This document provides notes on structural explanations in sociology and key concepts related to social influence and individual responsibility. It discusses how structural explanations focus on overall social patterns and collective outcomes rather than individual intentions. It also examines how individual actions and decisions are constrained by social influences and circumstances outside of one's control. The document introduces concepts like self-fulfilling and self-negating prophecies, emergence, and unintended consequences to analyze how individual behaviors aggregate to form broader social patterns.
This document defines and discusses several key economic concepts:
- Institutions are the formal and informal rules that govern economic interactions and structure social relationships.
- Reciprocity refers to an expected return after exchanging a gift or product between two parties.
- Transfer payments are monetary payments from one party to another without goods or services exchanged in return, such as government welfare programs.
- Redistribution is when a government takes income from wealthy citizens and businesses and distributes it to less wealthy citizens.
- Market transactions involve voluntary exchanges between buyers and sellers, such as purchases using money, loans that are provided with interest and must be repaid, and mortgages that enable home purchases.
Community Engagement, Solidairity and CitizenshipWattpad
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The document lists the top 10 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2017. Tokyo, Japan ranks as the richest city, followed by New York City, US and Los Angeles, US. It also defines four types of community structures: integrated, segmented, factionalized, and amorphous. Finally, it presents five true/false statements about social change, power, community leaders, citizens, and connection in communities.
Defining culture and society from the perspectives of ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIO...Danica Lyra Ortiz
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The document defines culture and society from anthropological and sociological perspectives. It discusses that a society is a group of people who share a common territory and culture, while culture encompasses the beliefs, practices, values, and knowledge that people learn and share as members of a society. The document also describes the six main types of human societies that have existed throughout history based on their level of technology: hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial.
The document discusses Structural Functionalism as a sociological theory that views society as a structure made up of interrelated parts that work together to meet the needs of individuals. Key aspects of the theory include that social systems maintain order and equilibrium through the interdependence of institutions, and that each part impacts and adapts to other parts. The document outlines the theorists associated with Structural Functionalism and its key ideas, assumptions, and criticisms.
Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences Nash Yusop
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The document discusses the differences and relationships between natural science, social science, and humanities. It defines social science as the systematic study of human society established in the 19th century, with branches including geography, anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, political science, economics, sociology, and demography. Natural science deals with describing, predicting, and understanding natural phenomena based on empirical evidence, with two main branches being life/biological sciences and physical sciences. While social science and natural sciences both employ the scientific model and use empirical data, social science deals with human subjects rather than objects and involves less control and predictability. Humanities encompass the study of how human experience is processed and documented through fields like philosophy,
The document categorizes communities into three types: urban, suburban, and rural. It provides details about the population density, common buildings and structures, and livelihoods that characterize each type of community. Urban communities have the highest population density and are located around economic centers. Suburban communities are located outside urban areas and have lower density than urban areas. Rural communities have the lowest population density and are located in countryside areas, with livelihoods focused on farming and livestock. The document also discusses the formal and informal economic sectors, noting that the formal sector complies with government regulations while the informal sector lacks licenses and oversight.
The document discusses the intersections between anthropology, sociology, and political science. Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity through examining biological and cultural aspects of human groups. Sociology seeks to understand human behavior in social contexts and groups. Political science analyzes governance and power structures through empirical methods. The disciplines can be used together to better understand humanity, societies, cultures, and their relationships to politics. Examining them intersectionally provides insights into human behavior, social issues, and how power shapes human lives.
This document defines and discusses several key economic concepts:
- Institutions are the formal and informal rules that govern economic interactions and structure social relationships.
- Reciprocity refers to an expected return after exchanging a gift or product between two parties.
- Transfer payments are monetary payments from one party to another without goods or services exchanged in return, such as government welfare programs.
- Redistribution is when a government takes income from wealthy citizens and businesses and distributes it to less wealthy citizens.
- Market transactions involve voluntary exchanges between buyers and sellers, such as purchases using money, loans that are provided with interest and must be repaid, and mortgages that enable home purchases.
Community Engagement, Solidairity and CitizenshipWattpad
Â
The document lists the top 10 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2017. Tokyo, Japan ranks as the richest city, followed by New York City, US and Los Angeles, US. It also defines four types of community structures: integrated, segmented, factionalized, and amorphous. Finally, it presents five true/false statements about social change, power, community leaders, citizens, and connection in communities.
Defining culture and society from the perspectives of ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIO...Danica Lyra Ortiz
Â
The document defines culture and society from anthropological and sociological perspectives. It discusses that a society is a group of people who share a common territory and culture, while culture encompasses the beliefs, practices, values, and knowledge that people learn and share as members of a society. The document also describes the six main types of human societies that have existed throughout history based on their level of technology: hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial.
The document discusses Structural Functionalism as a sociological theory that views society as a structure made up of interrelated parts that work together to meet the needs of individuals. Key aspects of the theory include that social systems maintain order and equilibrium through the interdependence of institutions, and that each part impacts and adapts to other parts. The document outlines the theorists associated with Structural Functionalism and its key ideas, assumptions, and criticisms.
Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences Nash Yusop
Â
The document discusses the differences and relationships between natural science, social science, and humanities. It defines social science as the systematic study of human society established in the 19th century, with branches including geography, anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, political science, economics, sociology, and demography. Natural science deals with describing, predicting, and understanding natural phenomena based on empirical evidence, with two main branches being life/biological sciences and physical sciences. While social science and natural sciences both employ the scientific model and use empirical data, social science deals with human subjects rather than objects and involves less control and predictability. Humanities encompass the study of how human experience is processed and documented through fields like philosophy,
The document categorizes communities into three types: urban, suburban, and rural. It provides details about the population density, common buildings and structures, and livelihoods that characterize each type of community. Urban communities have the highest population density and are located around economic centers. Suburban communities are located outside urban areas and have lower density than urban areas. Rural communities have the lowest population density and are located in countryside areas, with livelihoods focused on farming and livestock. The document also discusses the formal and informal economic sectors, noting that the formal sector complies with government regulations while the informal sector lacks licenses and oversight.
The document discusses the intersections between anthropology, sociology, and political science. Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity through examining biological and cultural aspects of human groups. Sociology seeks to understand human behavior in social contexts and groups. Political science analyzes governance and power structures through empirical methods. The disciplines can be used together to better understand humanity, societies, cultures, and their relationships to politics. Examining them intersectionally provides insights into human behavior, social issues, and how power shapes human lives.
The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) is a constitutional office in the Philippines mandated to protect and promote human rights. Its mandate includes:
- Investigating all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights
- Monitoring the Philippine government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights
- Recommending policies to promote and protect human rights to the government and private entities
- Providing assistance to victims of human rights violations
- Conducting information campaigns on human rights
- Establishing a continuing program of research, education and information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights
So in summary, the CHR is tasked with protecting, promoting and fulfilling human rights for all people in the Philippines through monitoring, enforcement, education
This document provides activity sheets for understanding culture, society, and politics for the first quarter. It contains learning competencies, activities, and instructions to help students explore topics like cultural variation, the origins and dynamics of culture, anthropological and sociological perspectives, and human social and cultural evolution. The activities include group work, research, role-playing, and creative tasks to engage students in analyzing these concepts through discussion and presentation of their findings.
This document defines key concepts related to states and their features. It explains that a state is a political community that exercises sovereign authority over a defined territory through institutions like government. The four essential elements of a state are sovereignty, government, territory, and people. Sovereignty refers to a state's jurisdiction and independence, while government is the machinery through which the people's will is implemented. States can be classified as effective, weak, or failed based on factors like their control of territory and obedience to laws.
Historical Context: Emergence of Social Science Disciplinesjessie salvilla
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1. Several social science disciplines emerged during the Enlightenment period of the 17th-18th centuries, including anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, and psychology.
