Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Pharmaceutical microbiology applies these concepts to pharmaceutical operations. Some key areas where microbiology is important in pharmacy include pharmaceutical production, medical devices, and cosmetics. The history of microbiology began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s and important figures like Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation, and Robert Koch, who linked specific bacteria to particular diseases. Microbiology has many applications including antibiotic production, enzyme production, sterilization, and testing of pharmaceuticals.

1. MES’s College of Pharmacy, Sonai
Introduction to Pharmaceutical
Microbiology (BP303 T)
Presented by
Prof. Katarnavare A.B
Assistant Professor
MES’s College of Pharmacy,Sonai.

2. Outcomes/Content
What is microbiology?
What is history, various branches, Scope and importance of
microbiology.
The word Microbiology was derived from Greek: mīkros
("small") + bios ("life") + logia/logy (“Study”)
Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia
Definiation: Microbiolgy is the study of living organisms of
microscopic size which include bacteria,fungi,algae,protozoa
and viruses.
OR
It is the branch of science that is concerned primarily with the
biology of microorganisms and their effects on other living
organisms.

3. What is Pharmaceutical Microbiology?
When microbiological concepts, processes and techniques are applied
to pharmaceutical operations, the subject is then called
'pharmaceutical microbiology’
Need of Pharmaceutical Microbiology in Pharmacy
1.Pharmaceutical industry.
2.Medical devices.
3.Cosmetic microbiology

4. Branches of Microbiology
1. Pure Microbiology
1.Bacteriology (Study of Bacteria)
2.Mycology(Study of fungi)
3.Protozoalogy (Study of Protozoa)
4.Phycology/Agrology (Study of Algae)
5.Parasitology (Study of Parasites)
6.Microbial Taxonomy(Rank based classification of bacteria)
7.Genetics
8.Immunlogy
2.Applied Microbiology
1.Medical Microbiology – Deal with causative agents
2.Pharmaceutical Microbiology- Deal with microorganism which
produces Antiboitics, Enzymes and Vaccines.
3. Industrial Microbiology- Deals with beverages production and
Amino acid
contd…..

5. 4.Microbial Microbiology- It is scientific manipulation at molecular
and genetic level.
5.Food Microbiology- Deals with interaction of microorganism and
food.
6.Soil Microbiology- Deals with interaction of Soil microorganism.
7. Agricultural Microbiology- Relation with microorganism and
crops.
8. Aquatic Microbiology – Study of Microorganisms with fresh and
marine water includes water purification etc.
9. Air Microbiology – Deals with contamination and spoilage of food
through air.
10. Epidemiology- Concerned with monitoring, control and spread of
disease in communities.

6. History of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur is regarded as the father of microbiology
whereas Robert Koch is the father of medical microbiology.
1.Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723)
- He was a Dutch Merchant and keen in nature.
-His hobby was glass grinding and preparation
of lenses and this led to him to assemble
250 simple microscopes.
- He use magnifying glass to study weaves in
various types of cloths.
- Observed and measured a large no of
microorganism.
- He was the first to observe and accurately
describe the shape of human RBC’s and
little agents of disease ‘animalcules’
- He also communicate his work to Royal
Society of London in 1684 in his letter.
- In his experiment he described inhibitory
effect of acetic acid on microorganisms.

7. Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
- French Organic Chemist
- Considered as father of modern microbiology.
- Foundation to bacteriology.
-He demonstrated that air contains microscopically
organized structures, so he explained it with these experiment.
- He performed series of operation to prove M.O were present in air
they were not spontaneously produced. So for these he performed Swan
neck flask experiment

8. Swan Neck flask Experiment
-In 1861,Pasteur resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation Vs
biogenesis and proved that M.O are not spontaneously generated from
inanimate matter.
- He also showed that M.O are not evenly distributed in the
atmosphere and that varies from place to place.
-For these experiment, large no of sealed flask containing boiled & cooled
infusion and opened a few at a time for short period at various place and
resealed them.

9. Out of 20 flasks
- Open flask and resealed on dusty road -8 flask showed spoilage.
- Open flask and resealed on top of mountain -5 flask showed
spoilage.
- Open flask and resealed near glacier - 1 flask showed spoilage.
After incubation flask carrying microorganisms from air showed
growth and spoilage.
So he concluded that air contained microorganism and their vary from
place to place.
-Fermentation process: beer/wine not produced without microbes
and wine does not undergo spoilage when kept for few minutes at
50-60°C.
-Bcoz of these arise a new process of preserving wine, fruit juice and
milk c/a Pasteurization.
-He designated life in presence of O2 as aerobic , in absence of O2
anaerobic and in presence and in absence of oxygen as ‘Facultative
anaerobic’

10. - He introduced the method of sterilization by repeated heating with
appropriate intervals, method known as ‘Tyndallisation ’
-In 1880,he isolated bacterium responsible for Chicken Cholera and
grew in pure culture.
- Pasteur also introduced a vaccine for a Anthrax and Rabies.
- Germ Theory of Disease - He investigated silkworm disease and proved
that disease was due to protozoan parasite and he also proved that bacteria
are the causative agent of some disease.

