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The document summarizes the key accessory digestive glands - the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The pancreas secretes enzymes to break down nutrients and hormones to regulate blood sugar. The liver produces bile to emulsify fats and performs many metabolic functions. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver and releases it in response to food in the duodenum.
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Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Absorption in small Intestine
1. The document discusses absorption in the small intestine, where nutrients are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
2. Carbohydrates are broken into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
3. These soluble substances are then absorbed into the epithelial cells of the small intestine through processes like facilitated diffusion, active transport, and micelle transport, before entering the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Physiology of digestion sj
# Physiology of Digestion for BSc and MSc students # composition and functions of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN DIGESTION
1. absorption: passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
2. chemical digestion: enzymatic breakdown of food
3. chyme: soupy liquid created when food is mixed with
digestive juices
4. defecation: elimination of undigested substances from the
body in the form of feces
5. ingestion: taking food into the GI tract through the mouth
6. mastication: chewing
7. mechanical digestion: chewing, mixing, and segmentation
that prepares food for chemical digestion
8. peristalsis: muscular contractions and relaxations that propel
food through the GI tract
9. propulsion: voluntary process of swallowing and the
involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the
digestive tract
10. segmentation: alternating contractions and relaxations of
non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food
forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with
digestive juices
liver
The liver performs many vital functions in the body including metabolic, storage, synthetic, secretory, excretory, heat production, hemopoietic, hemolysis, hormone and drug inactivation, and defensive and detoxification functions. Specifically, it metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and hormones. It stores glycogen, amino acids, iron, vitamins and produces glucose and plasma proteins. The liver secretes bile which aids in fat digestion and removal of waste. It also excretes cholesterol, toxins and viruses through bile and inactivates hormones and drugs by converting them to water soluble substances.
Membrane digestion & absorption
This document summarizes membrane digestion and absorption in the small intestine. It discusses how enzymes digest substrates in the mucus, glycocalyx, and on enterocyte membranes. Key points include the large surface area and efficiency of membrane digestion, as well as its close connection to absorption. Absorption involves both passive diffusion and active transport across enterocyte membranes and within microvilli. The major nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals - are absorbed primarily in the duodenum and jejunum through these membrane transport processes.
Physio git 9,10 plus mc qs.
The document summarizes gastrointestinal physiology, focusing on digestion and absorption. It describes how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into smaller fragments by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The fragments are then absorbed in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Proteins become amino acids. Fats are converted into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed with the help of bile and form micelles. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine through active transport or diffusion.
Recommended
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Absorption in small Intestine
1. The document discusses absorption in the small intestine, where nutrients are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
2. Carbohydrates are broken into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
3. These soluble substances are then absorbed into the epithelial cells of the small intestine through processes like facilitated diffusion, active transport, and micelle transport, before entering the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Physiology of digestion sj
# Physiology of Digestion for BSc and MSc students # composition and functions of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN DIGESTION
1. absorption: passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
2. chemical digestion: enzymatic breakdown of food
3. chyme: soupy liquid created when food is mixed with
digestive juices
4. defecation: elimination of undigested substances from the
body in the form of feces
5. ingestion: taking food into the GI tract through the mouth
6. mastication: chewing
7. mechanical digestion: chewing, mixing, and segmentation
that prepares food for chemical digestion
8. peristalsis: muscular contractions and relaxations that propel
food through the GI tract
9. propulsion: voluntary process of swallowing and the
involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the
digestive tract
10. segmentation: alternating contractions and relaxations of
non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food
forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with
digestive juices
liver
The liver performs many vital functions in the body including metabolic, storage, synthetic, secretory, excretory, heat production, hemopoietic, hemolysis, hormone and drug inactivation, and defensive and detoxification functions. Specifically, it metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and hormones. It stores glycogen, amino acids, iron, vitamins and produces glucose and plasma proteins. The liver secretes bile which aids in fat digestion and removal of waste. It also excretes cholesterol, toxins and viruses through bile and inactivates hormones and drugs by converting them to water soluble substances.
