The document discusses blood transfusion and summarizes key information in the following points:
1. Blood transfusion involves transfusing whole blood or blood components like red blood cells or plasma from one person to another. It defines indications for transfusion such as blood loss over 20% of volume or hemoglobin levels below certain thresholds.
2. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, and blood types defined by the presence of A, B, and Rh antigens. Proper matching of these antigens between donor and recipient is important to avoid agglutination or hemolysis reactions.
3. Testing procedures like blood grouping and cross-matching are discussed to determine a donor's blood type and check
This document provides guidelines for blood transfusion and alternatives. It recommends considering alternatives to transfusion such as erythropoietin, intravenous/oral iron, cell salvage, and tranexamic acid for non-bleeding surgery patients. For those requiring transfusion, it provides thresholds and dosing guidelines for red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and prothrombin complex concentrate based on bleeding status and test results. All decisions should consider the full clinical situation to avoid under or over-transfusion.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document summarizes information about blood transfusions. It discusses the history and development of blood transfusions, indications for transfusions, blood grouping and compatibility testing, potential complications, available blood components, and safe transfusion procedures. The presenter provides an overview of topics related to blood transfusions including donor screening, storage and handling of blood products, monitoring for side effects, and documentation of the transfusion process.
This document discusses principles of clinical transfusion practice and recent advances. It provides guidelines for use of blood products like packed red cells, platelet concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and discusses transfusion risks. Randomized controlled trials show restrictive transfusion strategies are at least as effective as liberal strategies, with lower mortality. Acute transfusion reactions and their management are outlined. The document also presents three clinical cases and asks what should be done in each case.
The document provides an overview of blood components and their uses in clinical practice. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and the development of techniques to separate whole blood into components. The key blood components discussed are packed red blood cells (PRBC), which are used to treat symptomatic anemia. PRBC are produced by removing plasma from whole blood and allow for faster correction of hemoglobin levels compared to whole blood. The document also discusses plasma derivatives produced from large pools of donor plasma through fractionation processes. It notes the various screening tests performed on donations and techniques used to reduce risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.
This document provides an overview of blood component therapy. It discusses the composition of blood and history of blood transfusion. It describes the preparation of various blood components like red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. It outlines the indications and guidelines for transfusion of these components. It also reviews trials on restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies and discusses adverse effects and management of transfusion reactions.
The document discusses blood transfusion, including defining it as the introduction of whole blood or blood components into venous circulation, outlining the various blood products that can be transfused and their purposes, and describing important nursing considerations for safely administering blood transfusions as well as potential transfusion reactions and appropriate nursing interventions.
Dr. Ibrahim Taha Barzinji defines blood transfusion as the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient. There are different types of blood transfusions including fresh blood transfusion, autologous transfusion, massive transfusion, and multiple transfusion. Blood can be separated into components including packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Proper pre-transfusion testing including blood typing and screening for diseases is important. Adverse effects of transfusion can be immune-mediated like hemolysis or non-immune mediated like bacterial contamination. Causes of transfusion reactions include clerical errors, technical errors, and contamination.
This document provides guidelines for blood transfusion and alternatives. It recommends considering alternatives to transfusion such as erythropoietin, intravenous/oral iron, cell salvage, and tranexamic acid for non-bleeding surgery patients. For those requiring transfusion, it provides thresholds and dosing guidelines for red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and prothrombin complex concentrate based on bleeding status and test results. All decisions should consider the full clinical situation to avoid under or over-transfusion.
The document provides information about blood transfusion. It defines blood transfusion as the transfusion of whole blood or its components from one person to another. The purposes of blood transfusion include restoring blood volume after hemorrhage, raising hemoglobin levels, and treating deficiencies. The components of blood used for transfusion are whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Blood typing and cross-matching must be done to match donor and recipient blood types to avoid transfusion reactions. The document discusses different types of transfusion reactions and their management.
This document summarizes information about blood transfusions. It discusses the history and development of blood transfusions, indications for transfusions, blood grouping and compatibility testing, potential complications, available blood components, and safe transfusion procedures. The presenter provides an overview of topics related to blood transfusions including donor screening, storage and handling of blood products, monitoring for side effects, and documentation of the transfusion process.
This document discusses principles of clinical transfusion practice and recent advances. It provides guidelines for use of blood products like packed red cells, platelet concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and discusses transfusion risks. Randomized controlled trials show restrictive transfusion strategies are at least as effective as liberal strategies, with lower mortality. Acute transfusion reactions and their management are outlined. The document also presents three clinical cases and asks what should be done in each case.
The document provides an overview of blood components and their uses in clinical practice. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and the development of techniques to separate whole blood into components. The key blood components discussed are packed red blood cells (PRBC), which are used to treat symptomatic anemia. PRBC are produced by removing plasma from whole blood and allow for faster correction of hemoglobin levels compared to whole blood. The document also discusses plasma derivatives produced from large pools of donor plasma through fractionation processes. It notes the various screening tests performed on donations and techniques used to reduce risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.
