This document provides information about the boron family of elements. It discusses the occurrence, properties, and reactions of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. It focuses on boron compounds such as boranes, diborane, and borohydrides. It discusses the inert pair effect which causes the stability of lower oxidation states for heavier group 13 elements. The document also provides background on fullerenes including their discovery and C60 buckminsterfullerene.
It contains full explanation about borazine, which includes physical and chemical nature of borazine and it's applications. Which also includes CSIR and GATE questions.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
It contains full explanation about borazine, which includes physical and chemical nature of borazine and it's applications. Which also includes CSIR and GATE questions.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Bonding and Antibonding interactions; Idea about σ, σ*, π, π *, n – MOs; HOMO, LUMO and SOMO; Energy levels of π MOs of different conjugated acyclic and cyclic systems; Hückel’s rules for aromaticity; Frost diagram
Inorganic chemistry Unit-19 Metal Cluster.pdfkoreanhitz70
It's the best notes on the metal cluster of the subject inorganic chemistry. It presents knowledge on borane, diborane, carboranes, their reactions, introduction and classes.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Bonding and Antibonding interactions; Idea about σ, σ*, π, π *, n – MOs; HOMO, LUMO and SOMO; Energy levels of π MOs of different conjugated acyclic and cyclic systems; Hückel’s rules for aromaticity; Frost diagram
Inorganic chemistry Unit-19 Metal Cluster.pdfkoreanhitz70
It's the best notes on the metal cluster of the subject inorganic chemistry. It presents knowledge on borane, diborane, carboranes, their reactions, introduction and classes.
Inner Transition Element by Dr.N.H.BansodNitin Bansod
Inner Transition Element, electronic configuration lanthanide and actinide, lanthanide contraction & consequences, oxidation state, magnetic properties, ion-exchange method for separation, similarities, and differences of lanthanide and actinide
The topic is important for UG students. it covers almost all concepts of metallurgy. The important method of separation of ores, Ellingham diagram and its application.
Colligative properties of dilute solution is important topic of physical chemistry. mainly cover types with application of it day to day life... must to watch and share
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. THE GROUP 13 ELEMENTSTHE GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
Include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium.
Boron is the only nonmetal in the group many of their compounds of the
elements are electron deficient and act as Lewis acids. Aluminum is a metalloid
And gallium, indium and thallium are metals.
He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Mg Al Si
Ca Ga Ge
Sr In Sn
Ba Tl Pb
Ra
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 0
3. Occurrence and recovery
Al – most abundant and Tl and In are least abundant.
B:- Borax; Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O and kernite; Na2B4O5(OH)4.2H2O;
Borax - Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O → boric acid, B(OH)3 → boron oxide, B2O3
→reduced with Mg, hydrofluoric acid, HF
Pure boron is produced by reduction of BBr3 vapour with H2:
2 BBr3(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 B(g) + 6 HBr(g)
Al:- clays and aluminosilicate minerals and commercially as bauxite.
Gallium oxide occurs naturally as an impurity in bauxite and indium is obtained
in the Pb and Zn ores. Thallium compounds are found in the flue dust.
4. Element Symbol Atomic
No.
Electronic
Configuration
Valence shell
Configuration
Oxidation state
Boron B 5 [He] 2s2
2p1
2s2
2p1
III*
Aluminium Al 13 [Ne] 3s2
3p1
3s2
3p1
(1) III*
Gallium Ga 31 [Ar] 3d10
4s2
4p1
4s2
4p1
I III*
Indium In 49 [Kr] 4d10
5s2
5p1
5s2
5p1
I III*
Thallium Tl 81 [Xe] 4f14
5d10
6s2
6p1
6s2
6p1
I*
Inert
pair
effect
III
6. Inert pair effectInert pair effect
Increased in nuclear charges of the Ga,In,Tl elements due to
the presence of their poor shielding 3d,4d and 4f orbital electrons. As effect of
this ns2
pair remain as inert , does not take part in chemical reaction. Only
np1
electron take part in the chemical reaction.
Tl 3+
+ 2e- Tl1+
unstable oxidizing agent stable reducing agent.
Electronic configuration – ns2
np1
, Boron family Generally exhibit
+3 oxidation state as lower down the group (+1) oxidation state is
more stable is called Inert pair effect.