Membrane digestion & absorption
This document summarizes membrane digestion and absorption in the small intestine. It discusses how enzymes digest substrates in the mucus, glycocalyx, and on enterocyte membranes. Key points include the large surface area and efficiency of membrane digestion, as well as its close connection to absorption. Absorption involves both passive diffusion and active transport across enterocyte membranes and within microvilli. The major nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals - are absorbed primarily in the duodenum and jejunum through these membrane transport processes.
Physio git 9,10 plus mc qs.
The document summarizes gastrointestinal physiology, focusing on digestion and absorption. It describes how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into smaller fragments by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The fragments are then absorbed in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Proteins become amino acids. Fats are converted into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed with the help of bile and form micelles. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine through active transport or diffusion.
Anatomy unit 4 digestive and excretory systems small intestine notes
The small intestine is divided into three regions - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum secretes bile from the liver, pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bicarbonate to balance pH. These secretions help to further break down proteins and lipids. The jejunum and ileum contain microvilli that absorb nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream, while crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete enzymes to eliminate bacteria and dissolve remaining food matter.
Physio Gi 7,8.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal secretions from several organs. The pancreas secretes enzymes like lipase, amylase and proteases to digest fat, carbohydrates and proteins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver which contains bile salts that emulsify fats to aid digestion. The small intestine produces mucus, enzymes to further break down nutrients, and bicarbonate to neutralize acid. The large intestine secretes mucus and bicarbonate to protect its walls. Hormones like CCK and secretin regulate secretions from the pancreas and bile ducts.
Gastrointestinal absorption
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose), amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and water are absorbed in the small intestine.
The absorbed nutrients passes
from the lumen of the small
intestine into the bloodstream
Liver physiology
The liver has several important metabolic functions including carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism as well as vitamin storage and detoxification. It plays a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels by storing glycogen and gluconeogenesis. The liver metabolizes lipids through anabolism like cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and catabolism through fatty acid oxidation. It is also important for protein metabolism such as amino acid deamination and urea formation. The liver stores vitamins A, D, B12 and iron, and produces coagulation factors and bile which aids in fat digestion.
Physiology of Digestion in mouth cavity
The document discusses the physiology of digestion. It begins by describing the digestive tract as an open system that exchanges energy, substances, and information with the external environment. It then discusses the breakdown of foods through mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth, stomach, and intestines. This includes the roles of enzymes, hormones, and intestinal bacteria. The summary concludes by noting the digestive tract has several functions, including secretion, motility, absorption, and protection.
Metabolism
This document discusses metabolism and the gastrointestinal system. It defines metabolism as all biochemical reactions in the body and notes the gastrointestinal tract aids in ingestion and digestion of food. It then provides details on the structure and functions of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and their roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Key points covered include the types of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals), digestion processes, and storage and use of nutrients throughout the body.
Bile
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion. It contains bile salts that emulsify and solubilize lipids, allowing for absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to hormones like cholecystokinin during a meal. Disruptions to bile composition can lead to gallstones or malabsorption issues like steatorrhea.
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The document summarizes animal nutrition and digestion. It discusses essential nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water. It also describes the four main stages of food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination. Key parts of the digestive system are outlined including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, large intestine. The roles of different digestive organs and enzymes in breaking down and absorbing nutrients are summarized.
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The document discusses the human digestive system. It describes the major components of food and the process of digestion. The major parts of the digestive system are named and their functions outlined, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated digestive glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Key enzymes produced by these glands that break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are also mentioned.
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The document summarizes the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes the steps of digestion from ingestion to defecation. The main parts of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from these organs. Nutrients are then absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and cells before undigested waste is excreted during defecation.
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The document discusses pancreatic secretions and their regulation. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and proteases in inactive forms. Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin in the small intestine by enterokinase. Pancreatic secretions are regulated by vagus nerves, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin. CCK stimulates enzyme secretion while secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion. Bile is also discussed, including its role in fat digestion, composition, and enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Secretions of the small intestine, including enzymes on the brush border, are also summarized briefly.
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The document summarizes the key stages and processes of digestion. It describes the functions of the main parts of the digestive system including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as the roles of enzymes and hormones in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Absorption and motility in the small intestine is also summarized.