This document provides an overview of blood component therapy. It discusses the composition of blood and history of blood transfusion. It describes the preparation of various blood components like red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. It outlines the indications and guidelines for transfusion of these components. It also reviews trials on restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies and discusses adverse effects and management of transfusion reactions.
The document discusses blood transfusion, including defining it as the introduction of whole blood or blood components into venous circulation, outlining the various blood products that can be transfused and their purposes, and describing important nursing considerations for safely administering blood transfusions as well as potential transfusion reactions and appropriate nursing interventions.
Dr. Ibrahim Taha Barzinji defines blood transfusion as the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient. There are different types of blood transfusions including fresh blood transfusion, autologous transfusion, massive transfusion, and multiple transfusion. Blood can be separated into components including packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Proper pre-transfusion testing including blood typing and screening for diseases is important. Adverse effects of transfusion can be immune-mediated like hemolysis or non-immune mediated like bacterial contamination. Causes of transfusion reactions include clerical errors, technical errors, and contamination.
Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. Plasma contains nutrients, hormones, and clotting factors. Blood type is determined by genes and impacts compatibility for transfusions. The right blood must be given to the right patient at the right time to avoid complications like allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and hemolytic transfusion reactions which can be fatal if not addressed promptly. Proper protocols and documentation are essential for safe blood transfusions.
This document provides information on various blood products and massive blood transfusion. It defines massive blood transfusion as replacing one entire blood volume within 24 hours or transfusing over 10 units of packed red blood cells in 24 hours. It describes components of blood like whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and plasma derivatives. It discusses indications, storage, and risks of these products. It also outlines complications of massive transfusion like coagulopathy, hypothermia, acidosis, and circulatory overload and targets for resuscitation like maintaining hemoglobin, coagulation factors, platelets, pH, and temperature.
Blood component therapy involves transfusing only the necessary components of blood needed by a patient. This reduces waste and risks compared to whole blood transfusions. The main components are red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Each component has specific functions and indications for use in treating conditions like anemia, bleeding, or coagulation disorders. Proper collection, storage, and modification of the components helps maintain their viability and functions.
Selection of blood donor is the foremost and most important part in ensuring safe blood supply, donor selection guidelines has been revised by NBTC from time to time, this upload is of 2017
Blood transfusion guidelines provide recommendations for appropriate clinical use of blood and components to reduce risks. The risks of transfusion can be lowered through effective donor selection, screening, testing, component separation, storage, and clinical use. Transfusion is recommended when the hemoglobin is less than 7g/dL or the platelet count is less than 10,000/uL, depending on the clinical situation. Alternatives to allogenic transfusion include autologous donation prior to surgery, acute normovolemic hemodilution, erythropoietin, and blood salvage to reduce transfusion needs.
Autologous transfusion involves collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood to avoid allogenic blood transfusions. There are several techniques including preoperative blood collection and storage, acute normovolemic hemodilution during surgery, and intraoperative or postoperative blood salvaging from surgical sites. Autologous transfusion can help prevent transfusion-transmitted diseases and reactions, provide compatible blood, and comply with certain religious beliefs. However, it also carries risks of anemia and bacterial contamination. The document discusses the various autologous transfusion methods and their advantages, disadvantages, indications, and complications.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
This document provides information on interpreting complete blood count (CBC) results, including descriptions of various blood cells and abnormalities. It discusses malaria parasites that can be identified on peripheral blood smears using Giemsa stain. Thick and thin blood films are compared in their ability to detect malaria parasites and species. Appearances of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in blood films are illustrated. Additional tests for detecting malaria parasites and antigens are also summarized.
This document discusses blood transfusion, including definitions, types of transfusions, blood products, indications for transfusion, risks, and guidelines. It covers topics like whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Key points include that transfusion involves receiving blood products intravenously to replace lost blood, it can use one's own blood or from a donor, and decisions should be based on careful assessment of clinical and lab indications to save life or prevent morbidity.
1. Blood transfusion has evolved significantly since the first successful human transfusion in the early 1600s with discoveries like ABO blood grouping and advances in storage techniques.
2. Successful blood transfusion requires crossmatching between donor and recipient blood to minimize transfusion reactions as well as use of anticoagulants and plastic storage containers.
3. While blood transfusion can be life-saving, it also carries risks like acute transfusion reactions, chronic transfusion complications, and potential transmission of infections. Careful donor screening and testing helps reduce these risks.
