It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, in India was recognised first in 1942.
It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellosis is an important endemic infectious disease in animals in India. In India brucellosis was first recognized in 1942 by Polding. It causes economic loss to the tune of nearly Rs. 350 million/year. Bovine brucellosis is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In countries where cattles are kept in close association with sheep and goat it can also be caused by B. melitensis. Occasionally B. suis may also cause disease in mammary gland of cattle but it has not been reported to cause abortion and usually does not spread to other animals. Principal manifestations of animal brucellosis are reproductive failure, i.e., abortion, still births and birth of unthrifty offspring in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. Genus Brucella has six recognized species on the basis of host specificity viz. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis, B. canis and B. neotome, infecting cattle, goats and sheep, sheep, pig, dog and rats, respectively. All Brucella species may also infect wildlife species. Classical Brucella species have been isolated from a great variety of wildlife species such as bison, elk, feral swine, wild boar, fox, hare, African buffalo, reindeer, and caribou. Infection in wildlife can hinder eradication efforts in cattle.
The classical species viz., B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis have been identified as category B bioterrorism agents (Rotz et al. 2002, CDC 2005) because they are zoonotic and capable of causing considerable morbidity with low mortality if used in a mass event.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, in India was recognised first in 1942.
It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellosis is an important endemic infectious disease in animals in India. In India brucellosis was first recognized in 1942 by Polding. It causes economic loss to the tune of nearly Rs. 350 million/year. Bovine brucellosis is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In countries where cattles are kept in close association with sheep and goat it can also be caused by B. melitensis. Occasionally B. suis may also cause disease in mammary gland of cattle but it has not been reported to cause abortion and usually does not spread to other animals. Principal manifestations of animal brucellosis are reproductive failure, i.e., abortion, still births and birth of unthrifty offspring in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. Genus Brucella has six recognized species on the basis of host specificity viz. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis, B. canis and B. neotome, infecting cattle, goats and sheep, sheep, pig, dog and rats, respectively. All Brucella species may also infect wildlife species. Classical Brucella species have been isolated from a great variety of wildlife species such as bison, elk, feral swine, wild boar, fox, hare, African buffalo, reindeer, and caribou. Infection in wildlife can hinder eradication efforts in cattle.
The classical species viz., B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis have been identified as category B bioterrorism agents (Rotz et al. 2002, CDC 2005) because they are zoonotic and capable of causing considerable morbidity with low mortality if used in a mass event.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Contagious ecthyma results from infection by the orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. The orf virus remains viable on the wool and hides for approximately one month after the lesions have healed. It is very resistant to inactivation in the environment and has been recovered from dried crusts after 12 years.
[Photo: Negative-stained transmission electron micrograph (TEM) image of an Orf virus, genus Parapoxvirus. The criss-cross pattern is an artefact caused by superimposition of images of top and bottom surfaces of the virion. Source: Cynthia Goldsmith/CDC Public Health Image Library]
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Contagious ecthyma results from infection by the orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. The orf virus remains viable on the wool and hides for approximately one month after the lesions have healed. It is very resistant to inactivation in the environment and has been recovered from dried crusts after 12 years.
[Photo: Negative-stained transmission electron micrograph (TEM) image of an Orf virus, genus Parapoxvirus. The criss-cross pattern is an artefact caused by superimposition of images of top and bottom surfaces of the virion. Source: Cynthia Goldsmith/CDC Public Health Image Library]
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella, is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals.
This presentation is very helpful to the student.Data is based on research and all the content is from renowned book and websites. I included introduction, burden , epidemiological determinants,mode of transmission,prevention and control and required medication .
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States, a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action.Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. This bacteria naturally infects some animals, such as goats, sheep, and cattle. C. burnetii bacteria are found in the birth products (i.e. placenta, amniotic fluid), urine, feces, and milk of infected animals.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2.
Synonyms
Bang’s Disease, Contagious Abortion, Enzootic Abortion, Sinking of the calf
In humans -Undulant fever, Malta or Mediterranean fever and Bang’s fever.
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella,
remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, also
cause abortion which is common and rate varies from 30%-80%.
So this disease is very dangerous as it can affect man and also cause
large economic losses by decreasing milk yield and aborted fetus.
INTRODUCTION
3. The presence of brucellosis in Nepal was first reported in 1977 by
Pyakurel & Mishra
Pyakurel and Mishra studied the sero-epidemiology of brucellosis
in animals within Nepal and reported the highest prevalence
(22.64%) in buffaloes from Pokhara. In another study carried out by
Joshi reported a prevalence of 6.08% in humans, 8.70% in cattle, and
3.64% in sheep and goats
The seroprevalence of brucellosis has been found to vary across
species of animals (17.60% in yak, nak and chauri, 10% in dogs,
8.70% in cattle and buffaloes, 3.64% in sheep and goats, and 7.18%
in pigs) and also across regions (1.49% to 5.36%) with highest
number of cases found in Solukhumbu (5.36%) and the lowest in
Pokhara (1.49%).
Epdiemology
4.
Brucella is a gram negative, non motile, non spore forming,
coccobacilli or small rod, intracellular organism
Brucella abortus (Cattle)
Brucella melitensis (Sheep and goat)
Brucella Ovis (Sheep)
Brucella susi(Pig)
Brucella canis (Dog and other carnivorus)
ETIOLOGY
5.
