Brasilia & Jaipur

BRASILIA
Subject: Design Seminar Sem: 09 Group 05 Bhagwan Mahavir College of Architecture, Surat

INTRODUCTION
• Brasilia is the capital of Brazil
• Brasília often refers to the Distrito Federal (Federal District),
• Area of federal district is of 5,802 sq.m.
• Climate is Tropical savannah climate and the average
temperature is 20.5 °C (68.9 °F).
• The population of Brasilian federal district is of 26,06,885.
Population density was 435.98 inhabitants per square
kilometer. (According to IBGE 2009 census)
• Brasilia is the largest city (by population) in the world at the
close of the 20th century that didn't exist at the beginning of
the century.
• The Human Development Index in the city is at 0.936 in the
year 2000, (developed nation level), and the illiteracy rate is
around 4.35%.
• Brasilia is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The
city is a world reference for urban planning.

Federal
District
BRASILIA
Territorial Area 5,8 thousand km²
Population 2,5 million
Cities 29
Economic Areas 33
BRASILIA: LOCATION AND STATISTICS

HISTORY
• From 1763 to 1960, Rio de Janeiro was the capital of
Brazil.
• At this time, resources tended to be centered in Brazil's
south east region near Rio de Janeiro. But geographically
Brasilia is in central location.
• Dating back to 1891 stated that the capital should be
moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the centre of
the country.
• plan was originally conceived in 1827 by José Bonifácio,
an advisor to Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the
General Assembly of Brazil for a new city called Brasília
with the idea of moving the capital westward from the
heavily populated south eastern corridor. The bill was not
enacted because Pedro I dissolved the Assembly.
• uscelino Kubitschek , President of Brazil from 1956 to
1961, ordered the construction of Brasília.
• Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner
in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a
close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings
and Roberto Brule Marx was the landscape designer.
• Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21,
1960, when it was officially inaugurated. Oscar Niemeyer
Lúcio Costa

CLIMATE
• Dry and Humid Season The average temperature is 20.5 °c.
• Highest average maximum temperature, 28 °c (82 °f).
PURPOSE OF CITY
• Locate the capital to an inland location.
• Fear of invasions to previous capital Rio de Janeiro, To relieve the pressure of
overpopulation from the old capital Rio de Janeiro.
• To create a renewed sense of national pride. A completely modern 21st century city
• To create a growth center.
• To enhance a spirit of national unity.
CULTURE
• Diverse Culture: Portuguese , Africans, Italian, German, Other European, Japanese,
Amerindian.
• Architecture : Cubist ideas , abstract forms, baroque, colonial, modern, combination of
skills rather than one. •Portuguese legacy: language , religion and law.

• The pilot plan for Brasília was built to
conform to Le Corbusier's Letter of
Athens , which, according to the
Modernists, embodied the ideal
qualities of a city. The Letter had four
basic beliefs for the ideal city:
• Well-ventilated residences near green
spaces;
• the separation of residences from
workplaces, with industries
excluded from the city proper;
• exclusive space for cultural activities,
near residencies; and
• the separation of the circulation of
vehicles and pedestrians.
COMMERCIAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
PILOT PLAN
ENTERTAINMENT
RESIDENCIAL

• The basis of the plan of
the city was a simple
cross;
• The cross had to be
adapted to the local
topography due to prior
plans of an artificial lake
and the city gained the
shape of an aero plane;
• The aero plane
symbolizing the fastest
way out of the town;
City pointing like an arrow in
to the future;
Two intersecting axes:
1. A monumental scale,
2. A residential scale,
3. A gregarious (or social)
scale, and
4. A bucolic scale.
LAYOUT PLAN

RESIDENTIAL AXIS:
Twin houses
Super blocks
Residential zone
Embassies and legations
Individual residence
north Individual
residence south
Sub-urban residences

GREEN AREAS:
Wide open green areas
Infront of residential zone.

ROAD NETWORK
Vast highway network-access to Brasília from
practically everywhere in Brazil.
Application of principles of highway engineering
• elimination of intersections
• Fast central lanes
• Side lanes for local traffic
• This is the most important expressway in
Brasilia is called as EIXAO
• Pair of roads in the middle
• Parallel to the EIXAO, at both sides, there are
the small axes which give access to the
residential blocks.

ROAD NETWORK
There are two major avenues
that crosses Brasília:
• Eixo Rodoviário from
South to North; it is
usually called “Eixão”,
which means “big axis”
and it passes through the
“wings” of the airplane
figure of Brasília map;
• Eixo Monumental from
West to East, so called
because the main
monuments of Brasília
are located there.
There are two series of
routes parallel to “Eixo
Rodoviário”: W, W2, W3
and so on to the West; L, L2,
L3 and so on to the East.