7. Diagonal relationship of Be and AlDiagonal relationship of Be and Al
Physical propertiesPhysical properties
1.As Be and Al atom has small and high charge density, therefore it has1.As Be and Al atom has small and high charge density, therefore it has
strong tendency to form covalent compounds.strong tendency to form covalent compounds.
2. Std.oxidation potential (Be/Be2. Std.oxidation potential (Be/Be2+2+
= 1.70 & Al/Al= 1.70 & Al/Al3+3+
= 1.67 volts= 1.67 volts
3. Be and Al are rendered passive with conc.HNO33. Be and Al are rendered passive with conc.HNO3
4. Be and Al form many stable complexes.4. Be and Al form many stable complexes.
5.Electronegativity of both elements are same (Be=Al=1.5)5.Electronegativity of both elements are same (Be=Al=1.5)
6.Heat of Vaporization are same (293 KJ/mol)6.Heat of Vaporization are same (293 KJ/mol)
7. Be and Al do not impart any colour to flame.7. Be and Al do not impart any colour to flame.
Chemical propertiesChemical properties ::
1.Halides of Be and Al are soluble in Organic solvent and acts as lewis acid.1.Halides of Be and Al are soluble in Organic solvent and acts as lewis acid.
(BeCl(BeCl22 and AlCland AlCl33))
8. Chemical propertiesChemical properties
22.. Both BeO and AlBoth BeO and Al22OO33 are amphoteric in nature.are amphoteric in nature.
They dissolve in acid as well as in alkaliThey dissolve in acid as well as in alkali
BeO + 2HCl BeClBeO + 2HCl BeCl22 + H+ H22OO
BeO +2NaOH NaBeO +2NaOH Na22BeOBeO22 + H+ H22OO
AlAl22OO33 + HCl 2 AlCl+ HCl 2 AlCl33 + H+ H22OO
AlAl22OO33 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO+ 2NaOH 2NaAlO22
3. Be and Al both reacting with NaOH, liberating Hydrogen3. Be and Al both reacting with NaOH, liberating Hydrogen
Be +2NaOH NaBe +2NaOH Na22BeOBeO22 + H+ H22
22Al + 2NaOH + 2HAl + 2NaOH + 2H22O 2NaAlOO 2NaAlO22
4.Beryllium carbide(Be4.Beryllium carbide(Be22C) and aluminium carbide (AlC) and aluminium carbide (Al44CC33) form methane) form methane
BeBe22C + 2HC + 2H22O 2 BeO + CHO 2 BeO + CH44
AlAl44CC33 + 2H+ 2H22O 2 AlO 2 Al22OO33 + CH+ CH44
9. BORON COMPOUNDSBORON COMPOUNDS
HYDRIDES
Boron directly react with hydrogen, and form covalent compound called –
Borane hydride (Boranes).
These are electron deficient, colourless and diamagnetic compound and by
analogy with alkane called boranes
They are classfied into categories
Higher boranes are classified according to their electron count:
Type Formula skeletal electron pairs Examples
Closo BnHn
2-
n + 1 B5H5
2-
to B12H12
2-
Nido BnHn+4 n + 2 B2H6, B5H9, B6H10
Arachno BnHn + 6 n + 3 B4H10, B5H11
Hypho BnHn + 8 n + 4 none
10. B B
H
H
H
H H
H
Structure of diborane
Wade’s Rules: established by Kenneth Wade in the 1970s based on correlation
between the number of electrons, the formula and the shape of the molecules.
This apply to a class of polyhedral called deltahedra because they are made up
of triangular faces resembling Δ. For molecular and anionic boranes - predict
shapes of molecule or anion from its formula.
B-H bonds – 2c-2e
B-H-B bonds – 3c-2e
Diborane, like all boranes, is electron-deficient. There are 12 electrons (6 from
H and 3 each from B). The four B-H bonds use 8 electrons, leaving 2 electrons
each for the B-H-B bonds. The B-H-B bonds are therefore electron –deficient
(short of 4 electrons)
11. Characteristics reactions ofCharacteristics reactions of
boranes and borohydridesboranes and borohydrides
• Cleavage of BH2 unit from diborane or tetraborane by
NH3.
• Deprotonation of large boron hydrides by bases.
• Reaction of boron hydrides with borohydride ions to
produce larger borohydride anions.
