The document discusses the concept of ekistics, which was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis. Ekistics refers to the science of human settlements and includes planning at the regional, city, community, and dwelling scales. It aims to create optimal sized cities that respect human needs and accommodate technological evolution. Doxiadis proposed a systematic classification of human settlements based on size, location, physical form, functions, evolutionary phases, and other factors. This would help systematically develop a science to guide the creation of future cities. The document provides various examples of how Doxiadis applied ekistics in projects such as the planning of Islamabad as the new capital of Pakistan.

1. EKISTICS
ALESNA, HEALTHENE JOY F.
VIOLAN, DAN ANGELO S.

2. EKISTICS
• The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos
Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
• Applies to the science of human settlements .
• Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. This science,
termed Ekistics, will take into consideration
•the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well
•as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and
quality.
• The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects
human dimensions.
• Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to
accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the
same settlement.
ACCORDING TO DOXIADIS
In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically
develop a science of human settlements.

3. EKISTICS
• Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to
learn from the archeological and historical record by looking not only at
great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern.
• BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
• Homogeneous parts-fields;
• Central parts-built-up villages;
• Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and
• Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.

4. • CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
• By Ekistics Units
• By Ekistics Elements
• By Ekistics Functions
• By Evolutionary Phases
• By Factors & Disciplines

5. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• Based on Sizes
• Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in
agriculture)
• Large and closely spaces (urban settlements specializing in secondary and
tertiary activities)
• Based on Location of Settlements- plains, mountains, coastal, etc.
• Based on Physical Forms-form as the expression of content, function, and
structure
• Based on Five Elements of Human Settlements

6. • Based on Functions- which are important to an understanding of the
meaning and role of settlements:
• Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements
• Based on activity (economic, social), their performance,or special role (as
dormitories, retirement villages, etc.)
• Based on Time Dimension- age of settlements, their place in continuum
(past, present, future), their relative static of dynamic character, the whole
process of their growth
• Based on degree of society’s conscious involvement in settlements creation
natural and planned settlements
• Based on institutions, legislations and administrations which society has
created for settlements

7. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• By Ekistics Units
• By Ekistics Elements
• By Ekistics Functions
• By Evolutionary Phases
• By Factors & Disciplines

8. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
BY EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC GROUPS
• Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house;
• Micro-settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where
people used, do & still do achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup,
small neighbourhood);
• Meso-settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within which one
can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis,
eperopolis); and
• Macro-settlements- whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis

9. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
BY EKISTICS UNITS
• Physical and Social Units
• Man (as individual)- smallest unit
• Space- second unit either personally owned or shared with others
• Family Home- third unit
• Social Unit
• Group of Homes

10. THE FIGURE BELOW ARE FOR DOXIADIS' IDEAL FUTURE EKISTIC UNITS
FOR THE YEAR 2100 AT WHICH TIME HE ESTIMATED (IN 1968) THAT
EARTH WOULD ACHIEVE ZERO POPULATION GROWTH AT A
POPULATION OF 50,000,000,000 WITH HUMAN CIVILIZATION BEING
POWERED BY FUSION ENERGY.
EKISTIC UNITS:
15 LEVELS
• Also called EKISTICS
LOGARITHMIC
SCALE (ELS)
• Unit range from Man
to Ecumenopolis
which turn into four
basic groups

11. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• EKISTICS UNIT

12. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• EKISTICS UNIT

13. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• Large City- a city with large population & many services having less than
1 million but over 3 lakhs people.
• City- a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a large city
,having over 1 lakh upto 3 lakhs people
• Large Town- Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh.
• Town- population of 1,000 to 20,000.
• Village- population of 100 to 1000
• Hamlet- tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, & few
buildings
• Isolated dwellings – 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible services, if
any.

14. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
BY EKISTICS ELEMENTS

15. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS
• MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS –in a certain area, man will select the
location which permits a maximum of potential contact
• MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS –a minimum of effort, terms of energy, time and
cost Man selects the most convenient routes
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT
• OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRENCIPLES

16. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES
• Macro scale- nomadic, agricultural, urban, urban
industrial;
• Micro scale- specific area at a limited period of
time

17. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
BY FACTORS & DISCIPLINES

18. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL
Islamabad, the new Capital of Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis
Associates in the late 1950s, is now a fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants,
forming, together with the adjacent old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area
(Greater Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants.
The greater area of the
capital, the
metropolitan area, has
been planned for a
future population of
about 2,500,000
inhabitants within a
period of two
generations.
 Capital of pakistan and 10th
largest city in world
 Located on pothohar plateau
 Built during 1960 to replace
karachi
 Most developed city and divied
into sectors and zones
The Landscape Pattern
and the Highways
The backbone of the
Islamabad Metropolitan
Area Master Plan is
formed by two highways,
Islamabad Highway and
Murree Highway, the
alignment of which was
dictated by the natural
landscape pattern and
the existing man made
obstacles.
Formation of the Metropolitan Area
The principal system of axes in the
metropolitan area of
islamabad defines three distinctive areas:
a. the area of Islamabad proper.
b. the area of Rawalpindi, the center of which
is the city of
Rawalpindi.
c. the National Park area which will retain
certain agricultural functions for several years
and where sites
must be provided for a national sports center,
the national university, national research
institute, etc.

19. Dynametropolis
Islamabad will be the capital of the nation and will
serve mainly administrative and cultural functions.
Rawalpindi will
remain the regional center serving industrial and
commercial functions.
It has been designed
on the basis of the ideal city of the future and to
form a dyna-metropolis.
Each is planned to develop dynamically
towards the south-west, their center cores growing
simultaneously and together with their residential
and other functions

20. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL

21. ISLAMABAD-- TODAY

22. HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES• Spanish Occupation
• Binondo - Founded in 1594, Binondo was created by Spanish Governor Luis
Pérez Dasmariñas as a permanent settlement for converted Chinese
immigrants (called sangleys) across the river from the walled city of
Intramuros where the Spaniards resided.

23. • Intramuros - It was built to protect the seat of the Spanish government
from hostile native revolts, and raiding Chinese sea pirates. The plans
for Intramuros were based on King Philip II of Spain's Royal Ordinance
issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. Its design was based upon
a star fort or trace italienne and covered 64 hectares of land,
surrounded by 8 feet thick stones and high walls that rise 22 feet.
-planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES

24. Spanish Occupation
Cebu - Following Magellan, Spanish explorers led
by Miguel López de Legazpi sailing from Mexico arrived in
1565 and established a colony in the island of Cebu. The
Spaniards established settlements, trade flourished and
renamed the island to "Villa del Santíssimo Nombre de
Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu
became the first European settlement established by
the Spanish Cortés in the Philippines.

25. HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• American Period
• Baguio - The region around Baguio was first settled primarily
by the Kankana-eys and the Ibalois. In the nearby town of
La Trinidad, Spaniards established a commandante or
military garrison, although Kafagway, as Baguio was once
known, was barely touched. In 1901 Japanese and Filipino
workers hired by the Americans built Kennon Road, the first
road directly connecting Kafagway with the lowlands of
Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Kafagway was
Naguilian Road. On September 1, 1909 Baguio was
declared a chartered city. The famous American architect
Daniel Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city
planners, laid a meticulous plan for the city in 1904. His plan
was, nevertheless, realized only to a small extent, primarily
due to growth of the city well beyond its initial planned
population of 25,000 people.

26. GOVERNMENT OFFICES ON
HOUSING AND SETTLEMENTS
HUDCC
HLURB NHA HGC NHMFC

27. THE HUDCC
 The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was
created by then President Corazon C. Aquino to serve as the highest policy
making body for housing and coordinate the activities of the government
housing agencies to ensure the accomplishment of the National Shelter
Program.
THE HLURB
• The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is a national
government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial
body for land use development and real estate and housing regulation.

28. THE NHA
• The National Housing Authority is a government-owned and -controlled
corporation under the administrative supervision of the Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council and classified under the Infrastructure
Utilities Group. Provides responsive housing programs primarily to
homeless low-income families with access to social services and
economic opportunities with excellence while ensuring corporate
viability.
THE HGC
• The Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC) is the government-owned-and-
controlled-corporation (GOCC) mandated by law (Republic Act 8763) to
promote sustainable home ownership by providing risk coverage or
Guarantees and tax/fiscal incentives to banks and financial
institutions/investors granting housing development loans/credits, and home
financing.