Physio Gi 9,10.
The document summarizes digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes into glucose, fructose and galactose. Proteins are digested into amino acids. Fats are emulsified and digested into fatty acids and monoglycerides using bile salts and lipase. Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, or passive diffusion depending on the nutrient.
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...
1) Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion.
2) The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated glands. It functions to ingest, secrete digestive juices, mix and propel food, digest nutrients, absorb them, and excrete waste.
3) Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice. Each contains different enzymes and components that play specific roles in digestion and are secreted in response to food in the digestive tract.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and have a unique shape that allows them to bind to specific substrates. They remain unchanged at the end of reactions and can be reused. Enzymes are named based on their substrates and have optimal temperatures and pH levels for activity. Coenzymes assist enzymes during reactions. Enzyme activity increases with temperature until they are denatured above 50°C and is also affected by pH levels. During seed germination, water activates enzymes like amylase and protease that digest starches and proteins into sugars and amino acids to fuel growth of the plumule and radical.
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The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It explains the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in producing enzymes and bile to aid digestion. It also outlines the processes of digestion and absorption that break down food and allow nutrients to be used by the body.
Anatomy of liver
The liver has both secretory and excretory functions. It is composed of four lobes and contains thousands of lobules which are the functional units. The lobules contain hepatocytes arranged in plates with sinusoids between them. Each lobule is surrounded by a portal triad containing a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein. It secretes bile which contains bile salts and pigments to aid in digestion and absorption of fats. The liver performs many vital metabolic, synthetic, storage and detoxification functions.
Anatomy-Bad Fish Unit: Digestion Notes
This document describes digestion that occurs in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. In the mouth, food is mechanically and chemically broken down by teeth and saliva enzymes. The chewed food or bolus is then swallowed through the esophagus using peristalsis. In the stomach, the bolus is further broken down by stomach muscles and enzymes in gastric juice. When fully digested, the liquid chyme exits the stomach into the small intestine where bile, pancreatic juice, and bicarbonate aid in further digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum.
GIT secretion
Saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, hepatic bile, and gallbladder bile are the five major gastrointestinal secretions. Each secretion has a distinct pH, color, composition, producing glands, functions, regulatory mechanisms, and conditions that increase or decrease their production. Saliva aids digestion and protects the oral cavity. Gastric juice contains acids and enzymes to break down food in the stomach. Pancreatic juice and hepatic bile neutralize stomach acids and aid fat digestion. Gallbladder bile emulsifies lipids and neutralizes acid in the small intestine. The secretions are regulated by neural, hormonal, digestive, and physiological factors.
Digestive system
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It explains the functions of these organs, such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also discussed. The pancreas is described as an exo-endocrine gland because it performs both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Introduction fisio
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology concepts including:
1) It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It also states that structure dictates function.
2) It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
3) It introduces the 11 organ systems and provides brief descriptions and components/functions of several key systems like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
4) It discusses homeostasis and how homeostatic control mechanisms maintain the body's internal environment through negative and positive feedback loops.
Aorta abdominal
La aorta abdominal tiene relaciones posteriores con la columna vertebral desde L5 hasta L1, relaciones laterales con los pilares del diafragma y las venas renales, e relaciones anteriores con las arterias celiaca, mesentérica superior y la arteria mesentérica inferior.
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Anatomy unit 4 digestive and excretory systems small intestine notes
The small intestine is divided into three regions - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum secretes bile from the liver, pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bicarbonate to balance pH. These secretions help to further break down proteins and lipids. The jejunum and ileum contain microvilli that absorb nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream, while crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete enzymes to eliminate bacteria and dissolve remaining food matter.
Physio Gi 7,8.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal secretions from several organs. The pancreas secretes enzymes like lipase, amylase and proteases to digest fat, carbohydrates and proteins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver which contains bile salts that emulsify fats to aid digestion. The small intestine produces mucus, enzymes to further break down nutrients, and bicarbonate to neutralize acid. The large intestine secretes mucus and bicarbonate to protect its walls. Hormones like CCK and secretin regulate secretions from the pancreas and bile ducts.
