The document discusses various aspects of economic globalization including its definition, driving forces, manifestations, dimensions, and relationship to internationalization and localization. It provides historical context on the emergence of global trade dating back to the Silk Road and Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Key global actors and institutions supporting economic integration are outlined such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, NATO and multinational corporations. The Bretton Woods system established the IMF and World Bank but was later challenged by neoliberalism in the 1970s. International trade relies on concepts of specialization and comparative advantage between nations. Countries establish trade policies focused on tariffs, barriers, safety standards, and bilateral/international cooperation. Outsour
Globalization is a process of increasing integration and interaction between people, companies, and governments around the world. It is driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process affects many aspects of society including economics, politics, culture, and the environment. Some key aspects of globalization include the liberalization and integration of markets on a global scale, as well as the blending of cultures through increased travel, trade, and information sharing across borders.
Module 2 – THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
-Topics
1. The Global Economy & Market Integration
2. Role of International Financial Institution in the Creation of a Global Economy
3. The Global Interstate System and Contemporary Global Governance
This document discusses the history and concepts of economic globalization. It defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, capital flows, and spread of technologies. Key points include:
- International organizations like the IMF and World Bank help facilitate global economic cooperation and stability.
- International trade routes like the Silk Road date back millennia, though globalization accelerated in the late 20th century.
- The Bretton Woods system established rules for international monetary management in the postwar era. This system tied currencies to gold and aimed to reduce economic nationalism.
- Neoliberalism advocates free movement of goods, capital and services across borders, while limiting state intervention in markets
The Contemporary World: Global Economic StructuresAntonio Delgado
This document discusses economic globalization and related topics through four main sections. It begins by defining economic globalization and its emergence in the 1500s. It then examines the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 to regulate international monetary systems and addresses organizations it created like the IMF and World Bank. Other economic organizations are also outlined. Finally, it explores the role of multinational corporations in globalization through foreign direct investment and other activities.
The document discusses the term "Third World" and its evolution over time. Originally during the Cold War, Third World referred to non-aligned countries that were not part of the Western or Eastern blocs. Now the term is commonly used to refer to the poorest, least developed countries. There is no clear definition of what constitutes a developing country, but factors like access to basic needs, a stable political system, and human development are discussed. Human development is defined by the UN as creating opportunities for people to lead productive lives according to their needs and interests.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
This document discusses the history and key aspects of economic globalization. It begins with early trade networks dating back 4000 BC, and describes how improved communication, transportation, and trade have increased global economic integration over time. It then contrasts protectionism versus trade liberalization approaches, and outlines international organizations that facilitate global trade such as the World Bank, IMF, and WTO. Both benefits and drawbacks of economic globalization are mentioned. Sustainability and balancing current versus future needs are also discussed in relation to global development.
The document discusses regionalization and globalization in Asia. It defines regionalization as the process of dividing an area into regions and globalization as the expansion and intensification of social and economic relations worldwide. It then analyzes factors leading to greater integration in Asia like trade, culture, and security needs. The document also outlines challenges to Asian regionalism such as nationalism, financial crises, differing visions of regionalism, and conflicts between sovereignty and stability. Finally, it provides details on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which aims to promote cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.
Globalization is a process of increasing integration and interaction between people, companies, and governments around the world. It is driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process affects many aspects of society including economics, politics, culture, and the environment. Some key aspects of globalization include the liberalization and integration of markets on a global scale, as well as the blending of cultures through increased travel, trade, and information sharing across borders.
Module 2 – THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
-Topics
1. The Global Economy & Market Integration
2. Role of International Financial Institution in the Creation of a Global Economy
3. The Global Interstate System and Contemporary Global Governance
This document discusses the history and concepts of economic globalization. It defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, capital flows, and spread of technologies. Key points include:
- International organizations like the IMF and World Bank help facilitate global economic cooperation and stability.
- International trade routes like the Silk Road date back millennia, though globalization accelerated in the late 20th century.
- The Bretton Woods system established rules for international monetary management in the postwar era. This system tied currencies to gold and aimed to reduce economic nationalism.
- Neoliberalism advocates free movement of goods, capital and services across borders, while limiting state intervention in markets
The Contemporary World: Global Economic StructuresAntonio Delgado
This document discusses economic globalization and related topics through four main sections. It begins by defining economic globalization and its emergence in the 1500s. It then examines the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 to regulate international monetary systems and addresses organizations it created like the IMF and World Bank. Other economic organizations are also outlined. Finally, it explores the role of multinational corporations in globalization through foreign direct investment and other activities.
The document discusses the term "Third World" and its evolution over time. Originally during the Cold War, Third World referred to non-aligned countries that were not part of the Western or Eastern blocs. Now the term is commonly used to refer to the poorest, least developed countries. There is no clear definition of what constitutes a developing country, but factors like access to basic needs, a stable political system, and human development are discussed. Human development is defined by the UN as creating opportunities for people to lead productive lives according to their needs and interests.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
This document discusses the history and key aspects of economic globalization. It begins with early trade networks dating back 4000 BC, and describes how improved communication, transportation, and trade have increased global economic integration over time. It then contrasts protectionism versus trade liberalization approaches, and outlines international organizations that facilitate global trade such as the World Bank, IMF, and WTO. Both benefits and drawbacks of economic globalization are mentioned. Sustainability and balancing current versus future needs are also discussed in relation to global development.