Natural transmission occurs by ingestion of organisms, which
are present in large numbers in aborted fetuses, fetal
membranes, and uterine discharge
Venereal transmission by infected bulls to susceptible cows
appears to be rare. Transmission may occur by artificial
insemination when Brucella-contaminated semen is deposited in
the uterus
Brucellae may enter the body through mucous membranes,
conjunctivae, wounds, or intact skin in both people and animals
In humans :ingestion of raw milk, unpastturized dairy product ,
rarely through uncooked meat
TRANSMISSION
6.
Pathogenesis
Entry of Brucella sps
Proliferation in regional lymphnode
Acute lymphadenitis(lymph node is enlarged,hyperplastic)
Reaches the blood through thoraic duct and cause bacterima
Localization in organ
Reticulo-
endothelial cell
genital organs
organ rich in
erythriol,synovial
structure
7.
Cattle and buffalo
Abortion at last trimester of pregnancy
Retained placenta
Endometritis
Birth of dead and weak calves
Respiratory distress and lung infections
Low milk yield
Orchitis and epididymitis in bull
CLINICAL SIGNS
8.
In Sheep and Goat
Abortion and sterility
Synovitis and orchitis
In pig
Osteomyelitis of lumbosacral vertebra.
Hygromas swelling
In Horse
Poll evil and fistular wither
CLINICAL SIGNS
9.
High fever
Malaise
Anorexia
sweating
Arthralgia
Fatigue
Weight loss
Depression
Clinical sign in Human
11. lesion
1. Placenta-
Necrosis of cotyledons
Inter cotyledonary chorion is oedematous and filled
with odorless, sticky, brownish exudates.
Yellowish granular necrotic areas in cotyledons.
Rest of chorion is opaque, thickened and leathery
2. Udder
Induration of bovine mammary glands and
supramammary lymphnodes
3. Aborted fetous-
Oedematous with serosanguineous fluid in body
cavities.
Bronchopneumonia
Fetal lymph nodes are hyperplastic and thymus
smaller than normal.
Figure: Brucellosis: thickened
placenta with white necrotic foci
on cotyledons
12.
Diagnosis
Identification of Brucella from fetus, placenta, lymph nodes
and uterus
Morphology – Gram-negative coccobacilli, occur singly
but are found in pairs.
Growth – aerobic and require CO2 for growth, slow
growing (3-4 days) thiamine, nicotinamide and biotin are
required for growth 5 -10 % normal saline stimulate the
growth.
14.
Diagnosis…..
Biochemical tests:
Lactose fermentation on Mac Conkey's agar negative
Hemolysis in blood agar : negative
Catalase positive
Oxidase positive
Urease positive
Nitrate reduction positive
Citrate utilization negative
15.
Diagnosis…..
Brucella card test
The Brucella strain is 1119-3. 0.03ml serum is mixed to 0.03 ml of
PAT antigen and shaken well. Agglutination occurs in positive
cases after 4 minutes.
Milk Ring Test
0.03 ml of the antigen is added to 1 ml milk in a test tube and mixed
after incubation for 1 hour at 37ºC, presence of blue ring indicates
positive for the test.
CFT
Drawbacks of Serological Tests
Vaccinated animals give positive reaction.
Latent carriers gives negative result.
16.
Differential Diagnosis
Trichomoniasis
Abortion in early part of pregnancy(2-4 month)
Trichomonas foetus in uterine exudate
Vibriosis
Abortion in 5 to 6 months
Pin point hemorrhage in placenta
Caused by Campylobacter foetus
17.
Differential diagnosis…
Leptospirosis
Abortion in 6 months
Yellowish brown cotyledon
Caused by Lepto. pomona
Mycotic abortion
Abortion in 2 to 7 months
Caused by Aspergillus and Absidia
Listeriosis
Abortion in 2 to 7months, Septicemia
Caused by Listeria monocytogens
18.
Treatment
Treatment is generally not successful. However, drugs such
as Sulphadiazine, streptomycin and chlortetracycline may be
tried.
Recommended treatment: rifamplicin(600-900 mg)+
doxycycline 200mg single dose for minimum 6 weeks
19.
Control
Hygiene: proper disposal of aborted fetus / placenta,
disinfection of the area.
Infected cows should be isolated at parturition.
20.
Control….
Vaccination
Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccines: It is a live freeze-dried vaccine.
Dose is 5 ml S/C, immunity : 1 year.
Calves between 3 to 6 month ages.
Pregnant cow may abort.
Local swelling and high fever for 2 to 3 days with reduction in production.
21.
Control…..
Br. abortus killed vaccine (strain 45 / 20) @ 5ml IM
Live attenuated Rev 1 (Br. melitensis) vaccine is
given at an age of 4-8 months @ 2 ml S/C. It is
effective in male sheep but is virulent for humans
and the vaccine must be protected against accidental
self-inoculation
Bang’s Method : Test and slaughter.
22.
Chakraborti,A. 2012. A Textbook of preventive
medicine. Kalyani publishers, India (5th edition).
https://www.slideshare.net/Sujatamohapatra/bruc
ellosis-41409982
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-
system/brucellosis-in-large-animals/brucellosis-in-
cattle?query=brucella%20abortus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
5425907/
Reference
