This document discusses various complications that can occur from red blood cell transfusions in children. It outlines several types of transfusion reactions including acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, febrile reactions, allergic reactions, transfusion-associated lung injury, infection, circulatory overload, metabolic toxicity, graft-versus-host disease, and iron overload. For each complication, it describes the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approach.
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
This presentation will throw light on transfusion reactions that are commonly observed in blood bank. These transfusion reactions are minor or allergic but sometime results in sever reactions and in severe cases may eventually leads to death of patient.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION.pptxdipyapatho
Adverse transfusion reactions:Adverse transfusion reactions are unwanted or harmful responses that can occur as a result of receiving a blood transfusion. While blood transfusions are generally safe, adverse reactions can happen in some cases. Here are some common types of adverse transfusion reactions in the presentation
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood.
Transfusion reactions are those reaction which is caused by the transfusion of blood or blood products at the time of transfusion or after completion of transfusion. each reaction should be consider serious.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. INTRODUCTION
■ Transfusions of red blood cells are given to children
in a wide variety of clinical settings.
■ Children with anemia due to congenital or acquired
disease, blood loss from trauma or surgery, or (in
the case of premature infants) blood sampling.
■ On the other hand, red cell transfusion has
significant risks, including volume overload,
transmission of infectious agents, and transfusion
reactions.
4. Acute hemolytic reactions
■ Medical emergency that results from the rapid
destruction of donor erythrocytes by preformed
recipient antibodies.
■ usually result from the mistransfusion of ABO-
incompatible red cells.
■ More typically occur when a group O recipient is
transfused with non-group O red cells.
■ These reactions involve naturally occurring IgM anti-
A and anti-B, which fix complement and cause rapid
intravascular hemolysis.
5. Acute hemolytic reactions
■ Fever and chills may be the only manifestations and,
in patients under anesthesia or in coma, DIC may be
the presenting mode, with oozing of blood from
puncture sites and hemoglobinuria.
■ direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test will be positive,
unless all of the transfused red cells have already
been destroyed and/or removed at the time of
testing.
■ This complication is best prevented, rather than
treated, by meticulous attention to patient and
sample identification.
6. Acute hemolytic reactions :
treatment
■ Stop the transfusion, but leave the intravenous line attached.
■ The bag containing the transfused cells, along with all attached
labels, should not be discarded, as repeat typing and cross-
matching of this unit by the blood bank will most likely be
required.
■ Maintain the patient's airway, blood pressure, and heart rate.
■ Begin generous fluid replacement immediately to initiate a
diuresis and avoid hypotension
■ From the other arm, obtain a sample for a direct antiglobulin
test, plasma free hemoglobin, and repeat type and cross-
match. Save a urine sample for hemoglobin testing.
7. Acute hemolytic reactions :
treatment
■ Avoid the use of Ringer's lactate solution because its content of
calcium may initiate clotting of any blood remaining in the
intravenous line.
■ Avoid dextrose-containing solutions because the dextrose
may hemolyze any of the remaining red cells in the line.
■ The blood bank should be alerted immediately, and a search
for clerical error should be instituted.
■ Every hospital has a protocol for evaluating transfusion
reactions, which should be rigorously followed.
8. Delayed hemolytic reactions
■ Delayed hemolysis results when the patient produces an
antibody days following a blood transfusion
■ It presents 2 to 10 days following transfusion as jaundice
and/or an unexpected fall in hemoglobin.
■ A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction is confirmed by
repeat antibody screening of the patient's plasma, which
demonstrates the presence of a specific alloantibody that was
not previously present.
9. Delayed hemolytic reactions
■ Positive direct antiglobulin test for IgG with a positive
eluate against the corresponding antigen will confirm the
diagnosis.
■ It is therefore important to make the diagnosis, inform
the patient of the name of the offending antigen, and
maintain appropriate hospital and blood bank records.
■ Subsequent red cell transfusions should utilize blood
that tests negative for the newly identified antigen.