The document discusses regionalization and globalization in Asia. It defines regionalization as the process of dividing an area into regions and globalization as the expansion and intensification of social and economic relations worldwide. It then analyzes factors leading to greater integration in Asia like trade, culture, and security needs. The document also outlines challenges to Asian regionalism such as nationalism, financial crises, differing visions of regionalism, and conflicts between sovereignty and stability. Finally, it provides details on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which aims to promote cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.
This document discusses various aspects of economic globalization including:
- The definition and drivers of globalization including international trade, investment, and information technology.
- The role of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, WTO, OECD in establishing rules and frameworks to facilitate global economic cooperation and expansion.
- The debate around protectionism versus free trade and how nations approach economic integration.
- Both the potential advantages of economic globalization like increased trade, growth, and standards of living as well as disadvantages such as impacts on small businesses, global warming, and worker exploitation.
The document provides an introduction to concepts related to globalization and conditions in developing countries. It discusses how globalization refers to international integration of commodity, capital and labor markets. It also examines key events in recent rounds of globalization such as increased trade in services and foreign direct investment. Challenges faced by developing countries are also summarized, including winners and losers of trade liberalization as well as human rights and environmental concerns.
Globalization has occurred in various forms throughout history, from ancient civilizations trading goods along routes like the Silk Road, to the modern era of reduced trade barriers and global corporations. While some point to the modern age as the start of globalization, others argue it began as early as the Sumerian and Indus Valley Civilizations exchanging trade links. Key developments that expanded globalization included the Islamic period promoting trade, European colonialism in the 15th-16th centuries, the Industrial Revolution increasing production and exports, and the 20th century establishment of international organizations like the UN and WTO.
Globalization has led to significant economic and cultural changes in India over the past few decades. Economically, India has seen growth in sectors like IT and BPO outsourcing, as well as increased foreign direct investment and trade. Culturally, exposure to foreign media and goods has changed lifestyles and perceptions, especially among youth, though it has also been accompanied by some social issues like deterioration of values. Overall, globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges for India's economy and society.
Globalization is a complex phenomenon with arguments on both sides. Proponents argue that globalization leads to more efficient use of resources and economic growth that benefits all involved. However, critics argue that globalization threatens jobs and wages as companies outsource work overseas, and that it could undermine national sovereignty as corporations gain more power. Overall, there are reasonable perspectives on both sides of this complex issue with reasonable arguments that globalization may have both benefits and drawbacks.
This document discusses global governance and the role of the United Nations. It defines global governance as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations without a world government. The United Nations plays an essential role in global governance by managing knowledge, developing norms through conferences, formulating recommendations by convening groups, and institutionalizing ideas through its organizations that work on solutions. Significant international treaties that shape global governance include the UN Charter (1945), GATT (1947), Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), Kyoto Protocol (2005), and Rome Statute (1988).
Lesson 16,17 - Political Globalization (Task 1)Missws Choi
The document discusses several major international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that were formed by governments of different countries to promote cooperation and address global issues. It focuses on explaining the United Nations (UN) in depth. Key details include that the UN was founded in 1945 after WWII to replace the League of Nations, aims to maintain peace and security between nations and provide a platform for dialogue. It has 192 member states and six principal organs, and is financed by voluntary contributions.
The document discusses the global interstate system and the effects of globalization. It defines key terms like state, interstate, and economic sovereignty. It also examines the rise of neoliberalism and how it prioritizes market exchanges. Globalization impacts local governments by influencing policies, affecting jobs and property values. While international agreements like the Montreal Protocol show cooperation is possible, local governments face dilemmas balancing economic and social concerns with pressures from powerful corporations. A global network of states and non-state actors now governs issues that transcend national borders, including organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, and WTO.
The document provides information on various international organizations and institutions involved in global affairs. It begins with definitions of globalization and the global interstate system. It then discusses the origins and founding of the United Nations in 1942 by 26 allied nations to coordinate efforts in World War 2. The document outlines several UN agencies and specialized organizations like the WHO, UNICEF, FAO, along with other institutions that govern issues like trade, development, aviation, telecommunications and more. Regional economic commissions are also mentioned.
Globalization is a complex process involving the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures around the world. It can be defined narrowly in terms of economics or broadly to include various social and political ties between countries. There are debates around globalization regarding its impacts. While it allows faster communication and flow of ideas, it also contributes to issues like growing inequality, environmental problems, and loss of local culture and jobs. Both advantages and disadvantages exist, so governments aim to manage its effects.
The Contemporary World - CHAPTER 2.pptxLanceAllera
This document discusses several aspects of globalization including the global economy, factors affecting the global economy, types of economic integration, protectionism, leadership in the context of globalization, and global governance. It defines key terms like the global economy, protectionism, trade liberalization, horizontal and vertical integration. It also discusses why countries implement protectionist policies and qualities needed for effective leadership in a globalized world.
Global migration refers to people moving to live in foreign countries, often for work. It is a protected human right for people to freely move and migrate. There are many reasons why people migrate globally, including seeking job opportunities, reuniting families, fleeing from situations of injustice and war. The push-pull factors also influence migration - push factors relate to conditions that force people to leave their home country, like lack of jobs or conflict, while pull factors are benefits of opportunities in the destination country that attract migrants, such as potential for a successful career. Migrating can improve quality of life by providing new experiences and opportunities not previously available.
References:
Aldama, P. , (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store. 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Street Recto
Avenue Manila Philippines.
