1. The document provides a history of theories of social and economic development from the 19th century to modern times.
2. Early theories like social Darwinism and modernization theory viewed development as progressive and believed all countries progressed through similar stages of development.
3. Dependency theory and world systems theory emerged as criticisms, arguing that development was dependent on relationships with colonizing powers and that the causes of underdevelopment were external exploitation.
4. World systems theory specifically proposed a global capitalist system divided production between a wealthy core, semi-peripheral middle ground, and exploited peripheral zones in a unequal and hierarchical relationship.
Actors, Structures and Foreign Policy Analysis
International Ataturk Alatoo University, Department of International Relations, Political Science, Foreign Policy Analysis, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, IAAU,Международный Ататюрк Алатоо университет, факультет международных отношений, политологии, анализ внешней политики, Центральной Азии, Кыргызстан, Бишкек
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Actors, Structures and Foreign Policy Analysis
International Ataturk Alatoo University, Department of International Relations, Political Science, Foreign Policy Analysis, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, IAAU,Международный Ататюрк Алатоо университет, факультет международных отношений, политологии, анализ внешней политики, Центральной Азии, Кыргызстан, Бишкек
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Introduction: Mass Deportation and the Neoliberal CycleTanya Golash Boza
The introduction begins with the story of Eric, a young deportee from Guatemala. This chapter uses Eric’s story to introduce the concept of a “neoliberal cycle,” which refers to the interconnected aspects of neoliberal reforms implemented in the United States and abroad. These elements include outsourcing; economic
restructuring; cutbacks in social services; the enhancement of the police, the military, and immigration enforcement; and the privatization of public services. Through a consideration of the neoliberal cycle, we learn how a study of deportation helps us to see the connections between mass incarceration, global capitalism, and economic restructuring in the United States.
Presentation on Modernization Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Upsc political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc. - th...Gautam Kumar
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Muhammad Saud Kharal
PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
A description about the transition of post colonial states. It states about colonialism, post colonialism and its transition with a practical example from Bangladesh context.
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the .docxmercysuttle
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It
has created enormous cities, greatly increased the urban population as
compared with the rural, and thus rescued a considerable part of the pop-
tilation from the idiocy of rural life... .
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has
created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have X11
preceding generations together... .
Brit not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death
to itself; it 1-ias also called into existence the mein who are to wield those
weapons —the modern working class. —the proletariat.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, develops, in the same
proportion the proletariat, the modern vc%orking class, develops — a class of
laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only
so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell
themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of com-
merce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes ofcomPetition,
to all the fluctuations of the market... .
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the
proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay
and finally disappear in the face of modern industry; the proletariat is its
special and essential product... .
The socialist and communist systems I~roperly so called,. those of
Saint Simon, Fourier, Ou~en;5 and others, spring into existence in the early
undeveloped Period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat
and bourgeoisie....
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a rime when the .
proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has but a fantastic con-
ception of its own position, correspond with the first instinctive yearnings
of that class for a general reconstruction of society.
But these socialist and communist publications contain also a critical
element. They attack every principle of existing society... .
5Saint-Simon, I'ourier, Owen: Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Splint-Simon
(1760-1825), «gas an early advocate of socialism, as w1s Charles Fourier (1772-1837).
Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an industrialist, utopian socialist, and trade union
advocate. These socialist predecessors believed that capitalists and workers could
overcome their antagonism and work cooperatively for the common good. As Nlarx
and Engels believed "class struggle" to be the engine that drove history, they imply
that these other soci~llists were naive to the point of delusiorlary, hence the "fant~lstic
pictures" jibe that follows.
The Communists fight for the attainment of the
immediate aims, for
the enforcement of the momentary [i.e., current]
interests of the working
class; but in the movement of the Present, they also
represent and take care
of the future of that movement... .
The Communists turn their attention chiefly to
Germany, because
that countr ...
3. Development in Biology
• Development as:
progressive, unidirecti
onal, and teleological
(with a goal or
purpose) influenced
by biologist and
ecologist Ernst Ernst Haeckel
(1834-1919)
Haeckel “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
4. Development in Biology
• The meaning of “development” as applied to
living organisms implies four basic features:
– 1) Directionality
– 2) Continuity
– 3) Cumulativeness
– 4) Irreversibility
5. Development in Social Theory
• Meaning of development
influenced by theories of
social
evolution, including
Social Darwinists like
Herbert Spencer.
• Spencer coined the
phrase “survival of the
Herbert Spencer
fittest” (1820-1903)
6. • Development could only occur through the
application of Reason and Science
• Scientific, rational knowledge is understood as
the domination of nature and the ‘other’
Civilized Man Primitives, “savages”
Man Woman
Civilization/Society Nature/Wilderness
7. Theories of Global Inequality
Critical Theories
Marxist Theories
Dependency
Theory
(1960s-1970s) World
Systems
Theory
“Liberal”Theories
Modernization
Theory
(1950s)
8. Modernization Theory
1960 W. W. Rostow publishes The Stages of
Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto
Basic Thesis: all countries go through stages of
development.