• Fridel-Crafts type substitution for hydrogen in
pentaborane and some larger boron hydrides
B
-
H
H
H
H
B
-
B
-
H
B
-
H
H
H
H
H
B4H10
+ 2 :NH3 B
-H
H
N
+
N
+
H
HH
H
H
H +
B
-
H
H
B
-H
H
H
H
B
- H
H
13. Properties of Diborane
It is a colourless gas with sweet odour and extremely toxic.
B2H6
B(NH2)3
RNH2
B(OH)3 boric acid
6H2O
2KBO2 + 6H2
2KOH +2H2O
X3BPR3
PR3
B2 O3
O2
B4H10 + H2
Heat
REACTIONS OF B2H6 COMPOUNDS
14. Element Symbol Atomic
No.
Electronic
Configuration
Valence shell
Configuration
Oxidation state
Carbon C 6 [He] 2s2
2p2
2s2
2p2 +4
Silicon Si 14 [Ne] 3s2
3p2
3s2
3p2 +4
Germanium Ge 32 [Ar] 3d10
4s2
4p2
4s2
4p2
+2 +2
Tin Sn 50 [Kr] 4d10
5s2
5p2
5s2
5p2
+2 +2
Lead Pb 82 [Xe] 4f14
5d10
6s2
6p2
6s2
6p2
+2
Inert
pair
effect
+2
15. Positive oxidation state andPositive oxidation state and
Inert pair effectInert pair effect
Electronic configuration – ns2
np2
, Boron family Generally exhibit
+4 oxidation state as lower down the group (+2) oxidation state is
more stable is called Inert pair effect.
Increased in nuclear charges of the Ge,Sn,Pb elements due to
the presence of their poor shielding 3d,4d and 4f orbital electrons. As effect of this ns2
pair remain as inert , does not take part in chemical reaction. Only np2
electron take
part in the chemical reaction.
Ge 2+
+ 2e- Ge4+
Less stable More stable
Sn2+
Sn4+
reducing agent More stable
Pb4+
Pb2+
less stable oxidizing agent more stable
16. Negative oxidation stateNegative oxidation state
Due to low electro negativity : certain compounds like Be2C, Al4C3,
CaC2.. Contain C4-
and C2
2-
19. Carbide : it is a compound composed of carbon and a less electronegative element.
Carbides can be generally classified by chemical bonding type as follows:
(i) salt-like,
(ii) covalent compounds,
(iii) interstitial compounds
20. Salt-like carbides :
Salt-like carbides are composed of highly electropositive elements such as the alkali
metals, alkaline earth metals, and group 3 metals including Sc, Y and La. Al from
group 13 forms carbides,
These materials feature isolated carbon centers, often described as "C4−
", in the
methanides or methides:
Be2C + 4H2O 2Be(OH)2 + CH4
Al4C3 + 12H2O 4 Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
two-atom units, "C2
2−
", in the acetylides
Na2C2 + 2H2O 2NaOH + C2H2
CaC2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
21. Covalent carbides:
The carbides of silicon and boron are described as "covalent carbides",
although virtually all compounds of carbon exhibit some covalent
character. Silicon carbide (SiC)has two similar crystalline forms, which
are both related to the diamond structure.
Boron carbide, B4C, on the other hand, has an unusual structure which
includes icosahedral boron units linked by carbon atoms. In this respect
boron carbide is similar to the boron rich borides.
Both silicon carbide (also known as carborundum) and boron carbide
are very hard materials and refractory. Both materials are important
industrially. Boron also forms other covalent carbides, e.g. B25C
22. Interstitial carbides:
The carbides of the group 4, 5 and 6 transition metals (with the exception of chromium)
are often described as interstitial compounds.These carbides have metallic properties
and are refractory. Some exhibit a range of stoichiometries, e.g. titanium carbide, TiC.
Titanium carbide and tungsten carbide are important industrially and are used to coat
metals in cutting tools.
The longheld view is that the carbon atoms fit into octahedral interstices in a close
packed metal lattice when the metal atom radius is greater than approximately 135 pm
When the metal atoms are cubic close packed, (ccp), then filling all of the octahedral
interstices with carbon achieves 1:1 stoichiometry with the rock salt structure.
23. FullerenesFullerenes
• Fullerenes are a family of carbon allotropes.