Claudio, L.& Abinales P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing Inc:839 EDSA, South
Triangle, Quezon City
San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys Through our Contemporary World. Vibal Group Inc.: 1253 G. Araneta
Avenue cor. Ma. Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City
Dekkers, R., (2010). Decision models for outsourcing and core competencies in manufacturing.
International Journal of Production Research, 38(17), 4085-4096.
Dolgui, A., and Proth, J.-M., (2010). Supply Chain Engineering: Useful Methods and Techniques. Springer,
London.
Narasimhan, R., Narayanan, S., Srinivasan, R., (2010). Explicating the mediating role of integrative
supply management practices in strategic outsourcing: a case study analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 48(2), 379–404.
Yang, C., Wacker, J. G., Sheu, C., (2012). What makes outsourcing effective? A transaction-cost
economics analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 50(16), 4462–4476.
Akamatsu, K. 1961. ―A Theory of Unbalanced Growth in the World Economy.‖
Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 86(1): 196–217. Allen, Michael. 2002. ―Analysis: Increasing Standards
in the Supply Chain.‖ Ethical Corporation, October 15.
Amsden, Alice H. 1989. Asia‘s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Gereffi, Gary. 1983. The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Gereffi, Gary. 1994a. ―The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S.
Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks.‖ Pp. 95–122 in Commodity Chains and Global
Capitalism, ed. Gary Gereffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Gereffi,Gary. 1994b. ―The International Economy and Economic Development.‖ Pp. 206–33 in The
Handbook of Economic Sociology, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
The history of globalization. Globalization: pros and consefendievaz
Globalization is defined as the increasing integration and interaction between people, companies, and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. It involves the increased movement of goods, capital, services and people across international borders. While globalization has been occurring for millennia, it has accelerated in recent decades due to reduced trade barriers and advances in transportation and communication technologies. Proponents argue it increases economic growth and opportunities, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and exploitation.
The political dimensions of globalizationMandeep Raj
The document provides an overview of the political dimensions of globalization. It discusses several topics:
1) It defines globalization and outlines several phases of increasing global connection and integration throughout history.
2) It identifies several types and effects of globalization, including technological, economic, financial, cultural, political, military, environmental, health, and resource-related globalization.
3) It examines the political dimension of globalization in more depth, identifying both threats such as fragile states, terrorism, authoritarianism, and organized crime, as well as benefits such as expanded diplomacy, international law, democracy, and development.
Regionalism in Asia is driven by several factors including market forces, the establishment of institutions like ASEAN and the ADB, economic cooperation between countries, and the expansion of production networks. However, Asian states face challenges to regionalism such as resurgent nationalism, ongoing financial crises, tensions between sovereignty and stability, and differing visions of regionalism between developed and developing countries. To confront issues like energy concerns, migration, transnational crime, and shifts in the global balance of power, Asian countries need to empower science and technology, strengthen border security, and enable stricter laws while preserving sovereignty and working together as a united region.
Globalization, its stages, causes, conditions and key players in globalization faranianum
Globalization involves the increasing flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It affects nearly every aspect of daily life as goods and services are increasingly produced in other countries. Globalization is driven by falling barriers to international trade and investment as well as technological innovations that facilitate global communications and transportation. While it creates opportunities for businesses and consumers, globalization also poses challenges such as less job security and potential damage to local cultures and environments.
This course introduces students by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. The focus on these issues is a multidimentional approach that integrates political, economic, historical geographical and sociological perspectives that created an increasing awareness of the interconnected- ness of peoples and places around the globe. The Contemporary World course is designed to provide students with an understanding of world events. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
- The document discusses globalization and its impact on developing countries. It outlines the promises of global institutions like IMF and WTO but also their failures.
- While globalization aims to promote trade and growth, the policies have often led to job losses and poverty without adequate safety nets. Developing countries face pressure to liberalize prematurely.
- The sequencing and pacing of reforms under programs like LPG (liberalization, privatization, globalization) is important but has not always been properly customized for individual countries. This has contributed to instability and a growing backlash against globalization.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
This document discusses various aspects of economic globalization including:
- The definition and drivers of globalization including international trade, investment, and information technology.
- The role of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, WTO, OECD in establishing rules and frameworks to facilitate global economic cooperation and expansion.
- The debate around protectionism versus free trade and how nations approach economic integration.
- Both the potential advantages of economic globalization like increased trade, growth, and standards of living as well as disadvantages such as impacts on small businesses, global warming, and worker exploitation.
The document provides an introduction to concepts related to globalization and conditions in developing countries. It discusses how globalization refers to international integration of commodity, capital and labor markets. It also examines key events in recent rounds of globalization such as increased trade in services and foreign direct investment. Challenges faced by developing countries are also summarized, including winners and losers of trade liberalization as well as human rights and environmental concerns.
Globalization has occurred in various forms throughout history, from ancient civilizations trading goods along routes like the Silk Road, to the modern era of reduced trade barriers and global corporations. While some point to the modern age as the start of globalization, others argue it began as early as the Sumerian and Indus Valley Civilizations exchanging trade links. Key developments that expanded globalization included the Islamic period promoting trade, European colonialism in the 15th-16th centuries, the Industrial Revolution increasing production and exports, and the 20th century establishment of international organizations like the UN and WTO.