2. These disciplines were founded on rational and scientific principles rather than religious authority, and asked important questions about human nature, societies, languages, economies, and politics.
3. Early scholars in each discipline lacked modern methods of data collection and analysis, but laid the philosophical groundwork for the systematic study of these topics.
This document summarizes the biological and cultural evolution of early humans from Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens. It describes biological evolution as genetic changes from generation to generation that are studied through physical remains. Cultural evolution refers to developments in human culture studied through analyzing lifestyle changes. Key hominid categories discussed are Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Sapiens. Traits like upright walking, increasing brain size, tool use, and shelter building are noted as major developments.
Historical Background of Philippine Democratic PoliticsWelgie Buela
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The document summarizes the historical periods that shaped Philippine democratic politics from pre-colonial times to the present. It outlines 8 key periods: 1) The pre-colonial period established independent barangays organized by class. 2) The Spanish period centralized power under the governor-general. 3) The revolutionary period saw propaganda campaigns and the Katipunan resistance movement. 4) The American period established legislative bodies through successive acts. 5) The Japanese period included occupation and a second republic. 6) The postwar era founded the third republic. 7) Martial law under Marcos established the fourth republic until his ouster. 8) The post-EDSA period restored democracy and ratified the 1987 constitution of the fifth republic
INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCEMiss Ivy
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This document provides an overview of the key concepts of politics and governance. It defines politics as deriving from the Greek word for city-state and involving activities around government and laws. Politics can be seen as the art of government, as public affairs, and as a process of compromise and conflict resolution. Governance is defined as the process of decision-making and implementation by governments to deliver services. The document outlines characteristics of good governance, including participation, rule of law, transparency, and accountability. It provides examples of politics and governance in different contexts.
This document discusses social groups and social organizations. A social group is defined as a collection of people who regularly interact and have defined roles and statuses. A social organization is a type of group established to pursue specific aims, with formal rules and structures. Groups are classified by social ties (primary vs secondary), purpose, location, degree of relationships, and form of organization (formal vs informal). Effective group functioning relies on democratic leadership, open communication, and cooperative problem-solving. Group dynamics are influenced by leadership style, qualities of leaders, and other factors.
The document discusses religion and belief systems from an anthropological perspective. It begins by defining religion and examining religious phenomena across cultures. It then explores key concepts like animism, polytheism, monotheism, institutionalized religion, and religious practitioners. The document also analyzes religious activities such as magic, divination, and sacrifices. It examines the evolution of religion throughout history and in ancient societies. Finally, it discusses religious organizations and different types of cults based on their structure and relationship to society.
Lesson 1 human cultural variation, social differences, socialDarwin Cama
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This document discusses key concepts related to human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities. It defines cultural variation as differences in social behavior between cultures around the world. Social differences are described as the complex variations between individuals based on social characteristics like class, role, culture, age, ability, and sex. Social change refers to significant alterations over time in cultural values and norms that result in profound social consequences. Finally, the document explains that identity politics focuses on the interests and perspectives of groups with which people identify, such as those organized around race, class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ideology, sexual orientation, culture, and language.
Structural functionalism - DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCEArgie Ramos
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Structural functionalism was the dominant sociological perspective in the 1950s. It focuses on how social structures shape human behavior and how social institutions work together in a society. Two leading theorists were Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. Forerunners included Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. Comte saw sociology as the scientific study of society and its development. Spencer viewed society as like a living organism with interdependent parts. Functionalism examines how institutions function to ensure society's survival. Parsons analyzed society's core functions of adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency.
The document provides an overview of UCSP Week 7 content including reminders for class participation, goals of understanding social stratification through essay writing and identifying social conditions in the Philippines through a written article. It discusses concepts, characteristics and forms of stratification using sociological perspectives. Key points include understanding social stratification, identifying the social condition in the Philippines, and distinguishing factors that cause gaps among people in society. Activities include a pre-test, writing an essay on the effects of rich and poor social status in the Philippines, and creating a poster or collage showing various factors of social stratification.
1. Culture refers to the learned behaviors, beliefs, and customs that are shared by a society or group. It includes both tangible aspects like objects and intangible aspects like values.
2. Cultural values and norms shape how members of a culture behave and interact in their daily lives. Different cultures have different values and norms.
3. Socialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society, including values, norms, and social roles. It occurs primarily through family and later through other groups and institutions.
Rational choice theory proposes that people make rational decisions based on weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal utility. It is used to explain social change as resulting from individuals making utility-maximizing choices. Critics argue people do not always make decisions through strict cost-benefit analysis. The theory assumes humans are goal-oriented and make rational calculations to optimize pleasure or profit when choosing between alternatives. However, it cannot fully explain phenomena like altruism that are not self-interested.
A powerpoint presentation about Social and Political Stratification. Includes the following: Social Desirables, Social Mobility and its types, Factors responsible for Social Mobility, and Social Inequality and its kinds.
Lesson 11: CIVIL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTSMiss Chey
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This document discusses civil society organizations and social movements in the Philippines. It defines civil society as non-governmental organizations that represent citizens' interests, and social movements as informal groups focused on political and social issues. It explains that in the Philippines, civil society organizations and social movements play an essential role in democracy by advocating for issues, linking different groups in society, and delivering social services. They act as important voices that facilitate public participation in governance.
Bradford mvsu stratification and inequality 2013John Bradford
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This document discusses inequality within the US and globally. It examines income inequality trends in the US over time as well as disparities in CEO vs worker pay and wealth distribution. Globally, it looks at definitions of poverty, trends in extreme poverty reduction, and the geographic distribution of poverty. Theories of stratification are also reviewed, including individualist, structural, and "rich get richer" frameworks for how inequality arises in societies.
This document discusses concepts related to race, ethnicity, sex, and gender. It defines key terms such as:
1) Race as a social category based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity refers to cultural characteristics. However, race is not biologically valid as there is more genetic variation within races than between them.
2) Prejudice as a negative attitude toward a group, including stereotypes, while discrimination refers to unjustified harmful actions. Studies show stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies can negatively impact marginalized groups.
3) Contact hypothesis suggests prejudice can be reduced through positive, equal-status contact between groups. However, not all contact is effective at reducing prejudice. Six conditions are outlined
The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) is a constitutional office in the Philippines mandated to protect and promote human rights. Its mandate includes:
- Investigating all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights
- Monitoring the Philippine government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights
- Recommending policies to promote and protect human rights to the government and private entities
- Providing assistance to victims of human rights violations
- Conducting information campaigns on human rights
- Establishing a continuing program of research, education and information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights
So in summary, the CHR is tasked with protecting, promoting and fulfilling human rights for all people in the Philippines through monitoring, enforcement, education
This document provides activity sheets for understanding culture, society, and politics for the first quarter. It contains learning competencies, activities, and instructions to help students explore topics like cultural variation, the origins and dynamics of culture, anthropological and sociological perspectives, and human social and cultural evolution. The activities include group work, research, role-playing, and creative tasks to engage students in analyzing these concepts through discussion and presentation of their findings.
This document defines key concepts related to states and their features. It explains that a state is a political community that exercises sovereign authority over a defined territory through institutions like government. The four essential elements of a state are sovereignty, government, territory, and people. Sovereignty refers to a state's jurisdiction and independence, while government is the machinery through which the people's will is implemented. States can be classified as effective, weak, or failed based on factors like their control of territory and obedience to laws.
Historical Context: Emergence of Social Science Disciplinesjessie salvilla
Â
1. Several social science disciplines emerged during the Enlightenment period of the 17th-18th centuries, including anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, and psychology.
2. These disciplines were founded on rational and scientific principles rather than religious authority, and asked important questions about human nature, societies, languages, economies, and politics.
