Brain chips are implantable devices that can enhance human memory and help paralyzed patients. They evolve from studies of neural networks and experiments connecting brain cells and silicon chips. Achievements include brain "pacemakers" and a retinomorphic chip mimicking the eye. Future applications may include enhanced memory, communication through "cyberthink", and constant access to information. However, brain chips also face challenges regarding safety, costs, and risks of losing personal identity.

1. Brain Chips
Kumar Gaurav

2. Overview of brain chips
 Introduction
 Evolution towards implantable brain chips
 Achievements
 Benefits of brain chips
 Drawbacks of brain chips
 Future of brain chips
 Conclusion

3. Introduction
 It is man that gave technology its present
form but today its entering a phase where it
will out with man in intelligence as we as
efficiency.
 Man has now to find a way in which he can
keep in pace with technology, & one of the
recent developments in this regard is the brain
chips implants.

4.  Brain chips can enhance memory of human
beings, help paralyzed patients and are
intended for military purposes.
 Develop direct interface between brain and
computers.
 Its likely that implantable computer chips
acting as sensors may soon assist failing
memory, but even provide fluency in a new
language…

5. Evolution towards brain chips …
 The study of the Brain
It is the most complicated area of research.
When we enter a discussion on this topic, the
works of the physiologist JOSE DELGADO need
to be mentioned. Much of the work taking place at
the NIH, Stanford is built on the research done in
1950’s by JOSE DELGADO. He implanted
electrodes in animal brains and attached them to a
"stimoceiver" under the skull…

6.  Jose Delgado’s experiments…
Jose Delgado controlling a bull with stimoceiver

7. Studies in human subjects with
implanted electrodes have demonstrated that
electrical stimulation of the depth of the brain
can induce pleasurable manifestations, as
evidenced by the spontaneous verbal reports of
patients, their facial expression and general
behavior, and their desire to repeat the
experience.

8. With such experiments, DELGADO
unfolded many of the mysteries of the BRAIN,
which contributed to the developments in brain
implant technology. For e.g.: he understood
how the sensation of suffering pain could be
reduced by stimulating the frontal lobes of the
brain.

9.  Neural Network
Neural networks are loosely modeled
on the networks of neurons.
They can learn to perform complex
tasks. They are especially effective at
recognizing patterns, classifying data, and
processing noisy signals…

10. The study of artificial neural networks
has also added to the data required to create
brain chips. They crudely mimic the
fundamental properties of the brain.
When eventually a network model
which resembles the brain in every aspect is
created, it will be a major breakthrough in the
evolution towards implantable brain chips.

11.  Brain cells and silicon chips linked
electronically …
Researchers working on tiny
electrode arrays that links the two.
However, once a device is implanted
the body develops so-called glial cells,
defenses that surround the foreign object and
prevent neurons and electrodes from making
contact.

12. Fromherz researches led to the
growth of three or four neurons on a 180x180
transistor array. In few days live nerves…

13. Achievements In This Field
Brain “pace makers”
They are implantable neurons that would perform the function
of a part of brain that has been damaged by stroke or
epilepsy...

14. Retinomorphic chip
 Retinomorphic chip is a silicon device similar to the human
eye, picks out the kinds of features and facial patterns that we
use to recognize people and read their emotional state…

15. Mental mouse
 Hollow glass cone, size of ball point pen tip. Before
implanting, cones are coated with chemicals — taken
from tissue inside the patients’ own knees for nerve
growth.
 Implants contain electrode, picks up impulses from
the nerve endings.
 Implants placed in brain’s motor cortex(body
movement).

16.  A transmitter inside skull helps the user to pick up
signals from the brain and translate them into cursor
commands on the computer

17. Remote controlled Rat
 Movement signals are transmitted from computer to
the brain of rat through a radio receiver strapped to its
back.
 Military purposes and human rescue operations.

18. Benefits of Brain Chips
 It will increase the dynamic ranging of senses.
 Giving light to blind and giving paralyzed patients
full mental control of limbs.
 No genetic modifications in the next generation.
 Rescue missions(remote controlled rat).
 The advantage of implants is that they take the
decision making power away from the addict. Chips
take away one's free will. It enables a person to make
a better choice not to take drugs at all.

19. Drawbacks
 Cost.
 Safety(non toxic materials).
 Losing Identity.
 Normal range people seen as subnormal.
 Risk for surgeons.

20. Future of brain chips
 It will enhance memory.
 It might enable “cyberthink”- invisible
communication.
 Enable consistent and constant access to
information where and when needed.
 It will increase the dynamic range of
senses, enabling, for example, seeing IR,
UV, and chemical spectra.

21. Conclusion
 Brain implants enhance capability of
human organs and senses.
 It has a significant role to play in future
genetic engineering fields and
neuroscience.
 The implants may enhance your
capabilities, but they will expire when
you do.

22. Questions

23. Thank You