Globalization has led to significant economic and cultural changes in India over the past few decades. Economically, India has seen growth in sectors like IT and BPO outsourcing, as well as increased foreign direct investment and trade. Culturally, exposure to foreign media and goods has changed lifestyles and perceptions, especially among youth, though it has also been accompanied by some social issues like deterioration of values. Overall, globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges for India's economy and society.
Globalization is a complex phenomenon with arguments on both sides. Proponents argue that globalization leads to more efficient use of resources and economic growth that benefits all involved. However, critics argue that globalization threatens jobs and wages as companies outsource work overseas, and that it could undermine national sovereignty as corporations gain more power. Overall, there are reasonable perspectives on both sides of this complex issue with reasonable arguments that globalization may have both benefits and drawbacks.
This document discusses global governance and the role of the United Nations. It defines global governance as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations without a world government. The United Nations plays an essential role in global governance by managing knowledge, developing norms through conferences, formulating recommendations by convening groups, and institutionalizing ideas through its organizations that work on solutions. Significant international treaties that shape global governance include the UN Charter (1945), GATT (1947), Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), Kyoto Protocol (2005), and Rome Statute (1988).
Lesson 16,17 - Political Globalization (Task 1)Missws Choi
The document discusses several major international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that were formed by governments of different countries to promote cooperation and address global issues. It focuses on explaining the United Nations (UN) in depth. Key details include that the UN was founded in 1945 after WWII to replace the League of Nations, aims to maintain peace and security between nations and provide a platform for dialogue. It has 192 member states and six principal organs, and is financed by voluntary contributions.
The document discusses the global interstate system and the effects of globalization. It defines key terms like state, interstate, and economic sovereignty. It also examines the rise of neoliberalism and how it prioritizes market exchanges. Globalization impacts local governments by influencing policies, affecting jobs and property values. While international agreements like the Montreal Protocol show cooperation is possible, local governments face dilemmas balancing economic and social concerns with pressures from powerful corporations. A global network of states and non-state actors now governs issues that transcend national borders, including organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, and WTO.
The document provides information on various international organizations and institutions involved in global affairs. It begins with definitions of globalization and the global interstate system. It then discusses the origins and founding of the United Nations in 1942 by 26 allied nations to coordinate efforts in World War 2. The document outlines several UN agencies and specialized organizations like the WHO, UNICEF, FAO, along with other institutions that govern issues like trade, development, aviation, telecommunications and more. Regional economic commissions are also mentioned.
Globalization is a complex process involving the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures around the world. It can be defined narrowly in terms of economics or broadly to include various social and political ties between countries. There are debates around globalization regarding its impacts. While it allows faster communication and flow of ideas, it also contributes to issues like growing inequality, environmental problems, and loss of local culture and jobs. Both advantages and disadvantages exist, so governments aim to manage its effects.
The Contemporary World - CHAPTER 2.pptxLanceAllera
This document discusses several aspects of globalization including the global economy, factors affecting the global economy, types of economic integration, protectionism, leadership in the context of globalization, and global governance. It defines key terms like the global economy, protectionism, trade liberalization, horizontal and vertical integration. It also discusses why countries implement protectionist policies and qualities needed for effective leadership in a globalized world.
Global migration refers to people moving to live in foreign countries, often for work. It is a protected human right for people to freely move and migrate. There are many reasons why people migrate globally, including seeking job opportunities, reuniting families, fleeing from situations of injustice and war. The push-pull factors also influence migration - push factors relate to conditions that force people to leave their home country, like lack of jobs or conflict, while pull factors are benefits of opportunities in the destination country that attract migrants, such as potential for a successful career. Migrating can improve quality of life by providing new experiences and opportunities not previously available.
References:
Aldama, P. , (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store. 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Street Recto
Avenue Manila Philippines.
Claudio, L.& Abinales P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing Inc:839 EDSA, South
Triangle, Quezon City
San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys Through our Contemporary World. Vibal Group Inc.: 1253 G. Araneta
Avenue cor. Ma. Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City
Dekkers, R., (2010). Decision models for outsourcing and core competencies in manufacturing.
International Journal of Production Research, 38(17), 4085-4096.
Dolgui, A., and Proth, J.-M., (2010). Supply Chain Engineering: Useful Methods and Techniques. Springer,
London.
Narasimhan, R., Narayanan, S., Srinivasan, R., (2010). Explicating the mediating role of integrative
supply management practices in strategic outsourcing: a case study analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 48(2), 379–404.
Yang, C., Wacker, J. G., Sheu, C., (2012). What makes outsourcing effective? A transaction-cost
economics analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 50(16), 4462–4476.
Akamatsu, K. 1961. ―A Theory of Unbalanced Growth in the World Economy.‖
Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 86(1): 196–217. Allen, Michael. 2002. ―Analysis: Increasing Standards
in the Supply Chain.‖ Ethical Corporation, October 15.
Amsden, Alice H. 1989. Asia‘s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Gereffi, Gary. 1983. The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Gereffi, Gary. 1994a. ―The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S.
Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks.‖ Pp. 95–122 in Commodity Chains and Global
Capitalism, ed. Gary Gereffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Gereffi,Gary. 1994b. ―The International Economy and Economic Development.‖ Pp. 206–33 in The
Handbook of Economic Sociology, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
The history of globalization. Globalization: pros and consefendievaz
Globalization is defined as the increasing integration and interaction between people, companies, and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. It involves the increased movement of goods, capital, services and people across international borders. While globalization has been occurring for millennia, it has accelerated in recent decades due to reduced trade barriers and advances in transportation and communication technologies. Proponents argue it increases economic growth and opportunities, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and exploitation.
