3. • Why it is essential to test blood groups before giving
blood transfusion?
• Is it essential to cross-match the blood before
transfusing the blood of a similar group? Why?
• Is there possible to have transfusion reaction in fetus?
• What is agglutination?
• What is the difference between antigen &
agglutinogen?
• What is the difference between antibody & agglutinin?
4.
5. Objectives
• Goal/Aim: To understand the different blood groups
and Rh system.
• Objectives: At the end of lecture, students will be able
to explain:
• ABO System
• Types of Blood groups
• How blood groups form
• Rh System
7. Blood Types
•Blood Type Systems (Hundreds)
• O-A-B Blood Types
• Rh Blood Types
•Basic basis:
• Antigens (Agglutinogens):
• On the surface of RBCs (& some Food & Bacteria)
• By birth
• Antibodies (Agglutinins):
• In Plasma
• Produced as a result of exposure to antigens
• IgG, IgM
9. ABO Antibodies
Level at birth is almost
ZERO
Declines with age after
14-18 years
Maximum at 14-16
years of age
10. Agglutination
• A reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or
bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps and
which occurs especially as a serological response to a
specific antibody.
• The erythrocytes clump up and stick together causing
them to agglutinate
15. Blood Group Markers
ABO Markers (antigen and antibodies)
Blood Type Antigen
(blood group)
Antibody
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A & B none
O None Anti-A &
Anti-B
21. Rhesus Blood Group System
• Six common type of Rh Antigen: C,D,E, c, d, & e.
• Person having C cannot have c antigen
• Same is true for D-d & E-e groups
• C/c & E/e: weak antigens and impractical to match.
• ‘D’: most immunogenic in the Rh system.
23. Rh antigens
• The persons having either of C, D, E antigens are Rh
Positive
• The persons having either of c, d, e antigens are Rh
negative
• Antigen D is most widely present antigen
24. Antibodies for Rh factor
• Normally not present in Rh+ or Rh – person
• Only develop in Rh – person exposed to Rh+ blood (2-3
weeks+)
• Subsequent exposure will cause severe reaction
• Most common Anti Rh antibodies are Anti D
26. 8 types of Blood Groups
Blood Group Antigen Antibody
A+ve A, D Anti-B
A-ve A Anti-B, Anti-D
B+ve B,D Anti-A
B-ve B Anti-A, Anti-D
AB+ve A,B,D NIL
AB-ve A,B Anti-D
O+ve D Anti-A, Anti-B
O-ve NIL Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D
Universal Donor
?
O-ve
Universal Recipient ?
AB+ve
27.
28. Assessment Q. 3
• If the mother’s blood group is B+ve and father’s A-ve,
then what are the possible blood groups of the
children?
29.
30.
31. References
• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Physiology , 13th Edition
• Ganong’s review of Medical Physiology,25th edition
• Human Physiology, from cells to system, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th
edition
34. SUMMARY POINTS
• The differences in human blood group are due to the
presence or absence of certain protein molecules called
antigens and antibodies.
• According to the ABO blood group system there are four
different kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB or O.
• Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red
blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who
have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.
35. Assessment Q. 4
• Name the antibodies present in the blood of a person
at the time of birth having blood group A-ve.
Answer: Nil