It consists of slides about blood, various blood groups , pre-transfusion testing , blood products , conditions where blood transfusion is indicated and the various complications of blood transfusion in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
This document discusses blood components and their uses. It begins by explaining that effective blood transfusion now relies on separating whole blood into components. These components can meet most patient transfusion needs while minimizing risks. The document then discusses the various cellular and plasma components that can be derived from whole blood, including red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and more specialized components. It provides details on the preparation methods, storage, and clinical indications for each component type.
This document discusses transfusion therapy for a 22-year-old man with multiple penetrating chest wounds who has drained 1500mL of blood from his right chest. The most appropriate next step is to arrange transfusion and transfer to the operating theater. Transfusion therapy involves administering blood components like packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate to replace lost blood and clotting factors. The risks and complications of transfusion include acute reactions like hemolytic, febrile, allergic, and transfusion-related acute lung injury as well as delayed issues such as alloimmunization, iron overload, and transfusion-transmitted infections.
Transfusion reactions and blood productsReyaz Bhat
This document provides definitions and details regarding Transfusion Reaction Reporting Form (TRRF) and Investigative Surgical Blood Transfusion (ISBT) forms. It describes the structure and sections of each form including patient information, transfusion reaction details, transfusion product details, investigations, nature of adverse reactions, and imputability assessment. It also defines various blood components, their indications, storage requirements, and dosages. Signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions and their classifications are outlined. Key investigations for transfusion reactions are also mentioned.
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
The document discusses various functions and properties of blood, including transport, regulation, and protection. It then summarizes different blood products like packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor. It discusses their indications, storage requirements, and risks of transfusion such as allergic reactions, hemolytic reactions, febrile reactions, bacterial contamination, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and disease transmission.
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
1) The document discusses blood types and blood transfusion, focusing on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It explains how blood is classified into types A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of antigens, and how blood typing is important for compatibility during transfusions.
2) Rh blood types are also explained, with Rh-negative mothers at risk of producing antibodies against a Rh-positive baby's blood cells.
3) The document outlines precautions taken for blood donation, processing, testing, and transfusion to ensure safety and prevent transfusion reactions.
The document summarizes blood component therapy, which involves separating donated blood into components like red blood cells, platelets, and plasma that can be transfused to patients. It describes how blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma and discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems which determine transfusion compatibility. Component therapy allows for targeted replacement of specific blood elements and has expanded transfusion applications beyond simple volume restoration.
Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. Plasma contains nutrients, hormones, and clotting factors. Blood type is determined by genes and impacts compatibility for transfusions. The right blood must be given to the right patient at the right time to avoid complications like allergic reactions, febrile reactions, and hemolytic transfusion reactions which can be fatal if not addressed promptly. Proper protocols and documentation are essential for safe blood transfusions.
This document provides information on various blood products and massive blood transfusion. It defines massive blood transfusion as replacing one entire blood volume within 24 hours or transfusing over 10 units of packed red blood cells in 24 hours. It describes components of blood like whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and plasma derivatives. It discusses indications, storage, and risks of these products. It also outlines complications of massive transfusion like coagulopathy, hypothermia, acidosis, and circulatory overload and targets for resuscitation like maintaining hemoglobin, coagulation factors, platelets, pH, and temperature.
Blood component therapy involves transfusing only the necessary components of blood needed by a patient. This reduces waste and risks compared to whole blood transfusions. The main components are red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Each component has specific functions and indications for use in treating conditions like anemia, bleeding, or coagulation disorders. Proper collection, storage, and modification of the components helps maintain their viability and functions.
Selection of blood donor is the foremost and most important part in ensuring safe blood supply, donor selection guidelines has been revised by NBTC from time to time, this upload is of 2017
Blood transfusion guidelines provide recommendations for appropriate clinical use of blood and components to reduce risks. The risks of transfusion can be lowered through effective donor selection, screening, testing, component separation, storage, and clinical use. Transfusion is recommended when the hemoglobin is less than 7g/dL or the platelet count is less than 10,000/uL, depending on the clinical situation. Alternatives to allogenic transfusion include autologous donation prior to surgery, acute normovolemic hemodilution, erythropoietin, and blood salvage to reduce transfusion needs.
Autologous transfusion involves collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood to avoid allogenic blood transfusions. There are several techniques including preoperative blood collection and storage, acute normovolemic hemodilution during surgery, and intraoperative or postoperative blood salvaging from surgical sites. Autologous transfusion can help prevent transfusion-transmitted diseases and reactions, provide compatible blood, and comply with certain religious beliefs. However, it also carries risks of anemia and bacterial contamination. The document discusses the various autologous transfusion methods and their advantages, disadvantages, indications, and complications.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
This document provides information on interpreting complete blood count (CBC) results, including descriptions of various blood cells and abnormalities. It discusses malaria parasites that can be identified on peripheral blood smears using Giemsa stain. Thick and thin blood films are compared in their ability to detect malaria parasites and species. Appearances of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in blood films are illustrated. Additional tests for detecting malaria parasites and antigens are also summarized.