The political dimensions of globalizationMandeep Raj
The document provides an overview of the political dimensions of globalization. It discusses several topics:
1) It defines globalization and outlines several phases of increasing global connection and integration throughout history.
2) It identifies several types and effects of globalization, including technological, economic, financial, cultural, political, military, environmental, health, and resource-related globalization.
3) It examines the political dimension of globalization in more depth, identifying both threats such as fragile states, terrorism, authoritarianism, and organized crime, as well as benefits such as expanded diplomacy, international law, democracy, and development.
Regionalism in Asia is driven by several factors including market forces, the establishment of institutions like ASEAN and the ADB, economic cooperation between countries, and the expansion of production networks. However, Asian states face challenges to regionalism such as resurgent nationalism, ongoing financial crises, tensions between sovereignty and stability, and differing visions of regionalism between developed and developing countries. To confront issues like energy concerns, migration, transnational crime, and shifts in the global balance of power, Asian countries need to empower science and technology, strengthen border security, and enable stricter laws while preserving sovereignty and working together as a united region.
Globalization, its stages, causes, conditions and key players in globalization faranianum
Globalization involves the increasing flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It affects nearly every aspect of daily life as goods and services are increasingly produced in other countries. Globalization is driven by falling barriers to international trade and investment as well as technological innovations that facilitate global communications and transportation. While it creates opportunities for businesses and consumers, globalization also poses challenges such as less job security and potential damage to local cultures and environments.
This course introduces students by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. The focus on these issues is a multidimentional approach that integrates political, economic, historical geographical and sociological perspectives that created an increasing awareness of the interconnected- ness of peoples and places around the globe. The Contemporary World course is designed to provide students with an understanding of world events. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
- The document discusses globalization and its impact on developing countries. It outlines the promises of global institutions like IMF and WTO but also their failures.
- While globalization aims to promote trade and growth, the policies have often led to job losses and poverty without adequate safety nets. Developing countries face pressure to liberalize prematurely.
- The sequencing and pacing of reforms under programs like LPG (liberalization, privatization, globalization) is important but has not always been properly customized for individual countries. This has contributed to instability and a growing backlash against globalization.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
The document discusses several key aspects of economic globalization and international trade. It defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, financial flows, and spread of technology. Major driving forces include the growth of information and marketization. The dimensions of economic globalization are the globalization of trade, financial markets, technology/communication, and production. Economic globalization creates transnational corporations as major players and helps integrate the world economy. The origins of modern economic globalization date back to long distance trade networks in the 16th century, with acceleration in the 19th century due to industrialization. The international monetary system facilitates international trade and payments between nations.
This document defines neoliberalism and outlines its history and critical analysis. Neoliberalism promotes free market capitalism and limited government intervention. Key institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO were established post-WWII to promote neoliberal policies and open markets. However, critics argue these institutions primarily serve developed countries' interests and impose conditions that spread neoliberal ideology rather than balance global economic power. The WTO in particular maintains inequalities despite a democratic structure.
Globalization has both benefits and costs for economic growth. It allows for greater specialization and trade between countries, improving productivity and GDP. However, it can also increase inequality as lower-skilled workers face more competition. While globalization has helped reduce poverty in some nations, it has also caused economic hardship for domestic industries unable to compete with imports. Overall, whether a country benefits depends on how well it adapts its infrastructure and workforce to the new global economic system.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies and societies through cross-border flows of goods, services, capital, people and ideas. While globalization grew substantially in the late 20th century, the degree of global economic integration was higher in the late 19th century. Globalization has increased trade, financial flows, and communication across borders but has also contributed to uneven impacts and inequality between wealthy and poorer nations. It involves a complex interplay between regional economic integration and worldwide connections that continues to evolve.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies and societies through cross-border flows of goods, services, capital, people and ideas. While globalization grew substantially in the late 20th century, the degree of global economic integration was higher in the late 19th century. Globalization has increased trade, financial flows, and communication across borders but has also contributed to regional economic blocs and uneven impacts among wealthy and poorer nations. It involves complex issues around its effects on development, inequality, labor migration, technology diffusion and cultural exchange.
The document discusses several aspects of the changing global economic environment since World War II. It notes that global markets have emerged and displaced local competitors. Economic integration has increased from 10% to 50% over the 20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. The automobile industry was once composed of local brands but is now highly globalized. Other changes discussed include increased capital movement, changing relationships between productivity and employment, and the emergence of a dominant world economy.
The document discusses the history and current state of the world economy. It covers the rise of globalization since the classical era and industrial revolution. While international institutions aimed to establish a fair world economic order after WWII, their policies have largely favored developed nations over developing countries. The New International Economic Order proposed in the 1970s aimed to improve conditions for developing nations, but many of its goals have yet to be realized. Currently, wealth remains concentrated in powerful economies like the US, Europe, and parts of Asia, while many other regions still struggle with underdevelopment and economic dependence. Significant structural reforms are suggested to create a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities around the world.
The Structure of Globalization Unit II Carmandomallo
This document defines economic globalization and its key drivers and structures. It discusses:
- Economic globalization refers to the growing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, capital flows, and technology spread.
- The two major driving forces are the rapid growth of information and marketization, which allows state enterprises to operate as market firms.