• The general formula of this series is C2n where
n= 14 to 48
if n < 40 it may have odd or even no.
if n> 40 it has always even no. C60,C70,C76,C78
24. PreparationPreparation
• Passing current from Graphite rod in inert atm.(Argon) at 200
torr pressure ----- Fluffy mass ---Fullerene soot.
Soluble in benzene, isolated and purified by chromatographic method and then purified
by sublimation in vacuum.
Properties : Magenta colour, Most symmetric in 3D, Round less,
edgeless,Chargeless,bouncy ball, spin over 1 billion per second
25. Discovery of the first fullerene: C60Discovery of the first fullerene: C60
• In 1985, Prof. Harold W. Kroto of the University
of Sussex joined Robert F. Curl and Prof.
Richard E. Smalley at Rice University to study
the products of carbon vaporization.
• They carried out molecular beam experiments.
• From the result, discrete peaks were observed
corresponding to molecules with the exact mass
of sixty or seventy or more carbon atoms.
• C60 was then discovered, and it was named
buckminsterfullerene which is named after
Richard Buckminster Fuller who designed
geodesic domes which is the same structure as
C60.
• Shortly after discovery of C60, it came to
discover the fullerenes.
Harold Kroto
Richard Errett Smalley
Robert Floyd Curl
26. Construction of the model of C60Construction of the model of C60
• Cut out 12 pieces of regular pentagon
paper and 20 pieces of regular hexagons
paper, keeping the length of their sides
as the same.
• Use transparent tape to attach the
shapes together.
• Each pentagon should be surrounded by
5 hexagons. Hexagons should be
surrounded by three hexagons and three
pentagons placed next to each other
alternately.
• Fold up the large piece of paper to form a
ball just as shown in the picture at the
left. A model is finished!
27. Structures of some fullerenesStructures of some fullerenes
• C60 (Buckminsterfullerene)
• 20 hexagon and 12 pentagon
C-C and C=C bond
it is like the shape ofit is like the shape of
a footballa football
*grey ball represents a carbon atom
28. Structures of some fullerenesStructures of some fullerenes
- structure consists
of 12 pentagons as
faces only
*grey ball represents a carbon atom
C20 (the smallest possible fullerene)C20 (the smallest possible fullerene)
29. Applications of fullerenesApplications of fullerenes
• 1)They have synthetic , Pharmaceutical and Industrial application.
• 2) They are used as support for Pd and Pt catalyst.
• 3) They are used in preparation of diamond films
• 4) Their derivative exhibit fascinating electrical and magnetic
behavior, Superconductivity.
• 5)Carbon Nanotubes - nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes. These
tubes of carbon are usually only a few nanometers wide, but they have
high tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high resistance to
heat, and relative chemical inactivity.
These tubes can help to make useful substances. For examples:
- tennis racket
- superconductor
- composite used in aircraft
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Element Symbol Atomic
No.
Electronic
Configuration
Valence shell
Configuration
Oxidation state
Nitrogen N 7 [He] 2s2
2p3
2s2
2p3
+5
Phosphorus P 15 [Ne] 3s2
3p3
3s2
3p3
+5
Arsenic As 33 [Ar] 3d10
4s2
4p3
4s2
4p3
+3 +3
Antimony Sb 51 [Kr] 4d10
5s2
5p3
5s2
5p3
+3 +3
Bismuth Bi 83 [Xe] 4f14
5d10
6s2
6p3
6s2
6p3
+3
Inert
pair
effect
+3
Nitrogen family (VA) Group
35. Negative oxidation state &PositiveNegative oxidation state &Positive
oxidation Stateoxidation State
Negative oxidation state :
Li3N,Ba3N2,Ca3N2 (nitride, N3-
)
Na3P,Ca3P2,(Phosphide P3-
)AsH3,SbH3,BiH3
Nitrogen show variety of oxidation state:
+1 : N2O, +2: NO, +3 : N2O3, +4 : N2O4, +5 : N2O5
Positive oxidation state :
These element show +3 & +5 Oxidation state when they combine with more
electronegative element
+3 Oxidation state
Phosphorus : PCl3,PF3,P2O3
Arsenic : AsCl3,AsI3,
Antimony : SbF3,SbI3,Sb2O3
37. Anomalous Behavior of NitrogenAnomalous Behavior of Nitrogen
This is due to, Small size, High electro negativity and availability of d-Orbital in a
valence shell.