3. Early scholars in each discipline lacked modern methods of data collection and analysis, but laid the philosophical groundwork for the systematic study of these topics.
This document summarizes the biological and cultural evolution of early humans from Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens. It describes biological evolution as genetic changes from generation to generation that are studied through physical remains. Cultural evolution refers to developments in human culture studied through analyzing lifestyle changes. Key hominid categories discussed are Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Sapiens. Traits like upright walking, increasing brain size, tool use, and shelter building are noted as major developments.
Historical Background of Philippine Democratic PoliticsWelgie Buela
Â
The document summarizes the historical periods that shaped Philippine democratic politics from pre-colonial times to the present. It outlines 8 key periods: 1) The pre-colonial period established independent barangays organized by class. 2) The Spanish period centralized power under the governor-general. 3) The revolutionary period saw propaganda campaigns and the Katipunan resistance movement. 4) The American period established legislative bodies through successive acts. 5) The Japanese period included occupation and a second republic. 6) The postwar era founded the third republic. 7) Martial law under Marcos established the fourth republic until his ouster. 8) The post-EDSA period restored democracy and ratified the 1987 constitution of the fifth republic
INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCEMiss Ivy
Â
This document provides an overview of the key concepts of politics and governance. It defines politics as deriving from the Greek word for city-state and involving activities around government and laws. Politics can be seen as the art of government, as public affairs, and as a process of compromise and conflict resolution. Governance is defined as the process of decision-making and implementation by governments to deliver services. The document outlines characteristics of good governance, including participation, rule of law, transparency, and accountability. It provides examples of politics and governance in different contexts.
This document discusses social groups and social organizations. A social group is defined as a collection of people who regularly interact and have defined roles and statuses. A social organization is a type of group established to pursue specific aims, with formal rules and structures. Groups are classified by social ties (primary vs secondary), purpose, location, degree of relationships, and form of organization (formal vs informal). Effective group functioning relies on democratic leadership, open communication, and cooperative problem-solving. Group dynamics are influenced by leadership style, qualities of leaders, and other factors.
The document discusses religion and belief systems from an anthropological perspective. It begins by defining religion and examining religious phenomena across cultures. It then explores key concepts like animism, polytheism, monotheism, institutionalized religion, and religious practitioners. The document also analyzes religious activities such as magic, divination, and sacrifices. It examines the evolution of religion throughout history and in ancient societies. Finally, it discusses religious organizations and different types of cults based on their structure and relationship to society.
Lesson 1 human cultural variation, social differences, socialDarwin Cama
Â
This document discusses key concepts related to human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities. It defines cultural variation as differences in social behavior between cultures around the world. Social differences are described as the complex variations between individuals based on social characteristics like class, role, culture, age, ability, and sex. Social change refers to significant alterations over time in cultural values and norms that result in profound social consequences. Finally, the document explains that identity politics focuses on the interests and perspectives of groups with which people identify, such as those organized around race, class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ideology, sexual orientation, culture, and language.
Structural functionalism - DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCEArgie Ramos
Â
Structural functionalism was the dominant sociological perspective in the 1950s. It focuses on how social structures shape human behavior and how social institutions work together in a society. Two leading theorists were Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. Forerunners included Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. Comte saw sociology as the scientific study of society and its development. Spencer viewed society as like a living organism with interdependent parts. Functionalism examines how institutions function to ensure society's survival. Parsons analyzed society's core functions of adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency.
The document provides an overview of UCSP Week 7 content including reminders for class participation, goals of understanding social stratification through essay writing and identifying social conditions in the Philippines through a written article. It discusses concepts, characteristics and forms of stratification using sociological perspectives. Key points include understanding social stratification, identifying the social condition in the Philippines, and distinguishing factors that cause gaps among people in society. Activities include a pre-test, writing an essay on the effects of rich and poor social status in the Philippines, and creating a poster or collage showing various factors of social stratification.
1. Culture refers to the learned behaviors, beliefs, and customs that are shared by a society or group. It includes both tangible aspects like objects and intangible aspects like values.
2. Cultural values and norms shape how members of a culture behave and interact in their daily lives. Different cultures have different values and norms.
3. Socialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society, including values, norms, and social roles. It occurs primarily through family and later through other groups and institutions.
Rational choice theory proposes that people make rational decisions based on weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal utility. It is used to explain social change as resulting from individuals making utility-maximizing choices. Critics argue people do not always make decisions through strict cost-benefit analysis. The theory assumes humans are goal-oriented and make rational calculations to optimize pleasure or profit when choosing between alternatives. However, it cannot fully explain phenomena like altruism that are not self-interested.
A powerpoint presentation about Social and Political Stratification. Includes the following: Social Desirables, Social Mobility and its types, Factors responsible for Social Mobility, and Social Inequality and its kinds.
Lesson 11: CIVIL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTSMiss Chey
Â
This document discusses civil society organizations and social movements in the Philippines. It defines civil society as non-governmental organizations that represent citizens' interests, and social movements as informal groups focused on political and social issues. It explains that in the Philippines, civil society organizations and social movements play an essential role in democracy by advocating for issues, linking different groups in society, and delivering social services. They act as important voices that facilitate public participation in governance.
Bradford mvsu stratification and inequality 2013John Bradford
Â
This document discusses inequality within the US and globally. It examines income inequality trends in the US over time as well as disparities in CEO vs worker pay and wealth distribution. Globally, it looks at definitions of poverty, trends in extreme poverty reduction, and the geographic distribution of poverty. Theories of stratification are also reviewed, including individualist, structural, and "rich get richer" frameworks for how inequality arises in societies.
This document discusses concepts related to race, ethnicity, sex, and gender. It defines key terms such as:
1) Race as a social category based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity refers to cultural characteristics. However, race is not biologically valid as there is more genetic variation within races than between them.
2) Prejudice as a negative attitude toward a group, including stereotypes, while discrimination refers to unjustified harmful actions. Studies show stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies can negatively impact marginalized groups.
3) Contact hypothesis suggests prejudice can be reduced through positive, equal-status contact between groups. However, not all contact is effective at reducing prejudice. Six conditions are outlined
This document discusses several concepts related to social influence and collective behavior:
1. Cascades and tipping points refer to how small events can trigger large-scale changes as people influence each other. A heterogeneity threshold model is used to explain how cascades can occur.
2. Emergence and unintended consequences are discussed. Collective outcomes like traffic jams are often unplanned and emerge from individual actions. The invisible hand concept and emergence are introduced.
3. The sociological imagination, self-fulfilling prophecies, and social construction of reality are examined. The relationship between individual lives and social forces is explored through concepts like biography and history.
4. Four famous social psychology experiments are summarized
This document provides an introduction to the course Introduction to Sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of interactions and relations among human beings, including how people influence each other and the intended and unintended consequences of human interaction. It discusses the key sociological concept of homophily, which is the tendency for similar people to interact more frequently and become more alike over time through two processes: sorting, where people actively seek out similar others, and peer influence, where people take on characteristics of those they interact with most.
This document discusses key aspects of culture and communication. It covers:
1. Definitions of culture, including that culture consists of knowledge, values, and objects passed between generations in human groups.
2. The distinction between material culture (artifacts) and nonmaterial culture (symbols, language, values, beliefs).
3. Descriptions of values, beliefs, and social norms including folkways, mores, taboos, and laws.
4. Views on animal communication, finding that while some signals are innate, some species can communicate specific environmental information or learn symbolic communication systems.
5. What makes human language unique - its use of symbols to represent ideas, think, and communicate in
This document summarizes key concepts from sociology, including research methods, feedback, associations between variables, experiments, and four famous social psychology experiments.
It discusses three types of studies - case studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies. It also describes two types of feedback - positive and negative. Experiments are defined as manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable. Famous experiments summarized include Milgram's obedience experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and Rosenhan's study on distinguishing sane from insane behaviors.