Location of the Airport, the Hotel Zones and the University
Most hotels in Brasília are located in the zones called SHS (“Setor Hoteleiro Sul”) and SHN
(“Setor Hoteleiro Norte”). Some hostels (“pousadas”) are located along the Southern half of W3
(“W3 Sul”). Touristic hotels are found at the edge of the lake “Lago Paranoá”.

RATIONALE
Two axes crossing at right-angles in such a
manner so as to gain maximum out of the
local topographical conditions, the
natural drainage of the area, by
designing to suit the best possible
orientation. Fig. 1
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
The curved axis crossing the monumental
axis because of the geographical
constraints (to fit in triangle). Fig 2.
FREE PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
No intersections. Fig 3.
MONUMENTAL AXIS
Civic and administrative centers (transverse axis), cultural, entertainment and sporting centers,
municipal administration facilities - barracks, the storage and supply zones, small local industries
and railway station. Fig 4.
INTERSECTION
Appertaining functionally and in terms of urbanized composition to the monumental axis. Placement
of banking, commercial districts, offices for private business, liberal professions and retail trade.

Paranoá Lakeis a large
artificial lake that was built
to increase the amount of
water available and the
region's humidity.
The city's design divides it
into numbered blocks as
well as sectors for specified
activities, such as:
•the Hotel Sector,
•the Banking Sector and
•the Embassy Sector
ARTIFICIAL LAKE

Super blocks
Each block 280m square occupied
by long.
six-storey slab apartment buildings.
Each group should have
• A church
• A secondary school
• A movie house
• A youth club
• Adequate field space for
children to play
Lower building for commercial
business in between super blocks.

• housing for 600,000 people;
• grouped in a very orderly manner;
• Between the superblocks commercial
businesses;

Institution areas
Commercial areas
Residential areas
Green space in super block
- - - - - - - - - Vehicular axis
- Pedestrian axis
The master plan of Brasilia lacks
consideration of pedestrian
movement as most of spaces are
planned according to concept of
radiant city which is more of
vehicular oriented planning.
Super Blocks

• Design for Brasilia brilliantly bound together the symbolic conception of the modern and ancient
city.
• The city has been acclaimed for its use of modernist architecture on a grand scale and for its
utopian city plan.
• The concept of super blocks : where people are allowed to live in high quality of life and also
close to nature.
• The Brazilian capital is the only city in the world built in the 20th century to be awarded (in
1987) the status of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, an agency of the
United Nations. It also holds the distinction of waiting the shortest amount of time to be
designated a World Heritage Site of any UNESCO entry, which occurred just 27 years after its
completion in 1960.
• Good planning policies : division of sectors and location of them (ex: residential buildings
around expansive urban areas) Same life together.
• City initially designed for 6 lakh people, but now the population is 26 lakh people.
• Public transportation is inefficient.
• Great distance between the buildings.
• Traditional livelihood is missing.
• Newer satellite town have very few green areas unlike the pilot plan.
• The city was not designed on a pedestrian scale.
• The displacement of poor residents too far away in satellite towns.
• Class based differences.
PROS
CONS

Level of crime 70.93 High
Crime increasing in the past 3 years 76.34 High
Worries home broken and things stolen 45.58 Moderate
Worries being mugged or robbed 68.46 High
Worries car stolen 60.69 High
Worries things from car stolen 71.35 High
Worries attacked 47.71 Moderate
Worries being insulted 36.40 Low
Worries being subject to a physical attack because of your
skin color, ethnic origin, gender or religion
22.76 Low
Problem people using or dealing drugs 62.90 High
Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft 66.73 High
Problem violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery 71.06 High
Problem corruption and bribery 80.33 Very High
CRIME RATE Safety walking alone during daylight 61.17 High
Safety walking alone during night 26.91 Low

Comparison
Region
Climate
Altitude
Purpose of
City
• Locate the capital to an inland location.
• Fear of invasions to previous capital Rio de Janeiro, To relieve the pressure of overpopulation from
the old capital Rio de Janeiro.
• To create a renewed sense of national pride. A completely modern 21st century city
• To create a growth center.
• To enhance a spirit of national unity.
Economy
Business
Density

Comparison
Ways of
Transportation
Migration rate
Open bulit
Landmarks

INTRODUCTION
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state
of Rajasthan.
It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh 2, the city has been named after him.
Jaipur is also known as pink city and Paris of India.
• Location: 26.92n, 75.82e
• Altitude: 431 m above msl
• Area: 484.64 km2
• Population: 3,046,189
• Density: 6300/km2
• Jaipur city is Rajasthan's capital and largest city.
• It is situated in the eastern border of Thar
desert.
• It is 258 kms from Delhi and 232 kms from
Agra, it forms a golden triangle to attract
tourists.
• Languages:
– Official: Hindi
– Regional: Rajasthani