Gastrointestinal absorption
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose), amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and water are absorbed in the small intestine.
The absorbed nutrients passes
from the lumen of the small
intestine into the bloodstream
Liver physiology
The liver has several important metabolic functions including carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism as well as vitamin storage and detoxification. It plays a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels by storing glycogen and gluconeogenesis. The liver metabolizes lipids through anabolism like cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and catabolism through fatty acid oxidation. It is also important for protein metabolism such as amino acid deamination and urea formation. The liver stores vitamins A, D, B12 and iron, and produces coagulation factors and bile which aids in fat digestion.
Physiology of Digestion in mouth cavity
The document discusses the physiology of digestion. It begins by describing the digestive tract as an open system that exchanges energy, substances, and information with the external environment. It then discusses the breakdown of foods through mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth, stomach, and intestines. This includes the roles of enzymes, hormones, and intestinal bacteria. The summary concludes by noting the digestive tract has several functions, including secretion, motility, absorption, and protection.
Metabolism
This document discusses metabolism and the gastrointestinal system. It defines metabolism as all biochemical reactions in the body and notes the gastrointestinal tract aids in ingestion and digestion of food. It then provides details on the structure and functions of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and their roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Key points covered include the types of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals), digestion processes, and storage and use of nutrients throughout the body.
Bile
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion. It contains bile salts that emulsify and solubilize lipids, allowing for absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to hormones like cholecystokinin during a meal. Disruptions to bile composition can lead to gallstones or malabsorption issues like steatorrhea.
H B S+ Project(2)
The document summarizes animal nutrition and digestion. It discusses essential nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water. It also describes the four main stages of food processing - ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination. Key parts of the digestive system are outlined including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, large intestine. The roles of different digestive organs and enzymes in breaking down and absorbing nutrients are summarized.
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The document discusses the human digestive system. It describes the major components of food and the process of digestion. The major parts of the digestive system are named and their functions outlined, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated digestive glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Key enzymes produced by these glands that break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are also mentioned.
Neet physiology of digestion
The document summarizes the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes the steps of digestion from ingestion to defecation. The main parts of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from these organs. Nutrients are then absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and cells before undigested waste is excreted during defecation.
Physio gi-78-mcq plus.
The document discusses pancreatic secretions and their regulation. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and proteases in inactive forms. Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin in the small intestine by enterokinase. Pancreatic secretions are regulated by vagus nerves, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin. CCK stimulates enzyme secretion while secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion. Bile is also discussed, including its role in fat digestion, composition, and enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Secretions of the small intestine, including enzymes on the brush border, are also summarized briefly.
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The document summarizes the key stages and processes of digestion. It describes the functions of the main parts of the digestive system including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as the roles of enzymes and hormones in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Absorption and motility in the small intestine is also summarized.
Physio Gi 9,10.
The document summarizes digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes into glucose, fructose and galactose. Proteins are digested into amino acids. Fats are emulsified and digested into fatty acids and monoglycerides using bile salts and lipase. Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, or passive diffusion depending on the nutrient.
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...
1) Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion.
2) The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated glands. It functions to ingest, secrete digestive juices, mix and propel food, digest nutrients, absorb them, and excrete waste.
3) Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice. Each contains different enzymes and components that play specific roles in digestion and are secreted in response to food in the digestive tract.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and have a unique shape that allows them to bind to specific substrates. They remain unchanged at the end of reactions and can be reused. Enzymes are named based on their substrates and have optimal temperatures and pH levels for activity. Coenzymes assist enzymes during reactions. Enzyme activity increases with temperature until they are denatured above 50°C and is also affected by pH levels. During seed germination, water activates enzymes like amylase and protease that digest starches and proteins into sugars and amino acids to fuel growth of the plumule and radical.
He tieu hoa p6 (anh)
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It explains the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in producing enzymes and bile to aid digestion. It also outlines the processes of digestion and absorption that break down food and allow nutrients to be used by the body.
