NET-ZERO CO2 with NUCLEAR, H2, & GEOTHERMAL. Will these save us by 2050? The electrolysis of H2O generates Green Hydrogen, H2. Since 1989, Cold Fusion, the electrolysis of heavy water, fizzled. New fission reactors and Hot Nuclear Fusion could generate green electricity 24/7. Deep geothermal is poised for a breakout similar to the horizontal drilling that made natural gas cheaper than coal.

1. Net-Zero CO2 with Nuclear,
Hydrogen & Geothermal
Paul H. Carr

2. • Wind and solar (W S) are the cheapest sources electricity 33% of the time.
-2021 -2030 increase WS presently at 8%, up 30%, the capacity of our grid.
-Add some green Hydrogen into natural gas infrastructure.
• Since 1989, Cold nuclear fusion has fizzled: We need nuclear fission
• 2030 Cheaper and safer Small Modular FISSION Reactors using
Uranium & Thorium.
• 2030 - 2050 Green hydrogen storage for wind and solar, also transportation.
• 2030 – 2040. Advances in vertical drilling could make enhanced geothermal
systems (EGS) the cheapest source of electricity. ---
Also a way of sequestering CO2 captured from burning fossil fuels.
• 2030 – 2050. HOT FUSION Nuclear Reactors to generate electricity
Net-Zero CO2 with
Nuclear, Hydrogen, & Geothermal
Can New Technologies Save Us by 2050 ?

4. Natural gas electricity has half the CO2 emissions as coal.
Reduced USA C02 emissions

5. HORIZONTAL DRILLING at 1 KM MADE NATURAL GAS CHEAP
10 KM DRILLING: ACCESS 100C GEOTHERMAL FOR STEAM GENERATED ELECTICY

6. Cheaper natural gas is presently lowering CO2 by displacing coal.
Need more nuclear, wind, solar, and geothermal to displace CO2 from natural gas.

7. Germany’s
wind & solar
is 5X that of
France.
Germany’s
CO2
emissions are
5X greater.
Germany is
phasing out its
nuclear reactors.
France gets 75%
or its electricity
from nuclear.

8. Generation of Green Hydrogen
from Wind, Solar, & Nuclear electricity.

9. HOT & COLD FUSION
Millions of Degrees,
Hot Fusion of Hydrogen into Helium in the Sun.
Hot Fusion on Earth: 40 years into the future?

10. 1989, two electrochemists, Fleischmann & Pons, reported that their electrolysis of heavy
water (deuterium) had produced anomalous heat ("excess heat") COLD FUSION.
Many failed to replicate. Google funded failed attempt, published in Nature (2019)
Since Cold Fusion has fizzled, we need next generation nuclear fission.

11. Low-Cost 'Miniature', Modular Nuclear Power Plants. They can fit on the back of a truck.
JOSH HRALA 20 JAN 2017
Working with the US Department of Energy (DOE), NuScale Power, Portland, Oregon, plans
to build a 12-module plant in Idaho
The 50 MegaWatt design is approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and will be
mass produced to reduce cost by 2030.
Self contained light water reactor(s) installed in a concrete lined hole in the ground.
Water circulates by convection. Automatic shut down.
https://www.sciencealert.com/miniature-modular-nuclear-power-plants-are-being-implemented-in-the-us

12. Small modular reactor pressurized H2O circulates by convection.
No external pumps and operator intervention for safe shutdown.

13. Small modular rectors to replace coal-fired boilers that
produce steam to generate electricity.

14. Wyoming selected as site of new nuclear power
plant in partnership with Bill Gates' TerraPower
Jun 2, 2021
The state will house the first Natrium reactor in a
partnership with Gates’ TerraPower company, the U.S.
Department of Energy and PacifiCorp, Gov. Mark Gordon
announced Wednesday.
The reactor would be built within one of four retiring coal
power plants, signaling a greener energy future for a
Wyoming economy that has long relied on fossil fuels.
https://youtu.be/WXAK9yYmZa8 Bill Gates 3 minute video

16. Thorium Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) have the advantages of being more abundant and
cheaper. and no bomb-grade plutonium waste.
China's experimental reactor won't be the world's first
Weinberg at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) pioneered thorium-based MSRs in
the 1950s
A 7.4 MWth experimental reactor operated at the laboratory over a period of four years—
although only a portion of its fuel was derived from uranium-233 bred from thorium in
other reactors.
This MSR technology was eventually shelved because the Pentagon favored the
uranium fast breeder reactor, says Charles Forsberg, Principal Research Scientist at MIT's
department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and former nuclear researcher at ORNL.

17. SEABORG TECHNOLOGIES
Copenhagen, Denmark.
NUCLEAR POWER BARGES
Obtain type approval in 2026.

18. WHY WE SHOULD NOT FEAR NUCLEAR
Total Fatalities, 1979 – 2010 (U.S.)
Coal Mine Accidents 1,000
China 210,000
Oil and Gas Industry Accidents 700
Air Pollution ( Coal Power Plants) 140,000
Three Mile Island 0

19. Which country has the most nuclear
reactors?
Which country is building the most
nuclear reactors?

21. • Wind and solar (W S) are the cheapest sources electricity 33% of the time.
-2021 -2030 increase WS presently at 8% up 30%, the capacity of our grid.
-Add some green Hydrogen into natural gas infrastructure.
• Cold nuclear fusion has fizzled: We need nuclear fission
• 2030 Cheaper and safer Small Modular FISSION Reactors using
Uranium & Thorium.
• 2030 - 2050 Green hydrogen storage and economy.
• 2030 – 2040. Advances in vertical drilling could make enhanced geothermal
systems (EGS) the cheapest source of electricity. ---
Also a way of sequestering CO2 captured from burning fossil fuels.
• 2030 – 2050. FUSION Nuclear Reactors generate electricity
Nuclear, Hydrogen, & Geothermal for
Net-Zero CO2 by 2050

24. • Use green electricity from solar and wind to power an electrolyzer to split H2O for green H2.
• Long term hydrogen storage exceeds short storage times of present batteries.
• Introduce H into natural gas pipelines to burn in turbines with no Carbon Emissions.
• Use green H2 to make green ammonia NH3, liquid NH3 boils at -30 C, much higher
temperature than liquid H2, - 253 C/
.