This document discusses blood transfusion, including definitions, types of transfusions, blood products, indications for transfusion, risks, and guidelines. It covers topics like whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Key points include that transfusion involves receiving blood products intravenously to replace lost blood, it can use one's own blood or from a donor, and decisions should be based on careful assessment of clinical and lab indications to save life or prevent morbidity.
1. Blood transfusion has evolved significantly since the first successful human transfusion in the early 1600s with discoveries like ABO blood grouping and advances in storage techniques.
2. Successful blood transfusion requires crossmatching between donor and recipient blood to minimize transfusion reactions as well as use of anticoagulants and plastic storage containers.
3. While blood transfusion can be life-saving, it also carries risks like acute transfusion reactions, chronic transfusion complications, and potential transmission of infections. Careful donor screening and testing helps reduce these risks.
It consists of slides about blood, various blood groups , pre-transfusion testing , blood products , conditions where blood transfusion is indicated and the various complications of blood transfusion in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
This document discusses blood components and their uses. It begins by explaining that effective blood transfusion now relies on separating whole blood into components. These components can meet most patient transfusion needs while minimizing risks. The document then discusses the various cellular and plasma components that can be derived from whole blood, including red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and more specialized components. It provides details on the preparation methods, storage, and clinical indications for each component type.
This document discusses transfusion therapy for a 22-year-old man with multiple penetrating chest wounds who has drained 1500mL of blood from his right chest. The most appropriate next step is to arrange transfusion and transfer to the operating theater. Transfusion therapy involves administering blood components like packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate to replace lost blood and clotting factors. The risks and complications of transfusion include acute reactions like hemolytic, febrile, allergic, and transfusion-related acute lung injury as well as delayed issues such as alloimmunization, iron overload, and transfusion-transmitted infections.
Transfusion reactions and blood productsReyaz Bhat
This document provides definitions and details regarding Transfusion Reaction Reporting Form (TRRF) and Investigative Surgical Blood Transfusion (ISBT) forms. It describes the structure and sections of each form including patient information, transfusion reaction details, transfusion product details, investigations, nature of adverse reactions, and imputability assessment. It also defines various blood components, their indications, storage requirements, and dosages. Signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions and their classifications are outlined. Key investigations for transfusion reactions are also mentioned.
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
The document discusses various functions and properties of blood, including transport, regulation, and protection. It then summarizes different blood products like packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor. It discusses their indications, storage requirements, and risks of transfusion such as allergic reactions, hemolytic reactions, febrile reactions, bacterial contamination, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and disease transmission.
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
1) The document discusses blood types and blood transfusion, focusing on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It explains how blood is classified into types A, B, AB, and O based on the presence or absence of antigens, and how blood typing is important for compatibility during transfusions.
2) Rh blood types are also explained, with Rh-negative mothers at risk of producing antibodies against a Rh-positive baby's blood cells.
3) The document outlines precautions taken for blood donation, processing, testing, and transfusion to ensure safety and prevent transfusion reactions.
The document summarizes blood component therapy, which involves separating donated blood into components like red blood cells, platelets, and plasma that can be transfused to patients. It describes how blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma and discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems which determine transfusion compatibility. Component therapy allows for targeted replacement of specific blood elements and has expanded transfusion applications beyond simple volume restoration.
The document provides an overview of blood groups and blood typing systems. It discusses the history and discovery of blood groups, the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, inheritance of blood groups, clinical applications like blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn. It describes the antigens and antibodies involved in blood typing, determining blood groups, population distributions of blood groups, and precautions for blood transfusions.
Blood groups. There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups
Blood group by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MH. Pandian M
This document discusses blood groups and blood typing. It begins with the history of blood transfusions and Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) in the early 1900s. The document then provides details on the antigens and antibodies that define each blood group, how blood typing is performed, blood group frequencies in different populations, and important considerations for blood donations and transfusions. It also discusses additional blood group factors like Rh and their clinical significance.
introduction into blood banking science.pptxAmany Elshamy
Blood banking refers to the collection, separation, and storage of blood. Key aspects of blood banking include typing blood by groups like ABO and Rh, testing donations for infectious diseases, and separating whole blood into components like red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. The blood banking process aims to ensure donated blood is safe for transfusion. About 36,000 units of blood are needed daily in the US, with over 21 million blood components transfused annually. Proper donor screening and health checks are important parts of the donation process to reduce risks.
A blood transfusion involves infusing whole blood or blood components into a patient's circulation to treat red blood cell loss or inadequate blood cell production. Blood typing and cross-matching must be performed to match the donor's blood group antigens with the recipient's antibodies to avoid transfusion reactions. Complications can include allergic reactions, circulatory overload, lung injury, and infections if the donor blood is contaminated. Proper donor screening and use of blood products help ensure safe and effective blood transfusions.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and cells. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The document discusses blood components, functions, disorders, and blood grouping in detail.