Anatomy of liver
The liver has both secretory and excretory functions. It is composed of four lobes and contains thousands of lobules which are the functional units. The lobules contain hepatocytes arranged in plates with sinusoids between them. Each lobule is surrounded by a portal triad containing a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein. It secretes bile which contains bile salts and pigments to aid in digestion and absorption of fats. The liver performs many vital metabolic, synthetic, storage and detoxification functions.
Anatomy-Bad Fish Unit: Digestion Notes
This document describes digestion that occurs in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. In the mouth, food is mechanically and chemically broken down by teeth and saliva enzymes. The chewed food or bolus is then swallowed through the esophagus using peristalsis. In the stomach, the bolus is further broken down by stomach muscles and enzymes in gastric juice. When fully digested, the liquid chyme exits the stomach into the small intestine where bile, pancreatic juice, and bicarbonate aid in further digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum.
GIT secretion
Saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, hepatic bile, and gallbladder bile are the five major gastrointestinal secretions. Each secretion has a distinct pH, color, composition, producing glands, functions, regulatory mechanisms, and conditions that increase or decrease their production. Saliva aids digestion and protects the oral cavity. Gastric juice contains acids and enzymes to break down food in the stomach. Pancreatic juice and hepatic bile neutralize stomach acids and aid fat digestion. Gallbladder bile emulsifies lipids and neutralizes acid in the small intestine. The secretions are regulated by neural, hormonal, digestive, and physiological factors.
Digestive system
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It explains the functions of these organs, such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also discussed. The pancreas is described as an exo-endocrine gland because it performs both exocrine and endocrine functions.
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Anatomy unit 4 digestive and excretory systems small intestine notes
Anatomy unit 4 digestive and excretory systems small intestine notes
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...
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Introduction fisio
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology concepts including:
1) It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It also states that structure dictates function.
2) It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
3) It introduces the 11 organ systems and provides brief descriptions and components/functions of several key systems like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
4) It discusses homeostasis and how homeostatic control mechanisms maintain the body's internal environment through negative and positive feedback loops.
Aorta abdominal
La aorta abdominal tiene relaciones posteriores con la columna vertebral desde L5 hasta L1, relaciones laterales con los pilares del diafragma y las venas renales, e relaciones anteriores con las arterias celiaca, mesentérica superior y la arteria mesentérica inferior.
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Este documento describe la anatomía de las arterias que se originan de la aorta abdominal, incluyendo sus ramificaciones y la irrigación que proveen. Explica que la aorta abdominal comienza en la parte inferior del diafragma y termina bifurcándose en las arterias ilíacas comunes. Luego enumera las principales arterias que se originan de la aorta abdominal como el tronco celíaco, las renales, mesentéricas y otras, describiendo brevemente su trayecto y función.
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THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR THE MEDICAL STUDENTS AND THEY NEED TO GIVE A SEMINAR ON THIS TOPIC I M SURE THIS SHALL PRETTY USEFUL FOR THE PURPOSE
Ch 25_lecture_presentation
This document provides an overview of the human digestive system through a series of slides from a PowerPoint presentation. It describes the main organs and sections of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also discusses the accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Each section includes diagrams and images to illustrate the anatomical structures and their functions in digesting and absorbing nutrients.
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This document discusses the development of the duodenum, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It describes how the duodenum forms through the development of loops and rotation. It also covers how the pancreas arises from ventral and dorsal buds that fuse. The liver forms from the hepatic bud that migrates to the abdomen. The gallbladder develops from the cystic duct and pars cystica of the liver. Some common congenital anomalies are also outlined.
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Este documento describe la anatomía de la aorta abdominal y las arterias del miembro inferior. Describe las características y relaciones de la aorta abdominal, así como sus principales ramas como la mesentérica superior, renales, gonadales y el tronco celíaco. Luego describe el sistema arterial del miembro inferior, incluyendo las arterias ilíacas internas y externas, femorales, poplíteas, tibiales y plantares.
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The document discusses the mesentery and peritoneum. It defines the mesentery as the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall. The peritoneum is the thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most abdominal organs. Between the two layers of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. The document also describes the histological appearance, embryological development, clinical significance and functions of the mesentery and peritoneum.
