Brain computer interface[by eng. Michael Bidollahkhany]

Prof.: Ms. Eng. Azmoudeh
By Eng. Michael Bidollahkhany
[2016-17]
1
BCI By Michael Bidollahkhany, Prof.: Ms. Eng.
Azmoudeh

 Simplified Overview
 What’s Brain-Computer Interface?
 Principle behind BCI
 Objective of BCI
 Types of BCIs
 History
 Implementation
 Software behind BCI
 Applications
 Limitation
 Future Concerns
 Conclusion
 References
2BCI By Michael Bidollahkhany, Prof.: Ms. Eng. Azmoudeh

Human Nervous System

 Brain Computer Interface is a direct
technological interface between a brain & a
computer system not requires a motor output
from the user.
 It is abbreviated as BCI.
 It is also known as Direct Neural Interface
(DNI) & Brain-Machine Interface (BMI).

Brain-computer interface is an electrode chip which can be
implemented in the brain through surgical procedure.
When it is implemented in brain the electrical signal
exchanged by neuron within the brain are sent to the
computer and then the computer is controlled by person.

 This technology is based on to sense,
transmit, analyze and apply the language of
neurons.
 It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the
motor cortex of the brain and a device that
analyses brain signals. The signals generated
by brain are interpreted and translated into
cursor movement on computer screen to
control the computer.
 It consists of a silicon array about the size of
an Aspirin tablet that contains about 100
electrodes each thinner than a human hair.

 Neuroprosthetics typically connect the
nervous system to a device, whereas BCIs
usually connect the nervous system with a
computer system.
 Practical neuroprosthetics can be linked to
any part of the nervous system—for example,
peripheral nerves
 While the term “BCI” usually designates a
narrower class of systems which interface
with the central nervous system.

 The goal of the Brain-Computer Interface is
to develop a fast and reliable connection
between the brain of a severely disabled
person and a personal computer.
 The ‘Brain Gate’ device can provide
paralyzed or motor-impaired patients a mode
of communication through the translation of
thought into direct computer control.

 Invasive BCI
 Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the
grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery.
 Non Invasive BCI
 Non-Invasive BCIs do not involve
neurosurgery. They are just like wearable
virtual reality devices.
 Partially Invasive BCI
 Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted
inside the skull but rest outside the brain
rather than within the grey matter

 Research on BCIs has been going on for more
than 20 years, but from the mid-1990s there
has been a dramatic increase in working
experimental implants.
 Brain-Computer Interface was commercially
developed by the bio-tech company Cyber
kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the
Department of Neuroscience at Brown
University.

 At first, rats
were
implanted
with BCI .
 Signals
recorded
from the
cerebral
cortex of rat
operate BCI
to carry out
the
movement.
 Researchers
at the
University of
Pittsburgh
had
demonstrated
on a monkey
that can feed
itself with a
robotic arm
simply by
using signals
from its
brain.

 In December 7, 2004,
brain-computer interface
had been clinically tested
on a human by an
American biotech company
Cyber kinetics.
 The first participant in
these trials was a 25-year-
old man who had sustained
a spinal cord injury leading
to paralysis in all four
limbs .

 Over a period of nine months, he part in 57
sessions during which the implanted Brain
Gate sensor recorded activity in his motor
cortex region while he imagined moving his
paralyzed limbs and then used that imagined
motion for several computer- based tasks
such as, moving a computer cursor to open e-
mail, draw shapes and play simple video
games .

 A more difficult task is interpreting the brain
signals for movement in someone who can't
physically move his own arm. With a task like
that, the subject must “train” to use the device.
With an implant in place, the subject would
visualize closing his or her disabled hand. After
many trials, the software can learn to recognize
the signals associated with the thought of hand-
closing.
 Software connected to a robotic hand is
programmed to receive the “close hand” signal
and interpret it to mean that the robotic hand
should close. At that point, when the subject
thinks about closing the hand, the signals are
sent and the robotic hand closes.

 This could even be accomplished without the
“robotic” part of the device. Signals could be
sent to the appropriate motor control
nerves in the hands, bypassing a damaged
section of the spinal cord and allowing actual
movement of the subject's own hands.

 The technology is comprised of four main
components; a signal capture system, a
signal processing system, a pattern
recognition system, and a device control
system.
 The signal capture system includes the
electrodes themselves and the isolated
electronic amplifiers

 The signal processing system includes the
algorithms for the linear prediction of the
signal.
 The pattern recognition system often used to
be composed of neural networks as to
recognize which neurons are producing these
signals.
 Interfaces have been developed to control
different devices .

 One of the most exciting areas of BCI
research is the development of devices that
can be controlled by thoughts.
 For a quadriplegic, something as basic as
controlling a computer cursor via mental
commands would represent a revolutionary
improvement in quality of life.
 Some of the applications of this technology
are also frivolous, such as the ability to
control a video game by thought , ability to
change TV channels with your mind etc.

 At present ,the biggest impediment of BCI
technology is the lack of sensor modality that
provides safe, accurate, and robust access to
brain signals.
 It is very expensive.
 Information transformation rate is limited to
20 bits/min.
 Difficulty in adaptation and learning.

 Light Reactive Imaging BCI devices are still in the
realm of theory.
 This would involve implanting a laser inside the
skull.
 The laser would be focused on a single neuron
and the neuron’s reflectance is measured by a
separate sensor.
 When the neuron fires, the light pattern and
wavelength it reflects would change slightly .
This would allow the researchers to monitor a
single neuron and require less contact with the
tissue.
 Researchers of the Carleton University , Canada
believe that the same interface could form the
basis of a mind-controlled password system.

 The results of BCI are spectacular and almost
unbelievable.
 BCI can help paralyzed people to move by
controlling their own electric wheelchairs, to
communicate by using e-mail and Internet-
based phone systems, and to be independent
by controlling items such as televisions and
electrical appliances.
 Conclusively, BCI has proved to be a boon for
paralyzed patients .

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brai
n%E2%80%93computer_interface
2. http://www.slideshare.net/itsmart
in/martins-seminar-on-brain-
control-interfacebci
3. http://www.slideshare.net/komal_
maloo/brain-computer-interface

Brain computer interface[by eng. Michael Bidollahkhany]

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