2. INTRODUCTION
It is the study of living organisms of microscopic size which include
bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
This term is introduced by a French chemist i.e Louis Pasteur
He is known as father of microbiology
Micro-organisms can only be seen by magnifying their image with
microscope
3. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Contribution of anatomy van Leeuwenhoek: - (1632-
1720)
He was a first to observe & accurately to describe the shape of human RBCs as well
as little agent of disease i.e. animalcule’s.
He observed the motility of bacteria.
In 1683 he described different shapes or morphological forms of bacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was one of the first people to observe
microorganisms, using a microscope of his own design, and made one of the most
important contributions to biology
He had hobby of glass grinding and preparation of lenses and this led him to
assemble 250 single microscope.
He describe the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on Micro-organism
4. CONTRIBUTION OF LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
1. Demonstration:-
Louis pasture first demonstrated that air control microorganism.
He pass large quantity of air through a tube which contain a plug of
guncotton to serve as filter.The guncotton was then removed &
dissolved in mixture of alcohol-ether sediment was examine
microscopically.
He found that this sediment contains not only organic matter but also a
large number of small micro-organism
5. 2. Demonstration -
He performed a series of experiment to prove that although micro-organism were
present in the air they were not spontaneously produce.
Pasture took boiled meat infusion in several swan neck flack.The flack opening were
freely open to the air but curve so that gravity would cause any air born dust particles
to deposited in the lower part of the neck
The flask were heated to sterilize the broth & then incubated. No growth occurred
even through the Contents of the flack were exposed to air.
Pasture pointed out that no growth took place because dust & germs had been
trapped on the wall of the curved necks but if the necks were broken off so that dust
fell directly down into the flack, microbial growth commenced immediate
In 1861, pasture finally resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation vs.
biogenesis & proved that micro-organism are spontaneously generated from in
animated matter.
6. 3. Demonstration -
Pasture opened the field of sterilization by stating the boiling
rendered the fluid sterile. Pasture established the practice of
heating fluid material to 1200c under pressure of sterilization
(autoclaved).
He also introduced the particle of sterilizing glassware by dry
heat at 1700c
7. 4. Demonstration –
Pasteur further introduced the vaccine for anthrax & rabies.
He know that the causative agent of rabies attacked the brain & spinal
cord.
He took spinal cord from rabbits which died from the disease &
suspended these cord in dry sterile air.
By these process rabies micro-organism in the nervous tissue lost their
virulence & emulsion of the spinal cord was used as vaccine.
It was found to be effective in dose .
8. Paul Ehrlich
In 1904 found that the dye trypan red was active against the
trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness.This dye with
antimicrobial activity was referred to as’ magic bullet’.
In 1910 Ehrlich in collaboration with sakahirohata, Japanese physician
the drug salvarsan as a treatment for syphilis caused by treponema
pallidum.
In 1912, he discovered neosalvarsan.This gave him the title “the father
of chemotherapy
9. BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY
PURE SCIENCE
Bacteriology:- study of bacteria
Microbiology :- study of fungi
Protozoology :- study of protozoa
Phycology :- study of algae
Parasitology:- study of parasites
Taxonomy :- study of classification
Genetics: Study of variations and Hereditary
Immunology : Study of mechanism in development of resistant
10. APPLIED SCIENCE
Medical microbiology: Study of causative agents of infectious disease.
Pharmaceutical microbiology: Study of Micro-microorganism which is
responsible for production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other
pharmaceutical products.
Industrial microbiology: Study of Micro-organism which is responsible for
production of vitamins, amino acids, alcoholic beverages .
Aquatic microbiology: Study of micro-organism and their activities into fresh and
marine water
Air microbiology: Study which deal with role of aerospora in contamination and
spoilage of food and determination of plant and animal through air
Epidemiology: Study which deal with consult with monitoring and spread of
disease in community
11. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
TAXONOMY
It is the science that deal with logical arrangement of living thing into
categories
Aristotle classified living thing into plant and animals
Carelous Linnaeus classified living thing into kingdom Plantae and animalia
He also devised binomial (genus and species) scheme of nomenclature
In 18th century the German zoologist E.H Haeckel proposed 3rd kingdom
named as the protista
12. Include unicellular Micro-organism typically they are neither plant nor animal
Protista include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa but virus not classified as
protista bacteria is classified as a lower protista and fungi, algae, protozoa
classified as a higher protista
In 1940 it was discovered in some cell e.g typical bacteria, the genetic
material was not enclosed by nuclear membrane
In other cells i.e (algae, fungi, protozoa) the nucleus was enclosed in
membrane this resulted into division of organism-
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Bacteria are prokaryotic microbes (absence of nuclear membrane)
Fungi, algae, protozoa, plant and animal cell are eukaryotic microbes
(presence of nuclear membrane)
14. APPLICATION AND SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Production of Antibiotic
2/3rd of antibiotics are produced from Micro-organism Pharmaceutical Industrial microbiology
concerned with isolation of antibiotics producing Microbiology from environment. E.g: soil, water,
Many antibiotic isolated from natural micro-organism by process of fermentation
e.g: penicillin from penicillium species
Production of enzyme ,vaccine , biosurfactants , alcoholic and other pharmaceutical
product
Microbial cell converts raw material or substrate into valuable organic compound such as butanol,
ethanol etc
Microbial cell produce intracellular and extra cellular enzyme those are imp for pharmaceutical
fermentation
e.g: Amalyse and protease
15. Diagnosis of disease and treatment
Different test are used to detect Infectious Micro-organism
e.g: ELISA test and Widal test
Antimicrobial suitability testing is mainly usd for selection of
antibiotics for treatment of microbial infections
Treatment of Industrial waste material
Microbial species are used for decomposition of industrial waste
material and organic components e.g: actinomycetes, fungi
Anaerobic bacteria decomposes of organic matter by yielding
simple organic molecule such as acid, alcohol, glycerol and amines.
16. Plant growth promotions
Many Microbial cell are present in soils play an important role in soil
fertility, herbicidal resistance,insect resistance, change in protein, oil
content,enhance the quality of plant product.
e.g: Rhizobium species, Azotobacter species
Many nitrogen fixing soil m.o are usefull for providing nitrogen for
growth of plants, germination of seeds,flavoring and fruiting of
medicinal plants.
Rhizobacter bacteria may release various plant growth promoting
substances as secondary metabolites (PGPR) e.g: Pseudomonas
17. Sterile product preparations
It deals with the preparations of sterile rooms, aseptic techniques, and
detection of microbes by sampling and testing of different sterile
preparations.
Sterilization
Different pharmaceutical products are sterilized by killing of Micro-organism
The process of killing of m.o is known as sterilization.
All the sterilization process may be validated by using indicator.
A biological indicator preparation of m.o usually bacterial spores.
18. Steroid Biotransformation
Important steroid can be produced by microbiological transformation
of naturally occurring steroid.
Microbial conversion of steroids enzyme micro- organism
Streptomyces
Identification of Micro-organism
Two vital function of microbiology and biotechnology are enumeration
and identification of Micro-organism found in product and
Manufacturing environment
19. Testing of Pharmaceuticals
Raw material and finished product
Microbial assay of antibiotics
Evalution of disinfectant
Antimicrobial, preservative efficiency testing
Endotoxin testing
Test for support of the sterility assurance system