HISTORY
• 10th century onwards : the district Dhoondhar
formed one of the four distinguishable
politico- cultural regions of Eastern
Rajasthan, in addition to Mewat, Hadauti and
Mewar.
• Dhoondhar region was roughly comprised
of current districts of Jaipur, Dausa and
Tonk, with Jaipur and Amber further
constituting Dhoondhar subzone within the
larger tract of Dhoondhar region.
• The region was held by Badgujars, Rajputs
and Minas till the 11th century.
• From the 11th century onwards, however,
the Dhoondhar region was increasingly
under the power of Kachchwaha dynasty
of Rajputs.
• Sawai Jai Singh II (1700 1743) the
Kachchwaha dynasty established the city of
Jaipur and strengthened the boundaries of
Dhoondhar.

HISTORY
• In ancient history Jaipur makes appearance through
Bairath. Bairat’s history goes back to the time of the
Mahabharata and Mahabhashya , when it was known
as “Viratnagar”. Viratnagar was the capital of
Matsya Mahajanapada. The kingdom came under the
control of the neighboring Chedi Kingdom in the 5th
century BCE and was later part of the Mauryan Empire.
• During medieval times, Amber, currently a subdivision
of Jaipur, was the predecessor to Jaipur.
• The city of jaipur was founded im 1726 by jai singh 2,
the raja of amer who ruled from 1699 to 1743.
• He planned to shift his capital from amer, 11 kms from
jaipur to accommodate the growing population and
increasing scarcity of water.
• Unber the architectural guidance of vidyadhar
bhattacharya, jaipur was planned based on the
principles of vastu-shastra and shilpa shastra.
• The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which
contained the state buildings and palaces, with the
remaining seven alloted to the public.
• Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified
gates.

REASONS TO CHANGE HIS CAPITAL FROM AMBER
TO JAIPUR (1727)
MILITARY REASONS
• Defence
• A site at the South of Amber ensured greater
distance from Delhi.
• the out skirting hill ranges (Nahargarh hills)
shaped as a horseshoe would allow the new city
to expand only in the South.
• It was an open plain bounded on the northwest
and east by hills.
GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS
• The rocky terrain of Amber restricted
expansion.
• Jaipur had the potentialities of developing into a city
with adequate drinking water due to the
presence of a perennial stream nearby and
good drainage system.
• Its rugged hills also ensured a constant supply a of
building material.

TWO SIGNIFICANT FACTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
ORIGIN OF THE CITY AND ITS SUBSEQUENT LAYOUT:
• The need of a new capital for 18th
century Dhoondhar as the earlier one of
Amber built on a hill was getting
congested.
• Sawai Raja Jai Singh’s vision of the new
capital as a
strong political statement at par with
Mughal cities and
as a thriving trade and commerce hub for
the region.
SITE :
avalley located south of Amber and the plains beyond,
aterrain that wasthe bedof a dried lake;dense forest
cover tothe north and the east of thesite.
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS:
hills on the north that housed the fort of Jaigarh and
the Amber palace beyond, and the hills on the east,
which contained the sacred spot of Galtaji.

• The medieval towns of Rajasthan were of military, agrarian, mercantile or religious nature.
• The presence of a deity marked the reference point for the ruler’s abode and the rest of thecity.
• The name of the town was usually associated with the political or religious centre (with the
Ambikeshwar temple in the case of Amber and with Sawai Jai Singh in the case of Jaipur).
The hill town of Dausa with an organic layout guided by the topography

Planned according to vastu shastra
and Shilpa shastra.
Plan of Jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with
gridlines being the city’s main
street.
The primary streets from the sector
which are then subdivided into
smaller blocks by secondary and
tertiary streets.
The main artery runs east to west
and is intersected by three primary
streets running south and north.
Intersection made prominent by
the formation of cross.
The main street keeps the palace
at the focal point.
The important functions are
located on the main artery.
PLANNING OF WALLED CITY

CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
It is a model of town planning the first
planned city in India. It is based on Hindu
systems of town planning and followed the
principles prescribed in the Shilpa-shastra,
an ancient Indian treatise on architecture
.according to this shastra the site should
be divided into grids or mandalas ranging
from 2x 2 to 10 x 10.
Planned according to the Prastara type of
layout, which gives prominence to the
cardinal directions.
Thus plan of jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with
gridlines being the city’s main streets.