- Globalization has increased integration in trade, finance, technology, communication, and production across borders through mechanisms like transnational corporations.
- While internationalization is the extension of economic activities, globalization produces a qualitative transformation and new major players in the global economy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization including:
1. It defines globalization as the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy, with two facets being the globalization of markets and the globalization of production.
2. It discusses the emergence of global institutions like the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and UN that help manage and regulate the global marketplace.
3. The main drivers of globalization are identified as the decline in trade and investment barriers since WWII and technological changes that have reduced communication and transportation costs.
4. There have been significant changes in the global economic landscape over the past 50 years including rising economic output in developing countries and a shift in
The document discusses the history of economic globalization through three waves. The early wave involved trade along the Silk Road and Age of Exploration. The second, Keynesian liberal wave established institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT at Bretton Woods to promote global economic cooperation. The third, neo-liberal wave began in the 1970s with policies like free trade and deregulation. While economic globalization has increased global GDP and growth, it also creates uneven impacts and benefits transnational corporations more than some countries.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
This document summarizes an IMF report on globalization. It discusses how globalization has led to increasing integration of economies through greater movement of goods, services, capital and people across borders. It provides statistics showing rising global trade, foreign investment, and financial and personal flows between countries. The summary concludes that while globalization has benefits like increased access to goods, jobs and living standards, there are also risks that must be managed through policies promoting strong and stable economies.
This document provides an overview of globalization including definitions, a brief history, and contemporary issues. It defines globalization as the increasing integration and interaction of peoples, companies, and governments worldwide through trade, investment, information technology, and policy. The history discusses pre-1500 trade networks, the 16th century Manila-Acapulco trade, 19th century imperialism and free trade, mass migration 1870-1913, deglobalization 1914-1945 during the world wars, and contemporary globalization 1945-present with liberal economic policies and technology increasing connectivity. While globalization has benefits of development and standards of living, opponents argue it advantages multinational corporations over local enterprises and cultures.
Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world through integrated economies marked by free trade and movement of capital and labor. The document discusses the three main components of economic globalization: production, finance, and markets. It also examines cultural globalization through the globalization of food, sport, and converging consumption patterns. Political globalization is discussed through examples like the European Union and NATO, which establish international norms and ease movement and trade but can also decrease accountability. The global economy refers to interconnected worldwide economic activities between countries that can have positive or negative impacts, and emerging markets are important for long-term world economic outlook and microeconomic importance.
International trade allows countries to specialize and gain from exporting goods they produce cheaply while importing goods from other countries that produce them cheaply. There are direct benefits like increased income and indirect benefits like technology transfer. However, international trade can also negatively impact poorer countries if it prices out their domestic industries or leads to deterioration in their terms of trade. Trade agreements and economic integration aim to liberalize trade but have both costs and benefits that are debated. Governments use policies like tariffs and quotas to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and further other goals. Regional economic integration involves countries reducing barriers to create free trade areas, customs unions, common markets or unions with deeper coordination of economic policies.
The chapter discusses the development of the international monetary system from the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Key points:
- Countries realized after WWII that political freedom alone was insufficient and economic cooperation was needed for development.
- The Bretton Woods Conference established the IMF to oversee the new monetary system based on fixed exchange rates and use of the US dollar and gold standard.
- The system helped sustain trade growth but faced challenges of debt crises and fluctuations caused by moving to floating exchange rates in the 1970s. The balance of payments tracks a country's total economic relations internationally through trade, investment, aid and other flows.
Globalization has become an inescapable reality in today's society. It refers to the increasing integration of economies and societies around the world through trade, capital and information flows, and movement of people. While globalization has increased economic growth and opportunities in many countries, it has also contributed to rising inequality, threats to national culture and sovereignty, and greater economic disruptions that can spread across borders. As India has opened its economy to global trade and investment since the 1990s, it has experienced rapid GDP growth but also increased poverty, unemployment, and social issues alongside prosperity for some. India needs further reforms to fully leverage globalization while managing its risks and disadvantages.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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2. The Global Economy
•United Nations defines Economic globalization as
“increasing interdependence of world economies as
a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.”
•“It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual
integration of market frontiers and is an irreversible
trend for the economic development in the whole
world at the turn of the millennium. The rapid
growing significance of information in all types of
productive activities and marketization are the two
major driving forces for economic globalization.”
3. Two Major Driving Forces for Economic
Globalization
1. The rapid growing of information in all types of productive activities
2. Marketization (A restructuring process that enables state enterprises
to operate as market-oriented firms by changing the legal environment in
which they operate (20) and can be achieved through reduction of state
subsidies, organizational restructuring of management such as
corporatization, decentralization, and privatization (21) .
4. •One manifestations of economic globalization is the interconnections of
various components of production, where the stages in production takes
place in different location depends on the favorable conditions such as
cheap labor, raw material, skilled labor and market consumer.
5. Dimensions of Economic Globalization
1. The globalization of trade of goods and services
2. The globalization of financial and capital markets
3. The globalization of technology and communication
4. The globalization of production
6. Economic Globalization, Internationalization
and Localization
Economic globalization is a functional integration between internationally
dispersed activities which means that it is a qualitative transformation
rather than a quantitative change while internationalization is an
extension of economic activities between internationally dispersed
activities.
Internationalization is a corporate strategy that involves making products
and services as adaptable as possible, so they can easily enter different
national markets. This often requires the assistance of subject matter
experts. Internationalization is sometimes shortened to "i18n", where 18
represents the number of characters in the word.