A elaborate note on "ABO Blood Group System"
All the concept related to ABO blood group (i.e.; from basics to genetics, biochemistry & heredity) is clearly described here.
If any question your mind approach, comment bellow, your doubt will be surely cleared through my reply.
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- 80% of the world's population only has access to 20% of the world's safe blood supply. Providing safe blood can prevent up to 150,000 pregnancy-related deaths.
- The main blood groups are ABO and Rh. The ABO system was discovered in 1901 and identifies the A, B, and O blood types. The Rh system identifies Rh+ and Rh- blood based on the presence of the RhD antigen.
- Blood donations are tested for blood type and screened for transmissible diseases before use. Compatibility testing between donor and recipient blood is also required to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions.
This document discusses blood typing and blood groups. It begins by explaining the purpose of blood typing before blood transfusions. It then covers the principles of blood groups based on antigens on red blood cells. The major blood groups are defined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens, resulting in types O, A, B, and AB. It also discusses the Rh factor and clinical significance of Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies. The document provides details on determining blood types using different antiserums and preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn. It defines terms like universal donor and universal recipient.
A blood group also called a Blood Type
Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.
ABO blood types are also present in some other animals for example rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.
The document discusses blood group (blood type) classification based on antigens and antibodies on red blood cells. The two main systems are ABO and Rh. ABO involves A, B, AB, and O antigens with corresponding A and B antibodies. Rh involves the D antigen which can cause disease if a D-negative recipient receives D-positive blood. Blood group is inherited and generally fixed, though rare changes can occur from disease, transplant, or addition/suppression of antigens. Compatibility is determined to avoid agglutination during transfusion. Testing involves mixing blood with A and B antibodies to check reaction.
1. Blood transfusion involves infusing blood or blood components into a patient's circulation to replace lost blood or treat anemia. It requires matching the donor and recipient's blood type and Rh factor to avoid dangerous transfusion reactions.
2. Complications can include infectious disease transmission, allergic reactions, lung injury, circulatory overload, and hemolytic reactions if the blood types are incompatible. Careful screening of donors and products, as well as monitoring during transfusion, aims to prevent complications.
3. Different blood components - including whole blood, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma - are used to treat various conditions like blood loss, anemia, low platelet counts, or coagulation disorders. The appropriate
- Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence or absence of antibodies in plasma. Carl Landsteiner discovered the four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves A and B antigens on red blood cells and naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The Rh system involves the D antigen and antibodies that only develop after exposure.
- Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types can cause transfusion reactions like hemolysis and acute renal failure due to circulating antibodies destroying red blood cells. Proper blood typing and matching is essential to avoid these complications.
This document discusses the role of blood group in blood transfusion. It explains that blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies in plasma. The main blood groups are A, B, AB, and O. Proper matching of blood groups between donor and recipient is essential to avoid transfusion reactions. Mismatched blood transfusions can cause immediate hemolysis or shock and delayed issues like jaundice. The Rh factor is also important, as an Rh-negative recipient can form antibodies when given Rh-positive blood. This can harm future Rh-positive babies in pregnancy.
ABO and Rh blood type incompatibilities between mother and fetus can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. ABO incompatibility is more common but less severe, as the mother's naturally occurring antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs starting from the first pregnancy. Rh incompatibility is less common but more severe, as sensitization only occurs after the first Rh-positive pregnancy, allowing subsequent pregnancies to be affected. Clinical management includes phototherapy, exchange transfusions, and Rh immune globulin shots to prevent sensitization. Understanding the biochemical basis of blood group antigens and maternal-fetal immune response is important for managing these conditions.
1. The document discusses blood component therapy, including the components of blood, blood typing and compatibility, and the use of specific blood components for transfusion. It describes how whole blood can be separated into red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and other components.
2. Compatibility of blood type between donor and recipient is important to avoid agglutination or other adverse reactions. The ABO and Rh blood group systems are discussed.
3. Blood component transfusion involves using specific isolated components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma rather than whole blood, allowing targeted therapy for different conditions. Risks and benefits of different components are reviewed.
1. The document discusses blood component therapy, including the components of blood, blood typing and compatibility, and the use of specific blood components for transfusion. It describes how whole blood can be separated into red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and other components.
2. Compatibility of blood type between donor and recipient is important to avoid agglutination or other adverse reactions. The ABO and Rh blood group systems are discussed.
3. Blood component transfusion involves using specific isolated components like red blood cells, platelets, or plasma rather than whole blood, allowing targeted therapy for different clinical needs. Risks of transfusion are also summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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3. Definition
Blood transfusion is the
transfusion of the whole blood
or its components such as
blood cells or plasma from one
person to another person.