Mvsu bradford ch 6 ideology of environmental dominationJohn Bradford
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The document discusses several ideological origins of environmental domination, including:
1) Max Weber's argument about the compatibility between Protestantism and capitalism leading to today's treadmill of production.
2) John Calvin's teachings on predestination and the calling to work hard as a sign of salvation, which helped create a competitive cult of work and led to the accumulation of capital.
3) Lynn White's argument that Western science and technology, which derive from Christian ideas about nature, have caused environmental problems, though this argument has several weaknesses.
4) Changing attitudes towards the body from a carnivalesque view of unity with nature to a classical view of separation, individualism, and avoidance relations, which enabled hierarchy that cannot
This document provides an introduction to game theory and how to describe games using matrices and tree diagrams. It defines what constitutes a game, including the key elements of players, their options/moves, possible outcomes, and payoffs. Games can be zero-sum, constant-sum, or variable-sum depending on whether the total payoffs equal zero, remain constant, or vary. Matrix tables are used to describe games like Rock-Paper-Scissors and Matching Pennies by listing the options for each player and their payoffs. Tree diagrams depict games involving sequential moves rather than simultaneous choices. The concept of a dominant strategy is also introduced.
Bradford mvsu spring 2013 deviance and crimeJohn Bradford
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This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as any act that violates the norms of a particular group. It notes that norms vary across societies and over time. Sociological theories of deviance are presented, including Durkheim's theories of egoism and anomie, and Merton's theory that anomie is built into modern society due to a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means. The document also discusses labeling theory and how deviance is often a learned behavior. It notes that the labeling of deviance can affect both a person's behavior and society's perception of them.
Mvsu so 400 ch 4 population and developmentJohn Bradford
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The document discusses the IPAT model of environmental impact, which states that impact is determined by population, affluence, and technology. It examines perspectives on the relationship between population and development, including limits to growth, no limits to growth, and distributionist views. The document also discusses Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and food supply equilibrium, criticisms of his theory, and the demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates with development. Finally, it analyzes the ecological modernization theory of an environmental Kuznets curve with development and criticisms of this perspective.
Bradford games and collective action 9 28-14John Bradford
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This document provides an overview of concepts related to cooperation and collective action, including social dilemmas. It defines key terms like social dilemma, prisoners' dilemma, public goods dilemma, and tragedy of the commons. It also explains different types of social dilemmas including two-person games like the prisoners' dilemma and multi-person dilemmas like the public goods and commons dilemmas. Game theory concepts like dominant strategies and Nash equilibrium are introduced. Various examples are provided to illustrate different types of games and dilemmas.
Topic 3- Cooperation and Collective ActionJohn Bradford
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This document provides an overview of concepts related to cooperation and collective action, including prisoners' dilemmas, social dilemmas, and game theory. It describes several classic games involving strategic decision making, such as the prisoners' dilemma, tragedy of the commons, coordination games, and chicken. Key concepts are defined, like dominant strategies and Nash equilibrium. Examples are given of how these concepts apply to real-world situations involving competition and cooperation between individuals and groups.
Bradford mvsu stratification and inequality 2013John Bradford
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This document outlines key concepts around inequality and stratification. It discusses rising income inequality in the US over time, with the top 10% earning a larger share of total income. It also examines global poverty trends, showing declines but with hundreds of millions still living in extreme poverty. The document reviews several theories for how stratification and inequality arise in societies, such as structural factors that can reinforce differences through "rich get richer" effects rather than only individual talents and efforts. Maintaining equality is important for health, well-being and social cohesion.
This document discusses social networks and the influence that people have on one another through networks. It covers several key points:
1. Peer influence is one explanation for homophily, or why similar people tend to associate with each other. People directly and indirectly influence each other across social networks.
2. Social networks can be represented as graphs consisting of nodes (people) and ties (relationships). Networks vary in their degree of connectivity and average path lengths between nodes.
3. Research has found that people's emotions, behaviors, and even health outcomes can be influenced up to 3 degrees of separation within a social network through both direct and indirect ties. Happiness, loneliness, and obesity have all been shown to
Social structure, institution, socialization (ch 8, 9, 10)John Bradford
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Social structures are organized through statuses and roles. Statuses are positions in society, while roles are expectations for how people in a status should behave. Statuses can be achieved through individual accomplishments or ascribed, such as those given at birth. Roles exist independently of individuals and can cause problems if conflicting demands are placed on a person. Society consists of social institutions that fulfill important needs through established statuses, roles, values and norms. The process of socialization teaches people to function within their culture through various socializing agents. Power and influence in society can take various forms, from force and manipulation to legitimate authority and personal authority based on expertise or pleasing others.
Social structure, institution, socialization (ch 8, 9, 10)John Bradford
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Social structures are organized through statuses and roles. Statuses are positions in society, while roles are expectations for how people in a status should behave. Statuses can be achieved through individual accomplishments or ascribed at birth.
Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn cultural norms and develop a self-identity. It occurs through various social agents like family, schools, peers and the workplace. The self develops through interactions with others and internalizing their perspectives.
Power and influence take various forms, from force which treats people as objects, to authority which can be based on competence, legitimacy or personal appeal. Manipulation aims to influence without open communication, while persuasion involves evaluating arguments independently. Social institutions like family and
This document discusses the necessary conditions for conducting path analysis with manifest (observed) variables. Path analysis can be used to test theoretical causal models and determine if the models fit observed data. The document outlines assumptions such as variables being at least interval-level, normally distributed, and linearly related, while also being free of multicollinearity and measurement error. It also provides examples of path diagrams and defines key terms like endogenous and exogenous variables.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 social problems lecture 1 shortJohn Bradford
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This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social problems and sociological analysis. It discusses that a social problem involves both objective facts and subjective perceptions. Society consists of social structure, including institutions, social groups, statuses and roles, as well as culture, including beliefs, values, norms and symbols. It then outlines three major theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism - and discusses concepts like latent and manifest functions. Finally, it covers basic social science research methods like experiments, surveys and field research.
1) The document introduces game theory and describes the key components of games, including players, options/moves, outcomes, and payoffs.
2) Games can be described verbally, through a matrix (table), or a decision tree diagram. Matrices are best for simultaneous games while trees are used for sequential games.
3) A dominant strategy is one that always leads to the highest payoff regardless of the opponent's choice. The Prisoner's Dilemma game is discussed as an example where both players have a dominant strategy.
This document provides an introduction to an introductory sociology course. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human social patterns and interactions (rather than individual people). It discusses different types of explanations in sociology, including individual vs structural explanations and weak vs strong social interaction. Individual explanations often neglect how people's attributes depend on social relationships and contexts. The document emphasizes that society and individuals cannot be separated and are mutually shaping.
Social psychology is the scientific study of social influence and how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Some key topics covered in the document include the power of situations in influencing behavior, the influence of social context and expectations, and how expectations can become self-fulfilling or self-negating prophecies. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts, such as how the Christmas truce emerged from the power of the situation during WWI and how teacher expectations influenced student performance in the Pygmalion effect.
This document provides an overview of social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. It discusses key differences between social psychology, sociology, and personality psychology. The document also outlines some interesting questions studied in social psychology around social influence, helping behavior, and social cognition. It notes that social psychology examines how biological and social factors interact to shape human behavior.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 intro lecture 1 shortJohn Bradford
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This document provides an introduction to the course Introduction to Sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of interactions and relations among human beings. It discusses three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, which views society as a system of interrelated parts; conflict theory, which emphasizes disagreements and competition for resources; and symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how people interpret and ascribe meaning through social interactions. The document also addresses the relationship between individuals and society.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 intro social structure (ch5)John Bradford
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Dr. Bradford discusses social structures and how society is organized through statuses and roles. Statuses refer to positions in social hierarchies that can be ascribed or achieved, while roles refer to the expected behaviors of those who occupy a particular status. Key findings from experiments by Milgram, Zimbardo, and Asch showed that people are highly influenced by social situations and will conform to authorities and social norms even if it means acting against their personal values.
