates an enormous increase in temperature and
density.
LASER BEAM TECHNIQUE

18.  It uses powerful magnetic fields to create immense
heat and pressure in hydrogen plasma contained in a
large, toroidal device known as a tokamak.
 The fusion produces high energy by neutrons that
escape the plasma and hit a liquid filled blanket
surrounding it.
 . The idea is to use the heat produced in the blanket
to generate vapor to drive a turbine and thus
generate electricity.
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT FUSION

19. BUBBLE MAKER: One
of the authors, Rusi P.
Taleyarkhan, first
started
working on sonofusion
while at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory in
1996

20.  It is self sustainable.
 Easily controllable.
 It consistently produces more energy than it
consumes.
 Low cost.
 Easily available raw materials.
 Environmental friendly.
Advantages Over Other
Approaches

21.  FULLY SELF SUSTAINED:
 One of the possible ways is to put two complete
apparatuses side by side so that they would exchange
neutrons and drive each other’s fusion reactions.
 When the liquid pressure is low in one, it is high in the
other. That is, their pressure oscillations are 180
degrees out of phase.
 Suppose hit the first apparatus with neutrons from
the external neutron generator, causing the bubble
cluster to form inside the first flask.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

22.  Then turn off the neutron generator permanently.
 As the bubble cluster grows and then implodes, it will give
off neutrons, some of which will hit the neighboring flask.
 If all is right, the neutrons will hit the second flask at the
exact moment when it is at the lowest pressure, so that it
creates a bubble cluster there.
 If all is right, the neutrons will hit the second flask at the
exact moment when it is at the lowest pressure, so that it
creates a bubble cluster there.
Cont…..

23.  Thermonuclear fusion gives a new, safe, environmental
friendly way to produce electrical energy.
 This technology also could result in a new class of low
cost, compact detectors for security applications. That use
neutrons to probe the contents of suitcases.
 One is the study of thermonuclear fusion itself.
 Another possible application is a low cost pulsed
neutron generator .
 It is used for numerous applications ranging from
medical imaging to watch dials.
Applications

24. Conclusion
With the steady growth of world population and
with economic progress in developing countries, average
electricity consumption per person has increased
significantly. There fore seeking new sources of energy
isn’t just important, it is necessary. So for more than
half a century, thermonuclear fusion has held out the
promise of cheap clean and virtually limitless energy.
Unleashed through a fusion reactor of some sort,
the energy from 1 gram of deuterium, an isotope of
hydrogen, would be equivalent to that produced by
burning 7000 liters of gasoline. Deuterium is abundant
in ocean water, and one cubic kilometer of seawater
could, in principle, supply all the world’s energy needs
for several hundred years.

25.  www.purdue.edu
 www.iter.org
 www.washington.edu
 www.rpi.edu
 Richard T. Lahey Jr., Rusi P. Taleyarkhan &
Robert I. Nigmatulin, bubble power, IEEE
spectrum, page no: 30-35, may 2005.
References

26. Thank You