■ No treatment is required in the absence of brisk
hemolysis
10. Febrile reactions
■ most common transfusion reaction is a febrile, nonhemolytic
transfusion reaction (FNHTR).
■ The clinical manifestations : fever, often a chill, and sometimes
mild dyspnea . within one to six hours after transfusion of red
cells or platelets.
■ FNHTRs are benign, causing no lasting sequelae, but are
uncomfortable and sometimes frightening to the patient.
Furthermore, since fever, may be the sign of a severe, acute
hemolytic transfusion reaction
11. Febrile reactions
■ It is now clear that FNHTRs are commonly caused by
cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), which are generated and
accumulate during the storage of blood components
■ Treatment includes stopping the transfusion and excluding a
hemolytic reaction or sepsis as the cause of fever.
■ Antipyretic therapy is given for symptomatic relief.These
reactions are reduced with leukoreduction (reduce the number
of leukocytes transfused)
12. Acetaminophen and antihistamine
premedication
■ A 2007 review summarized the data from studies that
evaluated the use of premedication to decrease the incidence
of FNHTRs or allergic transfusion reactions
■ Despite the fact that these medications are frequently ordered
prior to transfusion, the authors concluded that there is no
evidence to support the use of premedication with
antihistamines and/or acetaminophen for the prevention of
these reactions.
TobianAA, King KE, Ness PM.Transfusion premedications: a growing practice not
based on evidence.Transfusion 2007; 47:1089.
13. Acetaminophen and antihistamine
premedication
■ This conclusion was supported by a subsequent randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study of transfusion
reactions in 315 hematology/oncology patients scheduled to
receive leukocyte filtered blood products
■ Patients received acetaminophen 500 mg plus 25 mg
diphenhydramine or matching placebos 30 minutes before
transfusion and were monitored for the following four hours.
■ There was no significant difference in the overall risk of
transfusion reactions between the treatment and placebo
groups (1.4 versus 1.5 reactions/100 transfusions, respectively).
Kennedy LD,Case LD, Hurd DD, et al.A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of
acetaminophen and diphenhydramine pretransfusion medication versus placebo for the prevention
of transfusion reactions.Transfusion 2008; 48:2285.
14. Allergic and anaphylactic reactions
■ An anaphylactic, allergic, or anaphylactoid reaction to a blood
transfusion can vary in severity from mild hives and itching to
fatal anaphylaxis. manifested by shock, hypotension,
angioedema, and respiratory distress
■ While more common with plasma and platelet transfusions,
these reactions also may occur following red cell transfusion.
■ may occur within a few seconds to a few minutes following
the initiation of a transfusion, It is the rapid onset that is
characteristic of an ATR
15. Allergic and anaphylactic reactions
■ Treatment is
– Immediate cessation of the transfusion
– Epinephrine intramuscularly
– Resuscitation of hypotensive patients with intravenous
fluids
– Preparation, for possible administration, of an intravenous
epinephrine
– Airway maintenance, oxygenation
– Vasopressors (eg, dopamine), if necessary
16. Transfusion-associated lung injury
■ The presence of transfusion-associated acute lung injury
(TRALI) should be suspected when dyspnea, bilateral non
cardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypotension, and fever occur
within six hours of completion of transfusion.
■ TRALI is the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality in
the United States.
■ It is due primarily to the interaction between leukocytes from
the recipient and anti-HLA antibodies or antigranulocyte
antibodies from the donor.
■ Treatment is supportive.
17. Infection
■ All donated blood is extensively screened for transfusion-
transmitted infections; as a result, the risk of acquiring infection is
extremely low
■ Each unit of blood administered is screened for a number of
infections, including HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses.
■ Residual risk remains largely from "window period" donations,
during the time when antigen and/or antibody are of such low level
as to be undetectable by current techniques.
■ The risk of bacterial contamination of blood products is much
greater than the risk of viral transmission.
■ Fever , hypotension, or other signs of sepsis should be
investigated carefully in a patient who has received a transfusion.