This document provides an overview of a social psychology course. It begins with definitions of social psychology and lists the main topics that will be covered in the course, including culture, the self, social cognition, attitudes, social influence, prejudice, aggression, relationships, and groups. It then provides more detail on some of the key chapters, outlining topics like nature vs nurture, the looking glass self, goals and choice, heuristics and biases in social cognition, and the factors that influence prosocial behavior.
Understanding social psychology can help us better understand how groups influence our behaviors and interactions with others. It also allows us to appreciate how social perceptions affect our interactions. Social behavior is goal-oriented, driven by needs for social ties, understanding ourselves and others, gaining status or protection, and finding companionship. To understand why people act as they do, it is important to examine both individual characteristics and the social situation or context, as well as how these two variables interact.
Understanding social psychology can help us better understand how groups influence our behaviors and interactions with others. It also allows us to appreciate how social perceptions affect our interactions. Social behavior is goal-oriented, driven by needs for social ties, understanding ourselves and others, gaining status or protection, and finding companionship. To understand why people act as they do, it is important to examine both individual characteristics and the social situation or context, as well as how these two variables interact.
The document discusses socialization and the nature vs nurture debate. It argues that most social scientists adopt a multi-factored approach that acknowledges both biological and environmental influences. Socialization is defined as the lifelong process of learning social norms and roles through various agents like family, school, peers and the media. The debate is complex with no single determining factor and most traits result from multiple interacting influences.
This document provides an overview of social psychology. It begins by defining social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others. It discusses key concepts such as social influence, construal, fundamental attribution error, self-esteem, and social cognition. Experimental research methods are emphasized. Comparisons are made between social psychology and other fields like personality psychology and sociology. Applications of social psychology to understanding and solving social problems are also mentioned.
Social psychology is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others. It explores areas like social cognition, person perception, stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecies, attribution theory, heuristics, attitudes, persuasion, altruism, aggression, conformity, and obedience. Key concepts include the fundamental attribution error, the false consensus effect, cognitive dissonance, and social influence through conformity, obedience, and group dynamics.
Chapter 4
Chapter Outline
2
2
IM â 4 | 1
Copyright Š 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
The Influence of Heredity
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION
Sociological Approaches to the Self
Psychological Approaches to the Self
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
School
Peer Group
Mass Media and Technology
Workplace
Religion and the State
SOCIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
The Life Course
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
ROLE TRANSITIONS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
The Sandwich Generation
Adjusting to Retirement
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIALIZATION: CHILD CARE AROUND THE WORLD
Boxes
Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students
Research Today: Rum Springa: Raising Children Amish Style
Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center
Sociology on Campus: Unplugging the Media: What Happens?
Chapter Summary
Socializationis the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Socialization occurs through human interaction and helps us to discover how to behave properly. It provides for the transmission of culture from one generation to the next, to ensure the long-term continuance of a society. Socialization experiences help to shape personalityâa personâs typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
Under normal circumstances, environmental factors interact with hereditary factors in influencing the socialization process. Case studiesâsuch as those of Isabelle and the Romanian orphansâand primate studies support the necessity of socialization in development. Conversely, twin studies have addressed the influence of hereditary factors on personality development.
The self is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others. It continues to develop and change throughout our lives. Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead (pioneers of the interactionist approach), and Erving Goffman have all furthered our understanding about development of the self. Cooleyâs looking-glass self suggests that our sense of self results from how we present ourselves to others, how others evaluate us, and how we internalize or assess those evaluations. Mead outlined a process by which the self emerges in early childhood: the preparatory stage, in which children merely imitate those around them; the play stage, in which children become aware of symbols and begin to act out the roles of other people; and the game stage, in which children become involved in complex social situations involving multiple positions or roles. Instrumental to Meadâs view are the concepts of the generalized other (attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society) and significant others (individuals most important in development of the ...
Sociologists have shifted their views on social problems over time. Initially, social problems were seen as individual pathologies, but now they are understood in their social context. There are two main types of social problems - norm violations and harmful social conditions. For social conditions, sociologists examine how power and resources are distributed in society and who benefits from and is harmed by existing social arrangements. The sociological imagination allows us to see how broader social forces influence individual experiences. When studying social problems, sociologists aim to remain objective but recognize that complete neutrality is impossible. They use various research methods like surveys, experiments, observation and existing data.
1. Social roles refer to the parts people play in social contexts and the expected behaviors associated with those roles. People take on different roles for various reasons, like what is expected of them or to advance their careers.
2. A social worker helps people cope with issues, solve problems, and improve their lives. Social workers deal with issues like disabilities, relationships, unemployment, abuse, and family conflicts. They work with individuals, families, groups, and in the community.
3. Understanding social roles and the expectations around them is important for personal growth and success. Paying attention to the roles one naturally excels in and enjoys can help one attain greater fulfillment.
Sociocultural Level of Analysis: Sociocultural CognitionMackenzie
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Notes from chapter 4.1 in my IB HL Psychology textbook! All about the Sociocultural Level of Analysis, culture, attribution, norms, stereotypes, and whatnot.
This document discusses the concept of society and how it can be studied sociologically. It addresses that society:
1) Is made up of groups of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups.
2) Cannot be easily defined or observed as a whole object due to its complex and fluid nature, being composed of countless other components like culture, class, ethnicity.
3) Can best be studied sociologically by observing how people live their lives and interact with each other in patterned social processes that together make up the larger society.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
This document provides an overview of sociological approaches to health and disease. It discusses the sociological perspective and how sociology can be used as a tool to understand society and address problems. The sociological perspective invites us to examine the connections between individual behavior and broader social structures. Sociological data collection and theories enable authorities to plan appropriate healthcare. The document also discusses structural functionalism and conflict theories as two major sociological frameworks for understanding society, health, and social issues. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts striving for equilibrium, while conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and competition over resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the subjective meanings individuals ascribe to their actions and symbols.
This document provides an overview of sociology as an academic discipline. It discusses what sociology is, how sociologists study human behavior and society, and the development of sociology as a field. In particular, it highlights the early contributors to sociology including Auguste Comte, who coined the term; Harriet Martineau, who helped spread sociological ideas; and Herbert Spencer, one of the first English-speaking sociologists. The document also discusses different levels of analysis and theoretical approaches in sociology.
This document provides an overview of sociology and its key theoretical perspectives from a structural functionalist viewpoint. It discusses what sociology is, how sociologists study society, and the origins and main thinkers of structural functionalism. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected structures and institutions that work together to ensure stability. It emphasizes that each part of society has a function and any dysfunction can lead to change. The document outlines the principles of structural functionalism and discusses offshoots like the work of Parsons and Merton as well as common criticisms of the perspective.
Social psychology examines how people influence each other and how situational factors impact thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It covers topics like emotions/attitudes, the self, and social cognition. Social psychology focuses on how people interpret situations and how those interpretations influence behavior. The fundamental attribution error is when people attribute others' behaviors to internal traits rather than external situational factors. Social roles, norms, and scripts guide expected behaviors. The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated how powerful social roles and situations can be in shaping behavior. Attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components and can be changed through persuasion if the source is credible and the message is tailored for the audience. Cognitive dissonance occurs when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent and can
This document discusses the health effects and costs of meat consumption. It argues that meat is the primary cause of heart disease and cancer due to its saturated fat and cholesterol content. Studies show vegetarians have much lower rates of these diseases. Meat production also has substantial environmental impacts, as it requires large amounts of land and resources to produce compared to plant-based foods and generates huge amounts of pollution.
