Culture is a complex concept that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, customs, and habits acquired by people in society. It is learned rather than inherited, and transmitted between generations through socialization. A culture consists of both material aspects like housing and diet as well as non-material aspects like values and beliefs. Cultures are diverse due to geographical and other factors but also share some uniformity. Socialization is how culture is learned and shapes people's behaviors, roles, and personality to fit within a society. Modern societies are increasingly transcultural as elements of different cultures interact and influence each other.

1. Aashish Parihar
Nursing Tutor
College of Nursing,
AIIMS
Jodhpur

2. Content-
Culture- Meaning & its Nature
 Components of Culture
 Evolution of culture
 Diversity and uniformity of culture
 Culture and socialization
 Trans cultural society
 Influence on health and disease

3. INTRODUCTION
Culture is derived from the English word
‘Kulthra’ and Sanskrit word ‘Samskar’ which
denotes social channel and intellectual
excellence. Culture is a way of life.

4. DEFINITION
EB Taylor- Culture is a complex whole, which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by the man as a
member of society.
Leglic AY White- Culture is a symbolic continuous,
cumulative and progressive process.
Malinowski B- The cumulative creation of man; the
handwork of man and the medium through which he
achieves is ends.

5. DEFINITION
Graham wallas- An accumulation of thoughts, values and
objects; it is the social heritage acquired by us from preceding
generations through learning as distinguished from the biological
heritage which is passed on to us automatically through genes.
CC North- The instruments constituted by man to assist him in a
satisfying his wants.
Redfield- Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts,
objects, ideas attitudes, values and use of the symbols. Culture is
an organized body of conventional understanding manifested in
arts and artifacts which persisting through tradition, characterizes
the group.

6. NATURE OF CULTURE
Culture is a learned behavior not inherited. It is
learned through experience, imitation, communication,
concept, thinking and socialization process.
Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally
thus it is communicative. Vertical transmission is from
one generation to another whereas horizontal
transmission is from one group to another group within
the same period
Culture is social not individual the pattern of thinking,
feeling & acting can be shared by the members of the
group and kept relatively uniform through group
pressures.

7. NATURE OF CULTURE
Culture provides opportunities and provides means
for the satisfaction of our needs and desires to fulfill
group functions.
Culture is adaptive. It may institute changes in the
environment as a means of adopting, instead of altering
themselves to the changing environments.

8. NATURE OF CULTURE
Culture is dynamic. Couture is subjected to slow but
constant change. Couture respond to the changing
condition of the world.
Every society has its own culture.
Culture is continuous and cumulative
Culture is integrative.

9. TYPES OF CULTURE
There are two types of culture i.e. material
culture and non-material culture
Material culture- Material culture concerned
with the external, mechanical and utilitarian
objects. It can be easily communicated and
makes our life more comfortable, luxurious and
meaningful. Thus material culture has the
extrinsic value like housing, fashion, diet etc.
material culture represent the whole apparatus
of life or civilization.

10. TYPES OF CULTURE
There are two types of culture i.e. material
culture and non-material culture
Non-material culture- It includes the
concepts, values, mores and ideas e.g.
monogamy, democracy, worship etc.

11. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
It makes man as a human being.
To regulate the conduct and prepares the
human being for group life through the
process of socialization.
It defines the meaning of situation.
Provides solutions for difficult situations.
Defines values, attitudes and goals.

12. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
Broaden the vision of individuals.
Provide behavior patterns and relationship
with others.
Keep the individual behavior intact.
Moulds national character.
Define myths, legends, supernatural
believes.
Creates new needs and interests.

13. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Components of culture are as follows-
Symbols
Language
Values
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Customs

14. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Symbols
Anything that carries particular meaning
recognized by people who share the same
culture.
It can be either material object like flag a
cross or word or it can be a non material
object like sound gesture.
Symbolic meaning is obvious uniform in
culture and powerful.

15. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Language
A major symbolic system in use in all human
societies is languages.
Human languages are learned and variable, flexible
and generative.
Without language there is no culture.
It is language through which we are able to create
share, preserve and transmit cultural meanings
such as complex patterns of emotions, thought,
knowledge and beliefs.
Language is essential to give members of society a
sense of identity.

16. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Values
Values are general abstract moral principles
defining what is right or wrong, good or bad,
desirable or undesirable.
In other words values often come in pairs of
positive and negative terms.
Values define general moral qualities of behavior
expected from members of society such as
honesty, patriotism or commitment to freedom

17. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Folkways
Folkways are accepted ways of behavior.
According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior
pattern of every day life which unconsciously arises within a
group.
According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are
common to a society or a group that are handed down from
generation to the next.
According to Merill folkways are social habits or group
expectations that have arised in the daily life of the group.
Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character,
unplanned in origin, informal enforcement, varied in nature
and subjected to change.
Example of folkways are eating pattern, habits, communication,
dressing walking, working and greeting.

18. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Mores
Standard of behavior that influences the moral conduct
of people conformity to mass is called as mores.
According to MacIver & CH Page when folkways have
added to group welfare and high standards that are
converted into mores.
mores determine our conception of right or wrong and
proper and improper.
Mores differ from group to group and from society to
society.
Mores are dynamic, they keep on changing according to
changing need of society.

19. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Customs
Customs are formed on the basis of habits.
Customs are social habits which through
repetition become the basis of an order of social
behavior.
According to MacIver custom is a group
procedure that has gradually emerged without
express enactment without any constituted
authority to declare it, apply it, to safe guard it.

20. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Laws
Laws are enacted by the state or centre to have
control over individual.
According to Green law is more or less systematic
body of generalized rules, balanced between the
fiction of performance and fact of change
governing specifically defined relationship and
situations and employing force or the threat of
force in defined and limited ways.
Laws applies equally to all
Laws are definite, clear and precise.

21. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE
Evolution of specific culture is difficult to
identify .
But from the discoveries and inventions
cultural development can be identified.
But one thing is clear that culture is as old
as man.
Though the material aspects does not us
about the culture but reveals the evolution
of culture.

22. DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF
CULTURE
Culture is a set of behavior of a group.
Therefore there are many culture as there
are many groups. Culture of one group may
differ completely or in certain aspects from
other. These variations are known as
cultural diversity.
Factors responsible for diverse culture are as
follows-

23. DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE
Geographical location
Unconscious behavior imitated and later on
become a custom which is the part of culture
Flexibility in behavior
Technological advancement
Religious belief
Life style
Language

24. UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE
Uniformity of culture is meant by sharing the
same type of cultural pattern by the
different group of people.
Uniformity of culture is far more complex
than it seems.
Uniformity is based on the belief of God’s
superiority.

25. CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION
Culture is defined as the belief, values, behavior
and material objects shared by a particular
group of people.
Socialization is the process which shapes and
defines our thoughts, feelings and also provides
us with a model for our behavior.
This process of socialization teaches the human
being the cultural values and norms which
provide the guidelines for our everyday life.

26. CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION
Human infants are born without any culture.
They must be transformed by agents of
socialization such as family, parents, teachers,
peers and mass media into culturally adapt
human beings.
This general process of acquiring culture is
referred to as socialization.
Successful socialization can result in uniformity
within society.

27. CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION
Through the socialization personality
develops.
Socialization helps us to perform specific
role in society which is culturally bound.

28. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY
Transculturalism is defined as "seeing
oneself in the other".
Transcultural is in turn described as
"extending through all human culture" or
"involving, encompassing, or combining
elements of more than one culture".

29. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY
Transculturalism is characterized by the following:
Transculturalism emphasizes on the problematic of
contemporary culture in terms of relationships,
meaning-making, and power formation; and the
transitory nature of culture as well as its power to
transform.
Transculturalism is interested in dissonance, tension,
and instability as it is with the stabilizing effects of
social conjunction, communalism, and organization;
and in the destabilizing effects of non-meaning or
meaning atrophy. It is interested in the disintegration
of groups, cultures, and power.

30. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY
Transculturalism is characterized by the following:
Transculturalism does not seek to privilege the
semiotic over the material conditions of life, nor
vice versa.
Transculturalism accepts that language and
materiality continually interact within an unstable
locus of specific historical conditions.[5]
Transculturalism locates relationships of power in
terms of language and history.[5]

31. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY
Transculturalism is characterized by the following:
Transculturalism is deeply suspicious of itself and
of all utterances. Its claim to knowledge is always
redoubtable, self-reflexive, and self-critical.
Transculturalism can never eschew the force of its
own precepts and the dynamic that is culture.
Transculturalism never sides with one moral
perspective over another but endeavors to examine
them without ruling out moral relativism or meta-
ethical confluence.

32. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY
Transculturalism is characterized by the following:
Transculturalism seeks to illuminate the various
gradients of culture and the ways in which
social groups create and distribute their
meanings; and the ways in which social groups
interact and experience tension.
Transculturalism looks toward the ways in
which language wars are historically shaped and
conducted.