• The central axis of the town was laid from
East to West between the gates of the
Sun(Suraj pol) and the moon(Chandpol) .
• This was crossed by two roads at right
angles dividing the town into nine almost
square, almost equally sized blocks, which
were further sub divided by lanes and
alleys all at right angles.
• By building the western boundary of the
city right up to the hill’s southern apex, it
provided a continuous line of defense.
• The mandala could not be complete in
the NW due to the presence of the hills.
• On the other hand in the SE an extra
square has been added that plugged the
gap between the city and the eastern hills
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING

• South of the main road were four
almost equal rectangles. The
rectangle opposite the palace has
been broken up into two equal
and smaller rectangles by the
Chaura Rasta.Thus altogether
there are now five rectangles on
the south of the main road called
Chowkris.
• On the North of the main road
from West to East are the Purani
Basti, the Palace and
Ramchandraji.
• The principal bazaar leads from
the western gate in the city wall,
The Chandpole, passing in front
of the Tripolia Gate, to the eastern
city gate, the Surajpole.
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING

GROWTH OF JAIPUR OVER YEARS
YEAR AREA
ENVIAGED
DEVIATIONS APPROXIMATE
DEVELOPED AREA
% INCREASE
IN AREA
AGAINST
PLANNED
AREA IF %
GROWTH
MAINTAINED
1971 - - 60 SQ. KM - -
1991 156 SQ. KM AREAS DEVELOPED WHICH WERE NOT
ENVISAGED: PRN, PRATAPNAGAR, SITAPURA,
SOUTH OF JAIPUR ( TOTAL APPROX. 5 SQ.
KM)
214 SQ. KM 37.18% -
2011 326 SQ. KM PLANNED INTERVENTIONS IN TERMS OF
NEW SECTORS, NRI COLONY, LAGALPURA,
ETC
600 SQ. KM (AS
OF 2009)
84.05% 400 SQ. KM
River Course

ROAD NETWORK WITH IMPORTANT PLACES
The study of
urbanization shows
that built-up area is
increasing at very fast
rate and acquires the
area of crop and
grass land.
Maximum expansion
of urban is found on
fertile agricultural
land in northern west
and southern east
direction (figure 3).
Crop land,
scrub/grass land and
waste land is
showing decreasing
trend. This changing
pattern is alarm for
natural environment.

CLIMATE:
• Jaipur has a semi-arid type of
climate. Temperatures vary in
different seasons. May and June
are the hottest months in Jaipur.
Temperature reaches up to 40-
45oC in these months. Annual
rainfall is concentrated in the
monsoon months between June
(Last of June) and September.
• The winter months of November
to February are mild and pleasant,
with average temperatures in the
15-18oC range and little or no
humidity. December and January
are the coldest months in Jaipur.
Temperature varies between 5-
10oC in these months but there
are however occasional cold
waves.

Population:
• While, the current population of Jaipur is estimated to be around 80 Lacs, its population,
according to census of 2011, was 66,26,178.
• Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.91%.
• Jaipur has a sex ratio of 909 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 76.44%.
• The district has a population density of 598 inhabitants per square kilometer.
DEMOGRAPHICS
YEAR POPULATION [IN LAKHS]
1991 15.18
2001 23.23
2011 36.02
2021 55.19
2025 64.95
YEAR ADDITION BY NATURAL
GROWTH
INCREASE BY
MIGRATION
NET
INCREASE
POPULATION % POPULATION %
1981 2.08 55.47 1.67 44.53 3.75
1991 3.00 59.64 2.03 40.36 5.03
2001 5.45 67.78 2.59 32.21 8.04
2011 6.77 52.93 6.02 47.07 12.79
2021 9.14 50.30 9.03 49.70 18.17
2025 5.40 50.00 5.63 50.00 10.76

CRIME RATE
Level of crime 38.34 Low
Crime increasing in the past 3 years 56.88 Moderate
Worries home broken and things stolen 41.05 Moderate
Worries being mugged or robbed 34.03 Low
Worries car stolen 37.05 Low
Worries things from car stolen 37.91 Low
Worries attacked 33.60 Low
Worries being insulted 25.47 Low
Worries being subject to a physical attack because of
your skin color, ethnic origin, gender or religion
16.04 Very Low
Problem people using or dealing drugs 29.25 Low
Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft 41.79 Moderate
Problem violent crimes such as assault and armed
robbery
29.44 Low
Problem corruption and bribery 61.79 High
Index
Crime Index: 36.10
Safety Index: 63.90

Comparison
Region
Climate
Altitude
Sex Ratio
Phase of
Growth
Landmarks

By
Rutva Devani
Mitiksha Jain
Janvi Patel
Madhvi Patel
Dhruvin
Guided By
Dhruvita Mahida
Nirav Khandwala
Pooja Dhariawala

Brasilia & Jaipur

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