Introduction
Morphology
Culture characteristics
Biochemical reactions
Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Lab diagnosis of human brucellosis
Lab diagnosis of brucellosis in animals
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Summary
References
general overview of the pathogen, species and host relationship, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis or screening methods, epidemiology of the diseases, prevention and control, treatment
general overview of the pathogen, species and host relationship, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis or screening methods, epidemiology of the diseases, prevention and control, treatment
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Anthrax is also known as Wool sorter's disease and is zoonotic in nature. The organism responsible for this disease has been discussed here. The organism has also been used in bioterrorism attacks.
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Anthrax is also known as Wool sorter's disease and is zoonotic in nature. The organism responsible for this disease has been discussed here. The organism has also been used in bioterrorism attacks.
Class Presentation of Master of Science in Medical Microbiology 2nd semester at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University.
Brocellosis disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Breculla spp and transmitted to humans by contact with fluids from infected domestic animal (sheep,goats, cattle,pigs and other animals)
Brucellosis also called Bang's disease, malta fever, Mediterranean fever or Undulunt fever
In 1900, Jules Bordet along with Octave Gengou observed a small ovoid bacterium in the sputum of a 5 month old child suffering from pertussis, or whooping cough.
The bacterium was similar to Haemophilus influenza but showed distinct morphological characterstic which led Bordet and Gengou to consider it as a separate species.
The organism was unable to be isolated and cultivated on ordinary blood agar plates.
Six years later, Bordet and Gengou suceed in making a selective media called Bordet and Gengou (BG) medium, which helped in isolating this fastidous bacteria.
In a welcome move, the Pharmacy Council of India has recently re-structured the syllabus of the
Bachelor of Pharmacy course. In the effort to make the content more relevant to the practice of
pharmacy in its current form, we now find new, important subjects introduced, and Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance is one of them.
Size of Microorganism
Shape of Bacteria
Morphology
Physiology
Classification Microorganism
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative
Functions
And Demonstration of Cell wall
Definition of Microbiology
Classification of Microorganism
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasite
Contribution of :-
Louis Pasteur
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Koch
Joseph Lister
Paul Ehrlich
Edward Jenner
Hans Christian Gram
Ernst Ruska
Alexander Fleming
Goodpasture
Karry B Mullis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Lesson plan
• Introduction
• Morphology
• Culture characteristics
• Biochemical reactions
• Epidemiology and pathogenesis
• Lab diagnosis of human brucellosis
• Lab diagnosis of brucellosis in animals
• Treatment
• Prophylaxis
• Summary
• References
3. Introduction
• The genus Brucella consists of Gram –negative coccobacilli
• They are strict parasites of animals and may infect humans
• Brucellosis is zoonosis affecting goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, pigs
• Transmitted to human by contact with infected animal and their products
• David Bruse (1886) isolated small microorganism from spleen of fatal cases
in Malta
• This was named Brucella melitensis (Brucella after Bruce and melitensis
after Melita)
4. • Species which cause human infection are:
- Brucella melitensis
- Br. abortus
- Br. suis
Other species cause animal infection are-
Br. ovis
Br. neotomae
Br. canis
5. MORPHOLOGY
• GRAM NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI
• SIZE 0.5-0.7 X 0.6-1.5 MICRO METER
• NON SPORING
• NON-CAPSULATED
• ARRANGED SINGLY OR IN SHORT CHAINS
• NON MOTILE
6. Culture characteristics
• Strict aerobe
• Br. abortus is capnophilic
• Optimum temperature is 37
.
C(range is 20-40
.
C)
• pH is 6.6-7.4
• Serum dextrose agar, serum potato infusion agar , typticase soy agar
employed
• Addition of bacitracin, cycloheimide, polymyxin B makes the media
selective
8. Biochemical reactions
• Catalase positive
• Oxidase positive(except Br. neotomae and Br. ovis )
• O/F test – oxidative
• Urease positive
• Nitrate reduced to nitrites
• Citrate not utilized
• Indole is not produced
• MR-VP negative
9. Resistance
• In milk they are killed by pasteurization
• Holder method
• Flash method
10. Brucella bacteriophage
• Several bacteriophages have been isolated
• All are serologically similar
• The Tbilisi phage designated as reference phage
11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Brucella is a zoonotic disease
• All three species of Brucella are pathogenic to human being
• Br. melitensis is the most pathogenic species followed by Br. suis of
intermediate pathogenesis and Br. abortus is least pathogenic
• In India, Br. melitensis is predominate pathogen of human brucellosis
acquired from goat or sheep followed by Br. abortus of cattle region
12. Pathogenesis
• Primarily an intracellular pathogen affecting the reticuloendothelial
system
• Can be demonstrated inside phagocytic cells
• This account for refractoriness in chemotherapy and exist as viable
bacilli with high level circulating antibodies
• Immunity in brucellosis is cell mediated
• Activated macrophage kills can kill bacteria, which is the most
important mechanism in recovery in brucellosis
13. Cont..
• Brucella spread from initial site of infection through lymphatic
channels to lymph gland, where they multiply
• Spill over into bloodstream and disseminated throughout body
• They have predilection for placenta due to erythritol, which has
stimulating effect on brucellae in culture
14. Mode of infection:
• Brucella are transmitted to humans by-
• direct or indirect contact with infected animals.