4. Indication of blood transfusion
1. blood loss greater than 20% of blood
volume.
2. Hemoglobin level less than 8gm% in
normal patients.
3. Hemoglobin level less than 9 to 10
gm.% in patients with major disease like
ischemic heart disease.
5. Indication…….
4. transfusion is rarely indicated
when the Hb concentration is more
than 10 gm./ dl.
5. Transfusion is almost always
indicated when the Hb level is less
than 6gm /dl especially when the
anemia is acute
6. Indication……..
The 2006 ASA updated practice guidelines will
be updated again in 2015. the following
indication is recommend:
1. Blood loss greater than 20% of blood volume
when more than 100 ml.
2. Hb level less than 8gm/dl
3.Hb level less than 9- 10 gm./dl with major
disease emphysema and ischemic heart disease.
Hb level of less than 10gm/dl with autologous
blood
4. Hb level less than 11- 12 gm./ dl and
ventilator dependent
7. Indication…..
4.It is indicated during certain major operation ,
where good amount of blood loss example –
mastectomy abdominal perineal resection etc.
5.Preoperative blood transfusion is required
when the patients is anemic and surgery is
indicted urgently . When there is inadequate
time for effective iron therapy .
6.Postoperatively in a patient who has become
severely anemic from infection.
8. Indication…..
7. In a patients with bleeding disorders e.g.
hemophilia or thrombocytopenia etc.
8.After extensive burn where a good deal of blood
lost from burn skin.
9. In treating cases of erythroblastosis foetalis due
to Rh incompatibility , exchange transfusion also
performed through umbilical vein of new born baby.
10.In severe malnutrition and hypoproteinemia
blood transfusion is indicated before any type of
surgery
9. Whole blood-acute
blood loss , shock
Fresh frozen plasma
Liver disease
DIC
Factor 5,8 deficiency
Hemophilia A
Fibrinogen
deficiency
cryoprecipitate
PRBC-chronic severe
anemia, leukemia
Platelet concentrate-
thrombocytopenia
malignancy, major
surgery
granulocytes
neutropenia
Indication Related to Blood Components
10. Blood
Plasma – constitutes
55% of blood volume
Cells- 45% of cellular
fraction of body
Blood makes up about 7% of body
weight (about 5.6 liters in a 70kg
man.
In average 70 kg adult man a total
body water is about 60% of body wt
or about 42 litres.
11. Body fluid
Intracellular fluid
About 28 liters of fluid inside 100 trillions
of cells.
Extracellular fluid
about 14 liters.
Interstitial fluid
About 11 liters.
Plasma
About 3 liters.
12. Red blood cell
• Normal red blood cells are bi-concave discs having
a mean diameter of about 7.8 micrometer
thickness of 2.5 micrometer.
• The average volume of the red blood cell is 90-95
cubic micrometer.
• Red blood cells have the ability to concentrate
hemoglobin in the cell fluid up to about 34 gm. in
each 100 millimeters of cells.
• Each gram of pure hemoglobin is capable of
combining with 1.34ml of oxygen.
• Therefore in a normal man a maximum of about 20
milliliters of oxygen in each 100 milliliters of blood.
15. At least 30 commonly occurring antigen and
hundreds of other rare antigen , each of which
can cause a antigen antibody reaction, which
have been found on the surface of cell
membrane of human blood cell.
Two particular type of antigen are much more
likely than others to cause blood transfusion
reaction.
They are the O-A-B system of antigen and the
Rh system.
ABO BLOOD GROUPING
16. ABO BLOOD TYPES
• 2 antigen type A and type B occurs
on the surface of RBC in large
population of human being.
• These antigen also called
Agglutinogens.
• Blood of donor and recipients are
normally classified into 4 major O-
A-B blood types.
17. 0-A-B blood types
Type AB – when both A and B agglutinogen is present
Type –B- where only type B agglutinogen is present.
Type-A – where only type A agglutinogen is present
Type-O where neither A or nor B agglutinogen are present
18. The genes A,B and O
alleles, any one of three
may occupy the ABO
locus on each pair of
chromosome.
if the chromosome
inherited from the father
carried the gene A and
the mother carried the
gene B the child will be
the genotype AB
Person who inherits o
genes from both parents
belongs to blood group
O. O gene is amorphous
it does not produce a
detectable antigen
O-A-B blood types
19. Gene determination
• 2 Genes one on each of 2 paired chromosomes determine O-A-
B Blood types . These genes can be of anyone of 3 types but
only one type on each of the 2 chromosomes TYPE O TYPE A
TYPE B.
• The type O gene is either functionless or almost functionless .so
it can cause no significant type o agglutinogenon the cells.
• Conversely type A and type B genes do cause strong
agglutinogens on cells.