Bradford 2013 population and development shortJohn Bradford
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1. The document provides a history of theories of social and economic development from the 19th century to modern times.
2. Early theories like social Darwinism and modernization theory viewed development as progressive and believed all countries progressed through similar stages of development.
3. Dependency theory and world systems theory emerged as criticisms, arguing that development was dependent on relationships with colonizing powers and that the causes of underdevelopment were external exploitation.
4. World systems theory specifically proposed a global capitalist system divided production between a wealthy core, semi-peripheral middle ground, and exploited peripheral zones in a unequal and hierarchical relationship.
Bradford 213 social cognition ch 3 shortJohn Bradford
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1. Social cognition examines how people process and understand social information and how this influences behavior.
2. There are two main types of thinking: controlled/conscious thinking which requires effort and attention, and automatic/unconscious thinking which occurs quickly without much effort or attention.
3. Schemas and accessibility influence social cognition - schemas are mental structures that organize our social knowledge and accessibility refers to how readily information can be processed.
Bradford mvsu chapters 2 4 short revisedJohn Bradford
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1. The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 2, 3, and 4 of slides on functions, prediction, and emergence.
2. It discusses manifest and latent functions, and provides examples to distinguish intended from unintended consequences.
3. Prediction is defined as distinct from explanation, and factors like incomplete knowledge, chaos theory, and fundamental indeterminacy are reviewed as limitations to prediction.
4. Self-fulfilling and self-negating prophecies are defined, and the power of expectations through phenomena like the Pygmalion effect are discussed.
5. Emergence and unintended consequences are reviewed through examples like the invisible hand and neighborhood sorting. Cascades and tipping points are
Bradford mvsu chapters 2 4 short revisedJohn Bradford
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1. The document discusses key concepts in sociology including manifest and latent functions, prediction and explanation, paradigms, and ethnocentrism.
2. It explains that latent functions are unintended consequences of actions, while manifest functions are the intended or obvious consequences. Prediction is making statements about the future, while explanation is understanding why something happened after the fact.
3. The document also discusses different sociological paradigms like functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism as different lenses for viewing society. It notes that ethnocentrism is common but cultural relativism is needed to understand others.
The document discusses the nature and functions of money and debt. It argues that money is fundamentally a unit of accounting that measures credits and debts defined by a public authority. Money represents a social relationship of obligation expressed as a standardized unit of account. The key points are:
- Money is created as debt, as banks extend credit in the form of loans. This links money and debt.
- Government spending adds financial assets to the private sector in the form of bank reserves, while taxes remove reserves, but deficits are normal and necessary to provide money to the private sector.
- Private bank lending grows debt exponentially through interest, concentrating wealth over time, shown by rising debt-to-GDP and income inequality trends
1) Government deficits are normal as tax revenue is usually less than government spending. Governments cannot collect more in taxes than the money they have created.
2) Unlike households, governments with their own currency are not constrained by budgets and deficits. Public debt is not necessarily a problem.
3) Money is created by governments through spending more than they collect in taxes. Taxes then ensure the money maintains value by creating demand for it to pay taxes. Government deficits correspond to private surpluses.
1) Government deficits are not a problem because money is fundamentally a unit of accounting determined by governments through taxation.
2) When a government spends money into the economy through deficits, it increases private savings as one person's debt is another's asset.
3) Unlike households, currency-issuing governments are not constrained by budgets and deficits allow money to circulate in the economy to enable citizens to pay taxes.
This document discusses key concepts in social science research including different types of studies, levels of knowledge, variables, and quantitative vs qualitative research methods. It describes case studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies. It also defines variables, independent vs dependent variables, and how to operationalize variables. Finally, it contrasts quantitative research which uses numerical data to quantitative research which focuses on meaning and interpretation.
1. The system itself, not individual components, causes the behavior of the system. The interaction of elements in a system can self-generate phenomena through feedback loops.
2. There are two types of feedback loops: positive/reinforcing feedback which amplifies changes, and negative/balancing feedback which counteracts changes to maintain stability.
3. When both positive and negative feedback are present, it can lead to exponential growth, exponential decay, equilibrium, or oscillation depending on which type of feedback dominates.
This document discusses key concepts in social science research including different types of studies, levels of knowledge, variables, and quantitative vs qualitative research methods. It describes case studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies. It also defines variables, independent vs dependent variables, and how to operationalize variables. Finally, it contrasts quantitative research which uses numerical data to quantitative research which focuses on meaning and interpretation.
1 29-13 welcome introduction to environ sociologyJohn Bradford
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This document introduces environmental sociology as the study of the relationship between societies and their natural environments. It discusses the three dimensions of environmental sociology: how consumption, the economy, technology, and population affect environmental conditions (material); how patterns of thought and beliefs affect environmental conditions (ideal); and what can be done to study and ameliorate environmental problems (practical). The first chapter will cover sustainability issues like energy, climate change, and pollution, as well as environmental justice.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
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Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
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I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. đ This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. đť
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. đĽď¸
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. đ
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
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Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
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GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether youâre at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. Weâll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Donât worry, we can help with all of this!
Weâll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. Weâll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally weâll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
5. Structural Explanations
⢠A structural explanation focuses on the overall
social pattern or collective outcome: traffic
jams, wars, poverty, etc.
⢠Often, these collective outcomes are not
intentional outcomes: they are not planned or
even desired.
Intended
actions
Unintended
Consequences
of Actions
6. Structural Explanations
⢠But this seems like a paradox: why do
hunger, poverty, and war exist even when
nobody wants hunger, poverty, and war?
Intended
actions
Unintended
Consequences
of Actions
7. CEO and Worker Pay
CEOs' pay as a multiple of the average worker's pay, 1960-2007
Source: Domhoff 2011
8. CEO and Worker Pay
⢠CEOâs (Chief Executive Officers)
make over 500 times more than
the average American worker.
⢠Ask yourself:
1. Are CEOâs 500 times smarter than
the average worker?
2. Do they work 500 times more
than the average worker?
9. CEO and Worker Pay
3. In addition, why the sudden
change? If they are 500
times smarter than the rest
of us TODAY, then why was
this not true 30 years ago?
4. Can we explain this by
saying that the billionaires
desired to become
billionaires, or wanted it
more than other people?
10. CEO and Worker Pay
We can draw two conclusions
from this example:
1. Reward is *NOT*
proportional to Effort!
2. We cannot explain these
âsocial factsâ (patterns)
solely by looking at
peopleâs intentions or as a
consequence of their
attributes in isolation.
12. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
⢠In our culture we focus on what an individual does
as opposed to what is done to an individual.
⢠We think individuals (at least adult humans) are
self-determined. This is our common-sense notion
of âpersonal responsibility.â People are
responsible for their own actions and decisions in
life.
13. Influence and Responsibility
⢠This point of view is not wrong, it is just
limited and one-sided.
⢠Also, sociologists are not interested in morally
evaluating, punishing, or praising others- we
are only interested in explaining and
understanding.
⢠Our past decisions obviously have a huge
impact on our present circumstances, but we
cannot explain what happens to any given
individual without also looking at his/her
relations to other people- i.e. we have to also
look at the larger social context.
14. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
Consider two types of situationsâŚ.
1. Situations people do not
control: An individual can be
influenced by circumstances
over which s/he has little control
or counter-influence;
⢠Peopleâs available actions and
decisions are always
âconstrainedâ or limited by
available resources;
⢠Examples: your native language,
your religious and political
beliefs, your parentâs income,
etc.
Starvation in East Africa, 2011
15. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
2. Situations people do (or âcanâ) control: Other
times, we can directly attribute a personâs
circumstance to an attribute of that person or
to some action that person has taken.
⢠Example: Smoking Crack
16. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
Sociologists, however, will still examine:
a) the social influences or circumstances that
made this behavior more or less likely.
b) the social context in which some attributes
become significant or meaningful, and others
not.