18. Circulatory overload
■ Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) may occur in
children, although it is more common in adults.
■ Manifestations may begin near the end or within six hours of the
transfusion.
■ Patients should be monitored closely during this time period for
suggestive signs and symptoms, including dyspnea, tachycardia,
and a wide pulse pressure, often with hypertension.
■ Patients deemed to be at risk for volume overload (such as those
with impaired cardiac function) can be transfused at a slower rate
and diuretic therapy (eg, furosemide 0.5 to 1 mg/kg per dose) may
be used as a prophylactic measure and/or for treatment of
symptoms.
19. Circulatory overload
■ The symptoms of TACO are similar to those of TRALI.
Distinguishing features are as follows:
– TACO usually is associated with transfusion of a large volume
of blood or a high rate of infusion; TRALI may occur with
relatively small volumes at a slow rate
– Hypertension is commonly seen in TACO but is uncommon in
TRALI.
– Fever is typically absent in TACO whereas TRALI is often
associated with fever.
– Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is often elevated in patients
with TACO whereas it may be normal in TRALI.
– Patients with TACO usually responds well to diuretic therapy;
the response to diuretic therapy in patients with TRALI is
variable.
20. Metabolic toxicity
■ Hypocalcemia and/or hypoglycemia, which results from the
infused citrate in the preservative solution. Newborns are at
particular risk for this complication.
■ Hyperkalemia in patients who receive large volumes of blood
(eg, exchange or massive transfusions) or irradiated blood
(radiation increases cellular leakage of potassium).
■ Clinically significant accumulation of mannitol (a component of
preservative solutions) in neonates who receive large volumes
of blood may result in an osmotic diuresis.
■ Clinically significant accumulation of adenine (a component of
preservative solutions) in neonates who receive large volumes
of blood may cause nephrotoxicity.
21. Graft-versus-host disease
■ Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is
almost universally fatal and can be prevented by use of
irradiated products.
■ It is caused by viable, competent donor lymphocytes
■ To reduce the risk ofTA-GVHD in patients requiring red blood
cell transfusion, it is important to consider the immune status
of the child and use irradiated products if indicated
■ Patients who are at risk forTA-GVHD include premature, low
birth weight infants, infants and children with primary
immunodeficiencies, organ transplant recipients, and
patients receiving chemotherapy or other
immunosuppressive therapy.
22. Indication for irradiation of cellular blood
components for the prevention of
transfusion-associated graft-versus-host
disease
■ Immunocompromised hematopoietic stem cell recipients or
organ transplant recipients
■ Patients with hematologic disorders who will be undergoing
marrow transplantation imminently
■ Intrauterine transfusion
■ Neonatal exchange transfusions
■ Premature, low birthweight neonates
■ Hodgkin lymphoma
■ Congenital cell-mediated immunodeficiencies
23. Iron overload
■ Iron overload can be a significant problem in children who are
transfused chronically.
■ As an example, the main cause of death in patients with
thalassemia major is heart failure or fatal arrhythmia due to
deposition of transfused iron in the heart.
■ Children who are at risk for iron overload can be treated with
iron chelation therapy. It can reduce the damage produced by
the life-long need for red cell transfusions in these children.
■ In addition, exchange transfusion rather than simple
transfusion has been used in children with sickle cell disease,
partly to reduce the risk of iron overload.
Editor's Notes
Adsorption is the uptake of antibody by cells.
Elution is the removal of antibody from cells.
Absorption is the removal of antibody from serum, usually by adsorption.
amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).
Irradiated blood is blood that has been treated with radiation (by x-rays or other forms of radioactivity) to prevent TransfusionAssociated Graft-versus-Host Disease (TA-GvHD).
All granulocyte and tissue type matched transfusions are routinely irradiated. Fresh frozen plasma and plasma products e.g. anti-D, albumin and immunoglobulin do not contain lymphocytes or cause TA-GvHD and therefore do not need to be irradiated.