Analogous to biological stages of development
Outlines a plan for economic development:
countries will experience a take-off of growth
once preconditions for growth are met
9. Modernization Theory
Causes of “backwardness” are internal:
Tradition, cultural values, and political
institutions block modernization process
All countries go through the same “stages of
development”
Descended from “liberal” economic theories of
Adam Smith, etc.
Capitalism generates modernization
Poor countries can rely on exports to develop
Markets are efficient
10. Modernization Theory
5 Stages of Development
1. Traditional Societies
2. Preconditions for Take-off
3. Take-off
4. Drive Toward Maturity
5. High Mass Consumption
11. Criticisms of Rostow
1. Assumes stages of development are universal.
2. Ignores significant differences among precapitalist
societies, labeling them all ‘backward’
3. Assumes that history can be repeated, but unlike poor
countries today, European countries did not have to
compete with other industrial powers!
4. Goal of ‘modernization’ as resembling the West may not
be desirable! Rostow fails to acknowledge the cost of
modernization (all of the things that modernization
destroyed or replaces)
5. Rostow’s discussion of final stages of history is
metaphysical (resembling Marx’s)
12. President Truman’s inaugural address
1949
• Four point speech:
– Point 1: US would back UNO
– Point 2: US would support
European reconstruction
(e.g. Marshall Plan)
– Point 3: NATO would be
created to counter Soviet
threat
13. President Truman’s inaugural address
1949
• Point Four:
“Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program
for making the benefits of our scientific advances
and industrial progress available for the
improvement and growth of underdeveloped
areas….
“The old imperialism … has no place in our plans.
What we envisage is a program of development
based on concepts of democratic fair-dealing.”
14. President Truman’s inaugural address
1949
• Point Four” inaugurated the development age!
(Rist 2002) Why?
• Use of the term underdeveloped changes
meaning of development from a passive to an
active process.
• Development was seen as an activity; whereas
underdevelopment became ‘naturally
occurring’, an original historical condition;
appears to exist without a cause; as lack of
development.
15. President Truman’s inaugural address
1949
• Truman articulates a new way of conceiving
international relations:
– Underdeveloped/Developed distinction replaces
colonized/colonizer distinction.
– They now belong to the same world or universe; the
only differences are quantitative (i.e. growth)
• The benefit of this new vision is inclusion. What
is the cost?
– * Right to self-determination had been acquired in
exchange for a right to self-definition (Rist 2002: 79)
16. Bandung Conference, 1955
• Marked beginning of Non-
Aligned Movement and of
demands by 3rd world
nations within
international organizations
• General feeling was that
development was
necessary and should
occur via integration into
the world economy
17. Stages of capitalist expansion
1. End of
feudalism, Mercantilist
Stage (1500s-1600s)
2. Competitive colonial
stage, Industrial
capitalism (1800-1880)
3. Monopoly, Imperialist
Stage (1880-1960)
4. Late Monopoly
(imperialist) stage
(1960-today?)
18. Mercantilist stage of colonialism
• Primitive accumulation =
Plunder, Theft.
– term originally used by Adam Smith
to refer to the original surplus
accumulated by early
capitalists, which was then
invested, producing more
surplus, and so on.
– Was later sardonically referred to by
Potosi, Bolivia
Marx as the “so-called primitive
accumulation” in Capital I, by which Silver Mines
he meant coercion and force; the
dispossession of peasants and
others that forced them to sell their
labor in order to survive.
19. Mercantilist stage of colonialism
• Not capitalism. Similar in character to previous other conquests of
Ottomans, Romans, Moguls, etc.
• Wealth stolen from these colonies by Spain and Portugal is used to
purchase commodities from the British and Dutch.
• Stolen wealth funds Industrial revolution.
• Spain and Portugal were still feudal societies when they became
colonial powers.
20. Mercantilist Stage of Colonialism
New International division of labor:
• Indigenous division of labor is destroyed;
replaced with imposed monoculture:
each colony produces one or two crops
for export, importing everything else
from colonial power.
• Riches are “externalized”- exported
abroad. The function of the South is to
produce cheap goods for the North, in
colonial times and today.
– Silver from Potosi tripled reserves of
silver in Europe (Bernstein)
– First African slaves in New
World, recorded in 1518: Brazil was the
primary destination of first West African
slaves.
22. Marx on capitalism and growth:
[Capitalism] has been the first to show what
man’s activity can bring about. It has
accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian
pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic
cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put
in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and
crusades.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one
hundred years, has created more massive and
more colossal productive forces than have all
preceding generations together....
Karl Marx (young)
23. Marx: capitalism = change
“Constant revolutionising of
production, uninterrupted disturbance of all
social conditions, everlasting uncertainty
and agitation distinguish the bourgeois
epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-
frozen relations, with their train of ancient
and venerable prejudices and opinions, are
swept away, all new-formed ones become
antiquated before they can ossify. All that is
solid melts into air, all that is holy is
profaned...”