- Direct contact with infected animal tissue dairy workers and
veterinarians are particularly at risk
• drinking contaminated raw milk or by ingestion of milk product from
infected animals
• Accidental ingestion, inhalation, injection, and mucosal or skin
contamination may occur in laboratory personnel
15. Types of infection
• Human may infect by three types-
• A) subclinical or latent infection- there is no clinical evidence of disease but is
detectable only by serological test
• B) Acute brucelosis- also known as undulant fever or Malta fever.
-Associated with bacteremia
-Incubation period is 2-3 weeks may extend to 6 months
- characterized by fever, chills, shivering, headache, bone and joint pain and mild
lymph node enlargement
• C) Chronic brucelosis- persist for 6 months, usually non-bactaeremic. Symptoms
are generally related to a state of hypersensitity
17. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN
BRUCELLOSIS
Specimen
• Blood for culture- Blood culture is most definitive method of diagnosis of
acute brucellosis
• Can be isolated from bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes and occasionally
from CSF, urine, sputum, breast, milk, vaginal discharge and seminal fluid
18. Blood culture
1) CONVENTIONAL METHOD
• Blood is collected during pyerxial phase because chances of positive
blood culture are more during this period.
• 50-100ml of serum dextrose broth or trypticase soy broth and
incubated are 37.C aerobically in presence of 5-10% CO2.
• Subcultures are made on solid media every 3-5 days for 8 weeks, and
incubated at 37.C in presence of 5-10% co2
• The need for frequent subculture can be avoided by use of
Castaneda’s method of blood culture.
19. Cont..
• It contain both liquid and solid media in the same bottle.
• The blood is inoculated into the broth and bottle incubated at 37.C
• For subculture bottle is tilted so that broth flow over the surface of
solid agar slant
• It reduced the chances of contamination
22. Identification of growth
• Colony morphology
• Biochemical tests
• Agglutination with monospecific sera
• Lysis by phage
23. Serology
• Serological methods are more useful as cultures are negative in high
percentage of cases:
1) Standard Agglutination Test
2) Compliment fixation test
3) ELISA
• IgM and IgG appear in 7-10 days after onset of illness
• Agglutination tests identifies mainly the IgM antibody
• IgA and IgG antibodies may act as blocking antibodies and may prevent
agglutination
24. 1) Standard agglutination test
• It is tube agglutination test in which equal volumes of serial dilution
of patient’s serum and standardized antigen (killed suspension of
standard strain of Br. abortus) are mixed and incubated at 37
.
C for 48
hrs.
• Agglutinins are detected in patient’s serum by IgM or IgG
• In some sera a blocking factor may interfere with agglutination at low
serum dilutions
• False-negative result due to this prozone phenomenon can be
avoided by testing a series of two fold dilution of serum from 1-in-20
1-in-640 in 0.4% phenol saline
• As a prozone phenomenon to high titers (upto 1/640) is very
frequent, several serum dilution should be tested
• The blocking effect of non-agglutinating antibodies can be removed
by heating serum at 55
.
C for 30 minutes or using 4% saline
25. • False positives in SAT- may be seen in cholera, Yersinia or immunization
2) Compliment fixation test
-useful in chronic cases as it detect IgG and IgG
3) ELISA
• It is sensitive and specific to distinguish acute and chronic brucellosis
• It can detect IgG and IgM
4) Mercaptoethonal agglutination test
• 2-Mercaptoethanol reduces the disulphide bond link IgM molecule to release
subunit
• It eliminated the titer of those agglutinins that remain reactive to presence of ME
• Procedure is same as SAT except serum dilutions are prepared in0.85% NaCl
Containing ME 0.05 mol/liter
26. • Intradermal test using protein extract of brucella (brucellin)
• Delayed hypersensitivity to brucella antigen
• Useful in chronic brucellosis
SKIN TEST
27. LAB DIAGNOSIS OF BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS
• Immunofluorescence
• Culture
• Rapid card test
• Rose Bengal test
• Milk ring test
• Whey agglutuination test
28. Immunofluorescence
• It is specific and sensitive method for detection of antibodies and positive
when agglutination is negative
Culture
• Pooled milk samples may be tested for detection
Rose Bengal test
• It is a simple, rapid slide agglutination assay performed with stained Br.
abortus suspension
29. Whey Agglutination Test
• Quantitative serological test for detection of brucella infection in
animals
Milk Ring Test
• It detects brucella agglutinin in the milk of infected animals
30. Animal Inoculation
• Guinea pigs are injected with milk samples from the animals. The
animals are killed after six weeks and the serum is examined and
spleen is used for culture of Brucella
31. Prophylaxis
• Pasteurization of milk
• Elimination of infected animals in slaughter
• Vaccine have been developed for animals
• Br. abortus strain 19 vaccine is protective in cattle
• No suitable vaccine is available for human use
32. treatment
• Combination of doxycycline for 45 days with streptomycin IM for first
2 week in adults
• In children- cotrimoxazole with gentamycin or rifampicin
33. SUMMARY
• Brucella is gram negative coccobacilli, non-motile ,non-capsulated
aerobic bacteria
• Strict parasite of animals
• Br. melitensis, Br. abortus, Br. suis major species
• Man acquire infection by contact with infected animals and products
• Disease caused by Brucella known as brucellosis
• Media used for culture are serum dextrose agar, serum potato
infusion, trypticase soy agar