â âSociologists think that much of peopleâs
behavior is a result of what other people do.â
(McIntyre, p. 1)
17. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
2. Situations people do (or âcanâ)
control:
⢠Individualsâ ideas and preferences
determine their actions, but what in
turn influences or determines their
ideas and preferences?
â We are socialized to pay attention to
how others respond to situations.
â Emotional responses and attitudes are
often contagious!
â We tend to become most like those
we spend the most time with and/or
have an affinity forâŚ. (âWe become
like those we like!â)
Standing ovation
18. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
2a. Social Circumstances
⢠Most human behaviors are not âdecisionsâ; rather
we have varying degrees of susceptibility to
influence from others.
⢠Sociologists will examine those factors which
influence (or âcauseâ) the behavior itself.
X
(action)
Y
(consequence)
X
(action)
Y
(consequence)
Z
(circumstances)
19. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
2b. The Social Context
⢠Individuals do not determine the value of their
assets, nor do individuals determine how their
behavior is interpreted by others.
â some attributes are valued more highly in some
contexts or societies than in others. Individuals can
adapt to these realities, but cannot control them.
⢠Example: standards of beauty.
20. Social Influence and
Individual Responsibility
Conclusions
⢠Sociology does not deny that individuals are
personally responsible for their
actions, because we are not interested in
explaining an individualâs behavior!
⢠Remember, sociologists are not concerned with
the circumstances of any particular
individual, but in how the circumstances of one
individual relate to others, and in making
generalizations about individuals.
⢠Remember: âThink Patterns, Not Individualsâ !
22. The Sociological Imagination
⢠Sociology attempts to explain facts about
groups of people, and then to relate these
social facts to our individual lives.
⢠The study of how our lives are influenced by
our larger historical and social circumstances
is called the sociological imagination.
23. The Sociological Imagination
âNeither the life of an individual
nor the history of a society can
be understood without
understanding both.â
C. Wright Mills
(1916-1962)
24. The Sociological Imagination
⢠To understand one side, you have to understand the
other.
⢠The ability to understand history and its relation to
biography is called the sociological imagination by C.
Wright Mills.
Man/Woman Society
Biography History
Self World
Personal âTroubles of
milieuâ
Public âIssues of
social structureâ
25. âMen make their own history,
but they do not make it as they
please; they do not make it
under self-selected
circumstances, but under
circumstances existing already,
given and transmitted from the
past. The tradition of all dead
generations weighs like a
nightmare on the brains of the
living.â
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)
27. What is Social REALITY?
⢠Thomas theorem: "If people define
situations as real, they are real in their
consequencesâ
⢠To understand human inter-actions and
relations, sociologists have to
understand both reality, and perceived
reality.
W. I. Thomas
1863 - 1947
28. ⢠Social relations are often real
because we act AS IF they are real.
The social world concerns not only
the material world, but the
meanings we ascribe to the
material objects, meanings which
are themselves non-physical and
non-material.
Examples:
1. Nations
2. Money
29. Self-fulfilling and Self-negating
prophecies
⢠Robert K. Merton also coined the terms
â âself-fulfilling prophecyâ and
â ârole modelâ
⢠A self-fulfilling prophecy is something that
becomes true because it is believed to be
true.
â Example: bank run, placebos, psychic
predictions, etcâŚ
⢠A self-negating prophecy is a belief that
causes its own falsehood. Explanation: it is
something that, once believed to be true or
expected to happen, cannot happen (or
becomes less likely to happen).
Robert K. Merton
(1910 â 2003)
30. The Power of Expectations
⢠Pygmalion Effect (aka
Rosenthal effect): the
greater the expectation
placed upon people, the
better they perform.
â According to legend, Pygmalion
was the king of Cyprus who fell
in love with a beautiful woman
(Galatea) he sculpted out of
ivory.
31. The Power of Expectations
⢠In the 1960s Robert Rosenthal
and Lenore Jacobson
hypothesized that teacher
expectations influenced
childrenâs performance.
⢠Study: they randomly assigned 1
out of 5 children to the
âspurter/bloomerâ group, but
told teachers these students
were selected to the group
based on test performances that
indicated future success.
⢠Findings: the kids who were
expected to âspurtâ made larger
improvements than nonspurters.
32. Self-negating Prophecies
⢠In the case of financial markets, if one
person figured out how to predict market
prices, then soon everyone else would
adopt that strategy, making the strategy
ineffective. This is an example of self-
negating prophecy.
⢠Often observations do not influence actions
which affect the aggregate outcomes. In
this case, the observers are external or
outside observers who observe but have
little impact on what they observe. For
example, academics who can observe
persistent inequality but have no power to
change it.
New
Aggregate
Patterns
Participant-
Observers
Observing
patterns
Actions that
change
patterns
Aggregate
Pattern
Remains
Outside-
Observers
Observing
patterns
Actions
have no
impact
34. Emergent Properties
⢠Methodological Individualism: the idea that
society can be explained entirely by the
individuals that make up society.
⢠Emergence: when the whole is more than the
sum of its parts. Emergent properties are those
new (and surprising) properties of the whole that
are not possessed by the individuals.
â Example: Water into Ice, Consciousness, etc.
35. Emergence and unintended
consequences
⢠The Invisible Hand: a famous and
early example of an unintended
collective (macro) consequence of
individual (micro) actions is Adam
Smithâs idea of the âInvisible Handâ
of capitalism, where everyoneâs
selfish desire to make a profit ends
up making everyone better off.
⢠The contrary is also often argued:
competition may generate a ârace
to the bottom.â
Adam Smith
36. Emergence and unintended
consequences
⢠Neighborhood Sorting:
Thomas Schelling (2005
Nobel Prize winner) showed
that macro-level segregation
would arise from micro-level
tolerance, so long as
individuals prefer to live
adjacent to some neighbors
similar to them.
Thomas Schelling
37. Emergence and unintended
consequences
⢠Imagine a city as a giant checkerboard, and suppose each piece wants
30% of its neighbors to be the same kind.
⢠A few, with more than 30% of its neighbors of a different kind, will
move.
⢠Two effects of initial relocations:
1. other checkers of the same color from old neighborhood will also
want to move
2. other checkers of different color in new neighborhood will want to
move
38. Cascades and âTippingâ points
⢠Diversity (differences between
people) can lead to âTippingâ- the
emergence of social cascades, aka
chain reactions or domino effects.
⢠TIPPING = a small event or a few
small actions can cause a cascade
and large scale change
⢠Example: There are 100 people in
the mall. How many of them have
to be running out of the mall
before you run out of the mall also?
(Assume you have no understanding
of why they running!)
39. Cascades and âTippingâ points
⢠Diversity and Connectedness lead to âTippingâ
⢠Consider two scenarios.
â Scenario 1: Homogeneity. Everyone has the same threshold, or
tipping point. Everyone will run out of the mall if they see 20 other
people run out of the mall. What happens? NOTHING! No one will
leave unless 20 other people leave!
â Scenario 2: Heterogeneity (Diversity). Everyone is numbered from 1
to 100; their number is also the number of people they need to see
running before they also run: their threshold. What happens? First
person leaves, then the second, then the third, etc. This generates a
chain reaction, aka a CASCADE!
Person 0
Begins to run
Person 1 runs
only if 1 other
person runs
Person 2 runs
only if 2 other
people run
3 4 5 6
40. Cascades and âTippingâ points
⢠Mark Granovetter devised this threshold
model initially to describe riots:
â one person will definitely riot; another
will riot only if one other person riots; a
third will riot only if two others riot; etcâŚ.
â We are much more likely to riot ourselves
if we see others rioting.
⢠His model explains:
1. Why social changes can be
abrupt, discontinuous, and sudden.