29. THE HDMF
• The Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as the
Pag-IBIG Fund, was an answer to the need for a national savings program
and an affordable shelter financing for the Filipino worker.
• Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan:
Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno.

30. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS
• Laws that Ensure Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban and Regional
Development
▫ Executive Order No. 72 - Providing for the Preparation and Implementation of the
Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Local Government Units Pursuant to the Local
Government Code of 1991 and Other Pertinent Laws
▫ Memorandum Circular No. 54 - Prescribing the Guidelines of Sec. 20, R.A. 7160,
Authorizing Cities/Municipalities to Reclassify Lands into Non-Agricultural Uses
▫ Executive Order No. 124 - Establishing Priorities and Procedures in Evaluating
Areas for Land Conversion in Regional Agricultural/Industrial Centres, Tourism
Development Areas Sites for Socialized Housing

31. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS
• Laws that Regulate the Relationship between Sellers, Developers and
Buyers of Subdivision Lots and Condominium Units, and provide Quasi-
Judicial and Criminal Remedies for Breach of Statutory and Contractual
Obligations
• Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protective Decree Presidential
Decree No. 957 (As Amended By P.D. 1216) - Regulating the Sale of
Subdivision Lots and Condominiums, Providing Penalties For Violations
Thereof
• Presidential Decree No. 1216 - Defining "Open Space" in Residential
Subdivision and Amending Sec. 31 of Pd 957 Requiring Subdivision
Owners to Provide Roads, Alleys, Sidewalks and Reserve Open Space
for Parks or Recreational Use
• Presidential Decree No. 1344 - Empowering the NHA to Issue Writ of
Execution in the Enforcement of its Decisions Under P.D. 957
• Batas Pambansa 220 - An Act Authorizing the Ministry of Human
Settlements to Establish and Promulgate Different Levels of Standards
and Technical Requirements for Economic and Socialized Housing
Projects in Urban and Rural Areas from Those Provided Under
Presidential Decrees Numbered Nine Hundred Fifty-Seven, Twelve
Hundred Sixteen, Ten Hundred Ninety-Six and Eleven Hundred Eighty-
Five

32. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS
• Republic Act 7279 - Urban Development and Housing Act. An Act to Provide For
a Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development and Housing Program,
Establish the Mechanism for its Implementation, and for Other Purposes
• Republic Act 4726 - The Condominium Act. An Act to Define Condominium,
Establish Requirements for its Creation, and Govern its Incidents
• Republic Act 7899 - Amending Sections 4 and 6 of R.A. 4726
• Executive Order 71 - Devolution of HLURB Function to Approved Subdivision Plan
of LGUS
• Executive Order 184 - Creating Socialized Housing One-Stop Processing Centers
• Republic Act 6552 - Realty Installment Buyer Protection Act

33. WHAT ARE THE LATEST
MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS ?
Under BP 220 Under PD 957
Minimum lot area
Single Detached - 72 sqm for
economic housing; 64 sqm for
socialized housing
Duplex/Single Attached - 54 sqm
for economic housing; 48 sqm for
socialized housing
Rowhouse - 36 sqm for economic
housing; 28 sqm for socialized
housing (per BR 824, s. 2008)
Minimum floor area
22 sqm for economic housing; 18
sqm for socialized housing
Minimum lot area
Single Detached - 120 sqm for
open market; 100 sqm for medium
cost
Duplex/Single Attached - 96 sqm
for open market housing; 80 sqm
for medium cost housing
Rowhouse - 60 sqm for open
market housing; 50 sqm for
medium cost housing
Minimum floor area
42 sqm for open market housing;
30 sqm for medium cost housing

34. REFERENCES:
• Ravallion, M. 2001. On the urbanization of poverty.
• Population Reports. Volume XXX, Number 4, Fall 2002. John Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health
• Comprehensive Land Use Planning Guidebook Volume 1. 2007. HLURB
• http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html
• http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanizatio
n.aspx
• http://hlurb.gov.ph/faqs/