11. 1843-1910, Robert Koch
-German physician
-Considered as father of medical microbiology
-First to demonstrate the role of bacteria in causing
diseases
-First to isolate Bacillus anthracis
-Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis,1882 and
Vibrio cholera,1883, awarded a Nobel prize in 1905
Developed relationship b/t microorganism and diseases
Koch's postulates:
-The microorganism must be present in every case of
disease
-The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased
animal and grown in pure culture
-The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of
the microorganisms is inoculated into a susceptible host
-The same microorganism must be desolated from the
experiment from the experimentally infected host

12. Scopes and importance
*Production of antibiotics:
-2/3rd of antibiotics are produced from
microorganisms.
-Many antibiotics are isolated from natural
microorganisms by the process of fermentation.
-Eg: Penicillin from Penicilium species,
Streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus,
Tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens,
Chloramphenicol from Streptomyces
venezuelae.
*Production of enzymes, vaccines and other
pharmaceutical products:
-Microbial cells produce intracellular and
extracellular enzymes and these enzymes are
important for the success of pharmaceutical
fermentation process. Eg: amylase, protease,
lipase, invertase, oxidase, catalase, cortison
reductase, etc.
*Bio-surfactants have lot of applications in
agriculture, food industries, industrial cleaning,
leather, paper and metal industries, textiles,
cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry.

13. Different types of bio-surfactants
are synthesis by a number of
microorganisms,
eg: Acinetobacter speciesa,
Bacillus species, Pseudomonas
species, Rhodococcus species,etc.
* Diagnosis of diseases and
treatment:
Different tests are used to detect
infectious microorganisms,
eg: ELISA, Widal test,Tubercullin
skin test.
*Treatment of industrial waste
material: Most industrial
processes produce waste water,
salts, organic matter and spent
media and these are toxic .

14. Many microbial species are used
for decomposition of such waste
materials and organic components.
eg: Actinomycetes, fungi,
protozoa, etc.
*Plant growth promotion:
Many microbial cells present in
soil, play an important role in soil
fertility, herbicidal resistance,
insect resistance, change in
protein/oil content and enhanced
quality of plant products
eg:Rhizobium species,
Rhodospirillum species,
Azotobacter species,
Agrobacterium rhizogenes,
Pseudomonas species,

15. Acetobacter species.
Azotobacter chroococcum, living nitrogen fixing bacterium capable of
synthezing and secreting plant growth and promoting substance like
thiamine,riboflavin,IAA, gibberellin,etc
*Sterile product preparation:
-Ph. Microbiology plays a major
role in preparation of sterile
products.
-Deals with sterile rooms, aseptic
techniques, detection of microbes
by sampling and sterility testing of
different sterile preparations.
* Sterilization:
Any processes/methods that
eliminates,removes, kills or
deactivates all forms of life and
otherbiological agents(bacteria,
fungi, viruses, etc) called
sterilization.

16. -Moist heat sterilization, dry heat sterilization, membrane filtration,
gaseous sterilization and chemical sterilization are the methods used for
killing microorganisms.
*Steroid bio-transformation.
-Steroids are physiologically active compounds of complex structure
eg: cholesterol, ergosterol, testosterone, progesterone, etc.
-Important steroids can be produced by microbiological transformations of
naturally occuring steroids, eg: Steptomyces species, Rhizopus species,
Aspergillus species, Penicillium species
*Identification of microorganisms:
One of the vital function of pharmaceutical microbiology is identification of
microorganisms found in products and the manufacturing environment. The
microorganisms are isolated and identified by morphological, biochemical,
cultural, microscopic characteristics and genetic studies.

17. * Testing of pharmaceutical:
Raw material and finished products:
-The Presence of microorganisms like E. coli, Salmonella species,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, in the raw
materials and finished products may deteriorate their efficacy and
potency.
-Test the presence of microbes are described in the IP, USP, EP and BP.
-Limit on the total number of viable microbes in given product(TVC)
and involved in exclusion of specific pathogens.
-Water act as a vehicle-always tested for TMC.