• The six possible combination of genes are OO,0A,OB,AA,BB,and
AB.
• These combination of genes is called genotypes and each
person is one of six genotypes
20. • A person with
genotypes OO
produce no
agglutinogens.
therefore the blood
type is O.
• A person with
genotypes OA or AA
produce type A
agglutinogens
therefore the blood
type A.
• Genotype OB and BB
five type B blood.
• Genotype AB given
type AB blood.
Genotypes Blood
types
Agglutinog
ens
Agglutinins
OO O - Anti-A
Anti-B
OA or AA A A Anti-B
OB or BB B B Anti-A
AB AB A and B -
21.
22.
23. • When type A agglutinogen is not present in a persons red blood cells antibodies known as
anti-A agglutinins develops in plasma. Type A blood contain type A agglutiniogens and anti-
B agglutinins,
Agglutinins
• When type B agglutinogen is not present in the red blood cells, antibodies known as anti-B
agglutinins develops in plasma. Type b blood contain type B agglutinogen and anti-A
agglutinins.
• Type O blood, containing no agglutinogen does contain both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins.
• Type AB blood contain both A B agglutinogens but no agglutinins.
24.
25. 1.The H antigen is produced by
fucosyl transferase which is
present on chromosome 9 .
2. fucosyl transferase made
fucose sugar.
3.Fucose sugar binds to the
oligosaccharides to form H
antigen.
4.When n- acetylglactosamine
added in H antigen it formed A
antigen.
5.NAGA is produced by
enzyme transferase A present
in long arm of chromosome 9.
6.B antigen is produced by
transferase B which produced
galactose.
H antigen
26. A single agglutinin can attach to
two or more red blood cells at
the same time.
27. • The antibodies are gamma globulins
called immunoglobulins.
• They usually constitute about 20 % of
plasma proteins.
• It contains two heavy and two light
chains.
• End of each light and heavy chain called
variable portion.it attaches to particular
type of antigen.
• The remainder of each chain is called
constant portion.
• A combination of non covalent and
covalent bonds holds the light and
heavy chain together.
agglutinins/antibodies
28. • There are 5 classes of antibodies
igM, igG ,igE, igA , igD.
• Ig stand for immunoglobulins.
• igG constitute about 75% of the
antibodies of the normal person.
• igE constitute only small
percentage of antibodies but is
especially involved in allergy.
• The igM class antibodies is formed
during primary reponse.
Antibody………
29. Action of antibodies on invading agents.
Agglutination
• When blood are mismatched so that anti-A or anti-B plasma agglutinins are
mixed with red blood cell that contain A and B agglutinogen.
• Agglutinins have 2 binding sites (IgG types ) `or 10 binding sites in (igM type).
• A single agglutinins can attach to 2 or more red blood cells thereby causing the
cell to bound together by the agglutinins .
• This cause the cell to clump which is the process of agglutination .
• Theses clumps plug small blood vessel throughout the circulatory system.
• During hours or days either physical distortion of cell or attack by WBC destroys
membrane of agglutinated cell releasing hemoglobin into plasma which is
called hemolysis of cells.
30. Rh blood types
There are six common types of Rh antigen
each of which is called an Rh factor.
These types are designted C,D,E,c,d,e.
A person who has a C antigen does not have
the c antigen,but the person missing C
antigen always has the c antigen.
The type D antigen is widely prevalent in
population and considerably more antigenic
than the other Rh antigen anyone who has
this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive.
Whereas a person who doesnot have type D
is said to Rh negative.
There are six common types of Rh
antigen each of which is called an Rh
factor. These types are designted C,D,E,c,d,e.
A person who has a C antigen does
not have the c antigen, but the person
missing C antigen always has the c
antigen
The type D antigen is widely prevalent
in population and considerably more
antigenic than the other Rh antigen
anyone who has this type of antigen is
said to be Rh positive.
Whereas a person who does not have
type D is said to Rh negative.
Rh antigen
31. When a red blood cell
containing Rh factor injected
into a person whose blood does
not contain the Rh factor.
So anti Rh agglutinins develops
slowly ,reaching maximum
concentration of agglutinins
about 2-4 month later.
With multiple exposure to the
Rh factor an Rh negative person
eventually become strongly
sensitized to Rh factor
Rh antigen
32. Compatibility testing
Consisting of two parts
Major cross match involves
mixing donor cells with
recipients serum
It is designated to detect
antibodies in the recipients
serum.
Minor cross match involves
mixing recipients cells with
donor serum.
The minor test is usually
considered less important
because of large dilution of
donor antibodies.
33. A cross match is essentially A
trial transfusion within a test
tube in which donor RBC is
mixed with recipient serum to
detect a potential for serious
transfusion reaction.
. The cross match is completed
in 45- 60 minutes[.
It is performed in three
phases .