27. Dan Byers, US Camber of Commerce
Interviews H2 Honeywell & Hyundai

28. Honeywell can capture CO2 economically.
CO2 capture from smokestack most economical.
PROBLEM: What can we do with the CO2?

29. Hyundai using pressured hydrogen gas to generate electricity via fuel cells.
This electricity powers tractor trailer trucks.
Li Batteries for passenger cars are not viable for trailer trucks, powered by diesel.
POBLEM: Little present infrastructure for pressurized hydrogen.

30. Saudi Arabia is
using solar PVs to
generate
electricity, used to
generate green
hydrogen via the
electrolysis of
water.

32. Abandoned oil and gas fracking wells, 1 – 3 Km
deep, for sequestering CO2

33. • Wind and solar (W S) are the cheapest sources electricity 33% of the time.
-2021 -2030 increase WS presently at 8% up 30%, the capacity of our grid.
-Add some green Hydrogen into natural gas infrastructure.
• Since cold nuclear fusion has fizzled, we need nuclear fission
• 2030 Cheaper and safer Small Modular FISSION Reactors.
• 2030 - 2050 Green hydrogen storage and economy.
• 2030 – 2040. Advances in vertical drilling have the potential to make enhanced
geothermal systems (EGS) the cheapest source of electricity.
Also a way of sequestering CO2 captured from burning fossil fuels.
• 2030 – 2050. FUSION Nuclear Reactors generate electricity
Nuclear, Hydrogen, & Geothermal for
Net-Zero CO2

34. Vik Rao, former chief technology officer at Halliburton, the oil field service giant,
recently told the geothermal blog Heat Beat, “geothermal is no longer a niche play. It’s
scalable, potentially in a highly material way. Scalability gets the attention of the [oil
services] industry.” ( published in VOX) https://www.vox.com/energy-and-
environment/2020/10/21/21515461/renewable-energy-geothermal-egs-ags-supercritical )​

35. WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The molten core of the Earth, about 4,000 miles down,
is roughly as hot as the surface of the sun, over 6,000°C,
or 10,800°F.
That’s why the geothermal energy industry is fond of
calling it “the sun beneath our feet.”
The heat is continuously replenished by the decay of
naturally occurring radioactive elements, at a flow rate of
roughly 30 terrawatts, almost double all human energy
consumption.
That process is expected to continue for billions of years.

37. ENHANCED
GEOTHERMAL
SYSTEM.

38. Geothermal temperatures of 175 deg C are available 10 km down in New England.

40. Millimeter
wave melting
of rocks
promises to
increase
drilling speeds
by a factor
of 10.

41. THE QUEST FOR A PIECE OF THE SUN
Fusion Power: Past, Present, and Future
Lawrence Green
Science & Society
May 11, 2021

42. Advantages: 1. No radioactive waste
2. Gigantic supply of deuterium,
one out of 3700 water molecules in the ocean is duterium.

43. PLASMA FUSION TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY
The multimillion degree hydrogen-helium plasma is magnetically confined.
The high energy neutrons heat a cooling fluid to make steam that generates electricity.

45. SPARC TOKAMAK CONCEPT (GAME CHANGER?)
HT (YBCO) Superconducting magnets.
Construction 2021–2025. Magnetic
field 21 Tesla (ITER 12 Tesla). Thus high
field SPARC can be three times smaller
in diameter and 65 times smaller in
volume than ITER. Strong fields make
fusion smaller, faster and cheaper.
SPARC: Soonest/Smallest Private-
Funded Affordable Robust Compact
Nuclear fusion facility at Ft Devens, MA
commercially possible by 2030

46. • Wind and solar (W S) are the cheapest sources electricity 33% of the time.
-2021 -2030 increase WS presently at 8%, up 30%, the capacity of our grid.
-Add some green Hydrogen into natural gas infrastructure.
• Since 1989, Cold nuclear fusion has fizzled: We need nuclear fission
• 2030 Cheaper and safer Small Modular FISSION Reactors using
Uranium & Thorium.
• 2030 - 2050 Green hydrogen storage for wind and solar, also transportation.
• 2030 – 2040. Advances in vertical drilling could make enhanced geothermal
systems (EGS) the cheapest source of electricity. ---
Also a way of sequestering CO2 captured from burning fossil fuels.
• 2030 – 2050. HOT FUSION Nuclear Reactors generate electricity
Nuclear, Hydrogen, & Geothermal for
Net-Zero CO2 by 2050
Can New Technologies Save Us in Time?

47. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
INPUT:
Hydrogen and Oxygen
OUTPUT:
Electric current,
Water, H2O, and heat:

48. Li-ION BATTERY UTILITY SCALE ENERGY STORAGE:
To make intermittent wind and solar available 24/7 ?
Pumped Hydro is the cheapest.
Vanadium -flow batteries can be quite large and best
suited to industrial and utility scale applications.
V-flow battery outcompetes Li-ion, and any other
solid battery, for utility-scale applications.
They’re just safer, more scalable, longer-lasting and
cheaper – less than half the cost per kWh.

49. COST OF ENERGY STORAGE OPTIONS.