7. What is Localization?
Localization is the process of adapting a product to a specific target
market. This usually happens after internationalization has taken place.
Where internationalization develops a product that’s easy to adapt for
many audiences in many different countries, localization takes that
product and makes it highly relevant for one specific market.
9. Emergence of Global trade
• According to Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo
Giraldez, global trade emerged in two ways:
•1.) all heavily populated continents began
to exchange products continuously – both
with each other directly and indirectly via
other continents, and
•2.) did so in values sufficient to generate
lasting impacts on all trading partners.
11. In the 16th century world system analysts identify the origin of
modernity and globalization through long distance trade in the 16th
century (25). This best known example of archaic globalization is the Silk
Road, which started in western China, reached the boundaries of the
Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome (26). It also
connected Asia, Africa, and Europe (27) .
12. In the 17th and 18th century global economy exists only in trade and
exchange rather than production as the world export to World GDP did
not reach 1 to 2 percent.
In the 19th century the advent of globalization approaching its modern
form is witnessed. A short period before World War I is referred to as
golden age of globalization characterized by relative peace, free trade,
financial and economic stability (29). Growth in international exchange of
goods accelerated in the second quarter of the 19th century. Global
economy in the 19th and 20th centuries grew by an average of nearly 4
percent per annum, which is roughly twice as high as growth in the
national incomes of the developed economies since the late 19th century
(30) .
14. Global Actors
• Multinational Corporations- it is a business organization whose
activities are located in more than two countries and is the
organizational form that defines foreign direct investment. This
form consists of a country location where the firm is
incorporated and of the establishment of branches or
subsidiaries in foreign countries (A.A Lazarus, 2001 p. 10197)
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF)- [187 countries] founded
at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, it is the official
organization for securing international monetary cooperation.
It has done useful work in various fields, such as research and
the publication of statistics and the tendering of monetary
advice to less-developed countries. It has also conducted
valuable consultations with the more developed countries.
15.
16. •North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO- it is based on the
North Atlantic Treaty, which provides the organization a
framework. The treaty provides that an armed attack against
one or more of NATO`s member nations shall be considered an
attack against them all. (30 members from North America and
Europe)
•World Trade Organization (WTO) [160 members representing 98
per cent of world trade], International Monetary Fund (IMF), and
the World Bank
•These three institutions underwrite the basic rules and
regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations
between countries. Many developing nations have loosened
trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the World Bank.
18. The Bretton Woods System
• The Bretton Woods System was largely influenced by John Maynard Keynes, a British
economist.
• Keynes believed that economic crises occur not when a country does not have
money, but when money is not being spent or not moving.
•Moreover, according to Keynes, when economies slow down, governments have to
reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital.
•The active role of governments in managing spending would serve as a basis for type
of system called global Keynesianism.
•In 1944, delegates at Bretton Woods created two financial institutions: The
International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
19. Keynesian Economics vs. Neoliberalism
• With the ideas of John Maynard Keynes being applied in IMF and World Bank’s
strategy, governments poured money into their economies in order to
reinvigorate their respective economies, although causing inflation. (Keynesian
economics)
•Nonetheless, the effectivity of the Keynesian economics was greatly tested in
the 1970’s when prices of oil rose dramatically due to Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OAPEC) decision to impose an embargo on US
and other countries due to the latter’s support on Israel (resupplying Israel
with needed arms for Yom Kippur War).
• Added with the 1973 and 1974 stock market crash in the US a phenomenon
called “stagflation” happened, wherein economic growth and employment
declined, with sharp inflation of goods. (prices increased)
• Even with great government spending and intervention on economy, this did
not remedy the situation.
20. NEOLIBERALISM
• With the failure of Keynesian economics to remedy the stagflation that
happened in US and other countries in the 1970’s, a new form of economic
thinking was introduced– Neoliberalism.
•According to Investopedia, Neoliberalism can be defined as a policy model that
encompasses both politics and economics and seeks to transfer the control of
economic factors from the public sector to the private sector.
• It called for the privatization of government-controlled services like water,
power, communications, transport.
• highlighted free markets
21. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ANDTRADEPOLICIES
International trade is the exchange of
goods, services and capital across
national borders. It is a multi-million
dollar activity, central to the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of many
countries, and it is the only way for
many people in many countries to
acquire resources (41). In acquiring
products where demand is inelastic
and domestic supply is inadequate,
there is absence traders, consumers
and suppliers are forced to either
develop substitute goods or devote a
large percentage of their income.
22. INTERNATIONAL
TRADEAND
TRADEPOLICIES
The two key concepts in the economics of
international trade are specialization and
comparative advantage.
Comparative advantage comes in; so long as
the two countries have different relative
efficiencies, the two countries can benefit
from trade – the country with absolute
advantage will still benefit by directing its
resources to those goods where it is most
productive and trading for the others;
specialization refers to this process;
countries as well as individual businesses can
maximize their welfare by specializing in the
production of those goods where they are
most efficient and enjoy the largest
advantages over rivals (43) .
23. INTERNATIONALTRADE
ANDTRADEPOLICIES
-pointsforconsideration-1
More affordable products for the
consumer is the result of competition.
The economy of the world is affected
by the exchange of goods as dictated by
supply and demand, making goods and
services obtainable which may not be
available globally to consumers.