24. Classical Marxist theories of
imperialism
Definition of capitalism. Capitalism in the Marxian
sense, requires three conditions:
1) Production is primarily for sale on a market, rather than use
(M-C-M')
2) Wage labor
3) Private ownership of the “means of production”
Marxists attributed dynamism of growth to capitalism: private
property and a labor market.
Original theories of imperialism had attempted to explain
why an economic crisis and/or Revolution did not occur in
Western Europe:
25. What explains imperialism?
Lenin's Answer:
Capitalism saves itself by expanding
abroad: imperialism
How? Capitalist nations exported
their excess capital abroad to the
colonies, thereby enabling them to
avoid an accumulation of capital
relative to labor, which according to
Marxist theory causes a fall in the
profit rate...
26. What explains imperialism?
Hobson's answer:
Low wages at home create insufficient
demand
Capitalism avoids crisis of
overproduction by expanding abroad
Implication: unlike Lenin, Hobson
thought that domestic political
reforms could solve the problems of
capitalism, and also imperialism
27. Classical Marxist Theories: what do
they have in common?
Both Lenin and Hobson (and others) focused
primarily on the causes of imperialism rather
than on its effects on colonies
Generally assumed that capitalism generated at
some prosperity, and that capitalist relations (e.g.
wage labor, private property) were needed
before there could be a socialist revolution
In short: although imperialism was bad, it did
bring about capitalism, which was an
improvement over feudal/tribal systems it
replaced
28. Social roots of Classical economics
• Social Theories are not neutral.
• “Economics” as a form of knowledge is not disembedded from
social history; it is promoted as advancing the perceived interests
of an ascending class: the bourgeoisie.
• “The market” was regarded as the apotheosis of human
freedom, as establishing a “private” sphere within which merchants
could trade without aristocratic interference. Indeed, much of the
impetus of classical economics derived from a critique of inherent
exploitative character of feudal exchange (e.g. corvee system) and
can be regarded as a critique of feudal exploitation (cf. Roemer ) or
unequal exchange. What is regarded as unequal here, is
moreover, not the exchanged objects, but rather, the social
relations themselves which prescribe the exchange. Relative to
aristocratic relations, then, capitalism was progressive and
economics a “utopian” science.
29. What is ‘unequal exchange’?
• The notion that exchange, especially market exchange, could be
unequal, arises after market exchange becomes the prevailing
mode of social interdependence. It has consisted of two
traditions, both of which can be regarded as theories of inequality:
1. Exploitation between classes: “unequal exchange”* between
employers and employees within a firm [e.g. Marxian theories of
surplus value].
2. Unequal exchange between countries, firms, or ‘zones’
– Unequal Exchange Theory of Arhiri Emmanuel (based on labro
theory of value)
– Declining terms of trade (Raul Prebisch , Hans Singer)
– Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory.
30. Dependency Theory
Arises in the 1950s and 1960s as a response
to Modernization Theory (Rostow); precursor
to World Systems Theory
Gained popularity in Latin America
(“dependencia” theory)
The development of colonies is dependent on
the relationship they have with colonizers
Basic Idea: Causes of backwardness are
external (exogenous). After
colonialism, inequality arises from unequal
exchange
31. Dependency Theory
Two categories of countries
1. The Core (rich countries)
aka Center,metropole
First world nations, “the
North”
Core
2. The Periphery (poor
countries)
Aka satellites
Third world nations and
former colonies, “the
South”
Wealth is transferred from periphery to Core
32. World Systems Theory
Capitalism= a global division of
production on the basis of profit.
Unlike Marx, wage-labor not required to
count as 'capitalist'
Wallerstein (2005) defines capitalism as a
system that “gives priority to the endless
accumulation of capital” (24).
Capitalism is incompatible with a totally Free
Market: Why? (see readings)
33. World Systems Theory
Capitalism has a triadic structure:
1) Core
2) Semi-periphery*
3) Periphery
Refer not to geographical ares, but to types of production
processes (usually correlated with geographical ares).
Core production processes have the least international
competition; Peripheral production processes have the most
competition
Competition and Profits are inversely related
On the last point, Rist writes: “blinded by their own presuppositions, both authors [Rostow and Marx] replace history with a philosophy of history, which prevents today’s ‘underdevelopment’ from being understood as historical in origin” (2002: 102)
Point 4 was included as an after-thought, as a PR ‘gimmick’, but gained the most attention!
Source: Rist (2002: 71)
Prior, “development” was an intransitive phenomenon (73); “nothing can be done to change things” (73)Intransitive verb = Designating a verb or verb construction that does not require or cannot take a direct object, as snow or sleep.Transitive verb = Expressing an action carried from the subject to the object; requiring a direct object to complete meaning.Afterwards, the dualism developed/underdeveloped makes development an activity: “No longer was it just a question of things ‘developing’; now it was possible to ‘develop’ a region” (73)
Development was seen in economistic terms as quantitative growth of GDP. This vision of development suited both the US and the USSR.
*The term “unequal exchange” isn’t usually used to describe these theories, as the “surplus” occurs ‘at the point of production’ rather than circulation or trading.