2. Why they are so unpredictable. One
person in a chain can either cause or
prevent a collective chain reaction, or
social cascade.
⢠Other examples: clapping, birth
rates, dancing at parties, rates of
crime, etc.
42. Functionalist Paradigm
1. Consensus about values and norms
makes society possible
2. Society is a whole made of
integrated parts that work (i.e.
function) together.
â A change to one part of society will
affect all others.
â All parts are interdependent.
â Society is âmore than the sum of its
parts.â
3. Society seeks stability and tends to
avoid conflict
43. Conflict Paradigm
1. In every society, there are disagreements and
differences (i.e. lack of consensus) about values and
norms
2. Society is made up of subgroups (aka âclassesâ) that
are in ruthless competition for scarce resources
3. Society is not harmonious: conflict is normal in a
society.
â The conflict can be latent (i.e. conflict of interests) or
manifest (i.e. real conflict such as violence).
44. Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm
⢠Also known as social constructionists
1. How people act depends on how
they see and evaluate reality
2. People learn from others how to
see and evaluate reality
3. People constantly interpret the
meaning of their own behavior
and the behavior of others
4. Misunderstanding and conflict
comes from people not perceiving
reality in the same way
45. Which paradigm is correct?
⢠Society is like this cube: we
can see it from multiple
perspectives!
⢠The paradigms are just lenses
through which we view society.
46. Ethnocentrism and Relativism
Ethnocentrism: the âprocess of judging other peoples and
their customs and norms as inferior to oneâs own
people, customs, and normsâ (pg. 52). Ethnocentrism is
normal! Most societies exhibit some amount of
ethnocentrism.
Toward Own Group Toward Outsiders
See members as superior See outsiders as inferior
See own values as universal and
true
See outsidersâ values as false
See own customs as original,
reflecting âtrueâ human nature
See outsidersâ customs as ignorant,
lacking in humanity
Cultural Relativism: âthe belief that other people and their ways of doing
things can be understood only in terms of the context of these peopleâ (pg. 56).
McIntyre argues that although ethnocentrism is common, it can get in the way of
understanding. To understand others, you have to see things from their point of
view.
48. Functions and Dysfunctions
⢠âFunctionâ simply means a purpose, intention;
what something is used for.
â Prefixes: âDysâ vs âDisâ
⢠Dys- Greek prefix meaning âdefectiveâ, âdifficultâ, or
âpainful.â
⢠Dis- Latin prefix meaning âapartâ, âasunderâ, or âdeprived
of.â
⢠Functional = positive; something works
⢠Dysfunctional = negative consequences;
something that doesnât work.
49. Latent and Manifest Functions
⢠âManifestâ = obvious, evident, apparent.
⢠âLatentâ = not manifest; hidden; concealed.
â Like a latent disease; the hidden content of a
dream, etc.
⢠Manifest function = intended or conscious
purpose (or consequences) of some action.
â The reasons people give for why they do things.
⢠Latent function =
unintended, unconscious, or hidden
purposes (consequences) of actions.
â The âreal reasonsâ or purposes that peopleâs
actions may have, as seen by outside observers
(sociologists)
Robert K. Merton
(1910 â 2003)
50. Latent and Manifest Functions
1. Rain Dance Ceremony
â Manifest function:
⢠âWe dance to bring rainâ
â Latent function:
⢠The ceremony is âreallyâ a way of
building social solidarity through
ritual participation
Rain Dance
51. Latent and Manifest Functions
2. University Education
â Manifest function:
⢠Higher Learning, Education
â Latent function:
⢠Keep young adults out of the job
market
⢠Conduct research that supports
the âMilitary-Industrial-Complexâ
(Eisenhower)
⢠�
University
53. Fundamental Indeterminacy
⢠Chaotic systems are extremely sensitive to initial conditions, so
that tiny differences in the initial conditions of otherwise
identical systems will generate huge differences between them.
A butterfly creates massive tornados or hurricanes in another hemisphere. The idea is
that small and simple causes can generate complicated, non-proportional (i.e. ânon-
linearâ) effects. Brain teaser: could a butterfly also cause disproportionate phenomena
of a different kind, such as political revolutions or economic or legal upheavals?
54. Fundamental Indeterminacy
⢠Note: chaos theory as described in the book actually describes
phenomena that are, in principle at least, determinate.
Chaos, however, does make predicting events difficult in the real
world, simply because we canât know all of the interacting
causes and initial conditions! Chaos theory is determinate.
⢠In contrast, Complexity theory describes systems that are self-
organizing (aka emergent) and therefore in principle
indeterminate.
Editor's Notes
Sometimes some people can benefit from the âsystemâ- the way things are- but very rarely do these beneficiaries control the system entirely!
In a standing ovation, people are more likely to stand when they see others stand. Once everyone is standing, it is an act of social defiance or resistance to stay seated. One âfeelsâ like one should stand. Our behavior is influenced and partly determined by watching the behavior of others.
The Latin etymological root of the verb âto decideâ means to âcut off from possibility.â Most of you would never, under any circumstance, smoke crack. However, most of what we do is not determined or sanctioned in this way by prior decisions! Our moral code, for instance, doesnât tell us how to speak, how to greet others, which courses to take, whether to stand during a standing ovation, etc. Instead of just viewing human behavior as the cause of a consequence (which is perfectly valid), sociologists are also interested in figuring out what causes (or âinfluencesâ) those actions in the first place! We know, for instance, that people are more likely to drink alcohol if their friends drink alcohol, even though these social influences donât determine people to drink (i.e. you can still exercise some free will).
There are two levels here to evaluate: what is going on, and what people think is going on; the facts, and perceived facts; the world of physical, material objects and the world of meanings ascribed to these objects. The relation between these two levels is often complicated. For example, a sufficient sociological explanation would not only explain to people that what they believe to be true is in fact only partially true or false, but also, to explain what about the real world leads to their being deluded about it in the first place!
See pages 227-8 in your book!
See pages 227-8 in your book!
Adam Smith published his famous Wealth of Nations in 1776.
If we assume homogeneity of preferences (i.e. each individual has the same threshold dissatisfaction, say 30%), then about as many new moves are caused as the number of initial moves, displacements. We get significantly more sorting or segregation than any particular individual wanted! The amount of segregation goes up even more, however, if we assume heterogeneity, i.e. each person has a different movement rule.
When people are connected and interdependent, critical states can emerge. In these critical states, small changes can generate disproportionate (nonlinear) âdomino effectsâ, âchain reactionsâ, social cascades, snowballing, etc. Â
Granovetter is perhaps most famous for his concept of the âsmall worldsâ such as in the popular game, 6 degrees of separation from Kevin Bacon.
Granovetter is perhaps most famous for his concept of the âsmall worldsâ such as in the popular game, 6 degrees of separation from Kevin Bacon. We will cover this later in the semester!
It turns out that groups that are more cooperative can out-compete (and hence survive) better than those that do not. Group-level selection explains how altruistic behavior within groups may have evolved. Surprisingly, hostility towards outsiders can actually create more solidarity within the group.
Chaos theory goes from simple to complicated. It explains how a few simple relationships can generate really complicated patterns that are difficult to observe or detect. Complexity theory goes in the opposite direction: from complicated relationships to simple patterns. Complexity theory deals with âself-organizationâ, and can explain how millions of complicated organisms called people can generate simple patterns. Chaos theory is determinate, but complexity theory describes systems that are self-organizing (aka emergent) and therefore in principle indeterminate.
Chaos theory goes from simple to complicated. It explains how a few simple relationships can generate really complicated patterns that are difficult to observe or detect. Complexity theory goes in the opposite direction: from complicated relationships to simple patterns. Complexity theory deals with âself-organizationâ, and can explain how millions of complicated organisms called people can generate simple patterns.