Trading globally gives consumers and
countries the opportunity to be
exposed to goods and services not
available in their own countries.
24. INTERNATIONAL
TRADEAND
TRADEPOLICIES
-pointsfor
consideration-2
Almost every kind of products can be found
in the international market aside from
services being traded like banking, tourism,
etc.
Global trade allows wealthy countries to use
their resources such as labor, technology, or
capital more efficiently.
Because countries are endowed with
different assets and natural resources, some
countries may produce the same good more
efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply
than other countries (44) .
Specialization in international trade happens
if a country cannot efficiently produce an
item and obtain it by trading with another
country that can.
25. Trade policies on the other hand refer to the
regulations and agreement of foreign
countries (45). It defines standards, goals,
rules, and regulations that pertain to trade
relation between countries (46). Each country
has specific policies formulated by its officials.
Boosting the nation’s international trade is
the aim of each country. Taxes imposes on
import and export, inspection, regulations,
tariffs and quotas are all part of country’s
trade policy.
26. FOCUSESOF
TRADEPOLICY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE-1
Tariffs. These are taxes or duties paid for a
particular class of imports or exports.
Imposing taxes on imported and exported
goods is a right of every country. Heavy
tariffs on imported goods are levied by some
nations for the protection of their local
industries. The prices of imported goods in
local markets are inflated due to high
imported taxes to ensure demand of local
products.
27. FOCUSESOF TRADEPOLICYIN INTERNATIONAL
TRADE-2
Trade barriers. These are measures that governments or public
authorities introduce to make imported goods or services less
competitive than locally produced goods and services (47). They are
state-imposed restrictions on trading a particular product or with a
specific nation. It can be linked to the product, service like technical
requirement and it can also be administrative in nature such as rules
and procedures of transactions. Tariffs, duties, subsidies, embargoes
and quotas are the most common trade barriers.
28. FOCUSESOF
TRADEPOLICY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE-3
Safety. This ensures that imported products in
the country are of high quality. Inspection
regulations laid down by public officials ensure
the safety and quality standards of imported
products.
Consumer product quality and standards are
primarily governed by the Consumer Act
("Consumer Act"), which is a general law on
consumer products.
Food and Drug Administration Act of 2009
(Republic Act No. 9711), which amends the Foods,
Drugs and Devices and Cosmetics Act (Republic
Act No. 3720) ("FDA Law"), specifically regulates
"health products," which include food and other
consumer products that may have an effect on
health.
29. FOCUSESOF
TRADEPOLICYIN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE-3
Agencies that have control on the import
and export activities to ensure safety of
goods and services in the Philippines are:
Department of Trade and Industry
Bureau of Customs
Other line agencies such as DA, DoH and
DENR
30. TYPESOF
TRADE
POLICIES
National Trade Policy
This safeguards the best interest of its trade and
citizen.
Bilateral Trade Policy
To regulate the trade and business relations between
two nations, this policy is formed. Under the trade
agreement the national trade policies of both the
nations and their negotiations are considered while
bilateral trade policy is being formulated.
International Trade Policy
This defines the international trade policy under their
charter like the International economic organizations,
such as Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), World Trade Organization
(WTO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF).The
best interests of both developed and developing
nations are upheld by the policies.
31. TRADEPOLICY
AND
INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMY
In most developed countries where
open market economy prevails, the
international economic organizations
support free trade policies. In the case
of developing nations partially-shielded
trade practices are preferred to protect
their local trade industries. The
following are dependent on
globalization: sound trade policies for
market changes, establishment of free
and fair trade practices and expansion
of possibilities for booming
international trade.
32. Global Economy Outsourcing
Outsourcing is an activity that requires search for a partner and
relation-specific investments that are governed by incomplete
contracts and the extent of international outsourcing depends
on the thickness of the domestic and foreign market for input
suppliers, the relative cost of searching in each market, the
relative cost of customizing inputs and the nature of the
contracting environment in each country (50).
Subcontracting is a central element of the new economy (51). It
is the practice of assigning part of the obligations and tasks
under a contract to another party known as a subcontractor and
especially prevalent in areas where complex projects are the
norm like construction and information technology (52) .
33. Outsourcing is a means of finding a partner with which a firm
can establish a bilateral relationship and having the partner
undertake relationship-specific investments so that it becomes
able to produce goods and services that fit the firm’s particular
needs. Often, the bilateral relationship is governed by a
contract, but even in those cases the legal document does not
ensure that the partners will conduct the promised activities
with the same care that the firm would use itself if it were to
perform the tasks (53) .
Editor's Notes
International Monetary Fund (IMF) works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
The World Bank promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction by providing technical and financial support to help countries implement reforms or projects, such as building schools, providing water and electricity, fighting disease, and protecting the environment.
Investopedia is a financial media website headquartered in New York City, U.S.A. Founded in 1999, Investopedia provides investment dictionaries, advice, reviews, ratings, and comparisons of financial products such as securities accounts.
Embargo. An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country. "an embargo on grain sales.“
A duty is a target-specific form of tax levied by a state or other political entity. It is often associated with customs, in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues. The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad.
Subsidies is money given by a government or an organization to reduce the cost of producing food, a product, etc. and to help to keep prices low
Quotas in economics refer to the time-bound restrictions governments impose on trade. This is generally done to protect and encourage domestic business and balance trade. Governments implement quotas by placing limits on the value or number of goods exported or imported.