ABDOMINAL AORTA SCREENING
atherosclerosis is one of most common cause of aortic ds,screening of abdominal aorta in vulnerable population is very useful for prevention and early detection of future omplication.
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This document describes the anatomy and structures of the large intestine including the cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. It discusses the location, blood supply, lymph drainage, peritoneal coverings, and relationships to surrounding structures of each part of the large intestine. The document is authored by Dr. Sherif Fahmy and appears to be lecture notes on the anatomy of the large intestine.
Digestive System II
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
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Digest ii online
- 1. ACCESSORY GLANDS Pancreas, Liver, and gallbladder Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 2. Pancreas • Location • Inferior to stomach • Retroperitoneal • Head is encircled by the duodenum; tail abuts the spleen Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Pancreas • Soft triangular gland • Endocrine function – secretes hormones • Pancreatic islet cells • Insulin / glucagon : blood sugar regulation • Exocrine function – secretes enzymes • Pancreatic juice : neutralizes stomach acid Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Pancreatic Juice • Alkaline solution (pH 8), neutralizes chyme • Enzymes • Breakdown of sugars, proteins and fats • Amylase, lipases and proteases • Activated in the duodenum Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Stomach Pancreas Epithelial cells Membrane-bound enteropeptidase Trypsinogen Trypsin (inactive) Chymotrypsin Chymotrypsinogen (inactive) Carboxypeptidase Procarboxypeptidase (inactive) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.27
- 6. LIVER AND GALLBLADDER Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Liver • Largest gland in the body • Produces bile • Four lobes—right, left, caudate, and quadrate Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Parts of the Liver • Falciform ligament • Separates the right and left lobes • Suspends liver from the diaphragm • Round ligament (ligamentum teres) • Remnant of fetal umbilical vein Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. Sternum Bare area Liver Falciform ligament Left lobe of liver Right lobe of liver Gallbladder (a) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Round ligament (ligamentum teres) Figure 22.24a
- 10. Liver: Associated Structures • Lesser omentum anchors liver to stomach • Hepatic artery and vein at the porta hepatis • Bile ducts • Common hepatic duct leaves the liver • Cystic duct connects to gallbladder • Bile duct joining of common and cystic ducts Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Mucosa with folds Gallbladder Major duodenal papilla Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tail of pancreas Pancreas Jejunum Duodenum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Head of pancreas Figure 22.21
- 12. Liver: Function • Liver lobules • Functional units of liver • Hexagonal shape • Filter nutrient-rich blood • Composed of hepatocytes (liver cells) • Longitudinal central vein Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. (a) Lobule Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Central vein Connective tissue septum Figure 22.25a, b
- 14. Liver: Microscopic Anatomy • Hepatocyte functions • Process bloodborne nutrients • Store fat-soluble vitamins • Store glycogen • Perform detoxification • Produce bile • Kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages) in liver sinusoids Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. Bile • Yellow-green, alkaline solution containing • Bile salts • Bilirubin: pigment formed from heme • Cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 16. Bile • Enterohepatic circulation • Recycles bile salts • Bile salts → duodenum → reabsorbed from ileum → hepatic portal blood → liver → secreted into bile Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. The Gallbladder • Muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver • Stores bile • Releases bile via the cystic duct, • flows into bile duct • Bile secretion is stimulated by • Exposure to HCl and fatty chyme Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 18. Organ Coverings of the Abdominal Cavity All abdominal organs are supported by coverings • Parietal peritonium • Contacts abdominal wall • Greater omentum • Fatty sheet draped over organs • Visceral peritonium • Lesser omentum • Contacts abcominal organs • Connects liver to stomach • Mesentary • Double-layered tissue supporting organs Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 20. Organ Coverings of the Abdominal Cavity Liver Lesser omentum Pancreas Stomach Transverse mesocolon Duodenum Transverse colon Mesentery Greater omentum Jejunum Ileum Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum (d) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Urinary bladder Rectum Figure 22.30d
- 21. Bacterial Flora • Help to breakdown food • Found in the colon • Release irritating acids and gases • Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.