This document discusses human blood groups and types. It explains that blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells, specifically the A, B, and Rh antigens. People have one of four main blood types - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present. It also describes how blood typing works by testing a blood sample against various antibodies to detect agglutination. The Rh factor further divides blood types into positive or negative based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Understanding blood groups is important for blood transfusions and preventing diseases like erythroblastosis fetalis.

1. BLOOD GROUPS
A, B, O, AB and Rh factors
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2. Human Blood Groups
• RBCs have markers on their surface known as
antigens
• Antigens determine blood type
Antigens present on cell
surface
Blood type
A
Type A
B
Type B
A&B
Type AB
Neither A or B
Type O
Rh
Positive “+”
No Rh
Negative “-”
• Different antigens recognized as foreign by
antibodies
• Cause agglutiation
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3. ABO Blood Groups
• Based on the presence or absence of two
antigens (A and B)
• Blood contains antibodies
• anti-A or anti-B antibodies detect foreign blood
cells
• ex. If you have type A blood you would not
have anti-A antibodies…you would have
type B.
• Cause agglutination or clotting reaction
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4. What Blood Types Is This?
What blood types can it receive?
What blood types can it donate to?
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Table 16.4

5. Blood Groups
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6. Rh Blood Groups
• Rh is another marker “antigen” on RBC
surface, that contributes to blood type
• “+” = Rh present
• “-” = Rh absent
• Antibodies only develop after 2nd exposure
• erythroblastosis fetalis – mothers antibodies
reacting to the Rh factor of the fetal blood
• Prevented with injection of Rhogam
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7. Blood Typing
• To determine blood type
• Antibodies are added to blood samples
• When corresponding antigens are present
agglutination will occur
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8. ABO Blood Typing
Blood
Type
Being
Tested
RBC
Antigens
Serum
Reaction
Anti-A Anti-B
AB
A and B
+
+
B
B
–
+
A
A
+
–
O
None
–
–
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9. Blood being tested
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
Anti-A
Serum
Anti-B
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)
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Figure 16.16

10. Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Hematocrit
• Blood glucose tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess
hemostasis
• Complete blood count (CBC)
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11. Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess
hemostasis
• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
• Complete blood count (CBC)
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