A. Immediate phase
B. Incubation phase
C. Anti globulin phase.
Major Cross matching
35. Immediate
phase
The first and
immediate phase
is conducted at
room temperature
and check error in
abo typing .
. It detects abo
incompatibles and
those caused by
naturally occurring
antibodies in MN
P and Lewis
system. It take 1- 5
min to complete.
Cross matching
36.
37.
38. 1.The second or incubation phase involves incubation
of the first phase reaction at 37° Celsius in albumin or
low ionic strength salt solution.
2.The addition of albumin or low ionic solution aids in
the detection of incomplete antibodies or antibodies
able to attach to a specific antigen( sensitization) but
are unable to cause agglutination.
3.In a saline solution of RBC. This phase primarily
detects antibodies in the RH system.
4.An incubation period of 35- 40 minutes in albumin
and of 10 - 20 minutes in low ionic strength salt
solution
2. Incubation phase
39. Antiglobulin phase
Third phase or antiglobulin phase of the cross match the
indirect antiglobulin test. It involves the addition of
antiglobulin sera to incubated test tubes.
With this addition, antihuman antibodies present in sera
becomes attached to antibodies Globulin on the RBC
causing agglutination. This agglutination phase detects
most incomplete antibodies in blood grouping system
include RH Kell duffy and kidd blood grouping system.
40. COOMBS TEST
It is a test using antiglobulin
serum detect the antibody
coating the surface of red cells
Direct coombs test
To detects red cells
have absorbed
antibodies
Differentiate
between congenital
and acquired
haemolytic anemia
Indirect coombs
test
To detect incomplete antibodies during
pregnancy.
To detects D antigen
42. Autologous blood transfusion
Autologous blood transfusion as the name
suggest patients own blood is taken and
replaced back when necessary.
An healthy individual with no infection and
haematocrit of > 30% can predonate blood
few weeks prior to surgery which in turn can
be used at the time of surgery patient can
donate one unit of blood weekly .
44. Exchange blood transfusion
An exchange transfusion is a medical procedure
in which your blood is removed and replaced
with plasma or donor blood.
This is donor via catheter
This procedure is used to save the life of an
adult or child with life threatening blood
abnormalities
45. Massive transfusion
It is defined as transfusion of total blood volume in less
than 24 hours
In adults it is 5-6 liters, in infants it is 85ml/kg body
weight.
or single transfusion of blood more than 2500ml
continuously
Massive transfusion is used in severe trauma associated
with liver vessel cardiac pulmonary pelvic injuries
Often it is required during surgical bleeding (primary
hemorrhage on table) of major surgeries
46. WHOLE BLOOD
Cellular
components Fresh frozen plasma
fractionation cryoprecipitate
Red blood cells
platelets
Coagulation factor
immunoglobulin
albumin
47. Packed red blood cells
It is obtained by centrifuging whole blood at 2000-2300g for 15-20 minutes
2. It can be stored for 35 days at 1 -6 degree Celsius.
3.one unit contains 300ml with haematocrit about 70℅ one unit raises Hb ℅
by 1.0gm.
Red blood cell concentrate or packed cells consist of whole blood from
which the plasma has been removed.
48. plasma
• If the whole blood is kept for sometime a
sediment will form at the bottom of the
container.
• The upper portion is the plasma and blood
sediment is packed red cells.
• If the whole blood is centrifuged at
the rate of 2000-2500g for 15-20
min the whole blood will be divided
into 2 groups plasma and packed
cells
Repeated fractionation of plasma by organic liquid
followed by heat treatment result in this plasma
fraction.it is useful in shock due to burn acute
pancreatitis and intestinal obstruction
albumin
49. Fresh frozen
plasma
It is the
good
source of
all
coagulation
factors .
It is prepared by
centrifugation of
donor whole blood
within 4 hours
.frozen at -30degree
Celsius
Shelf life of 12 month at -30
degree Celsius.
A unit is typically 200-250ml.
Dose of FFP is 15ml/KG
Indication.
1.Severe liver disease with
abnormal coagulation
function
2.Congenital clotting factor
deficiency .
3.Defeciency following
warfarin therapy DIC,
massive transfusion
50. Cryoprecipitate
Cold-coprecipitate
If the fresh frozen plasma is allowed to
bring at a temperature of 4 degree
Celsius . It will be divided into a white
glutinous precipitate and supernatant
plasma .
It is usually stored at -
40 degree celcius. It is
very rich source of
factoe viii
So it is best treatment
of hemophilia (factor
viii deficiency)
The glutinous
precipitate is
known as
cryoprecipitate .
It also contain a good
amount of fibrinogen
and may be used in
condition of
hypofibrinogenaemia
51. Platelet rich plasma is
prepared by slow
centrifugation of fresh
whole blood at the
rate of 150 to 200 g for
15 minutes to 20
minutes. Platelet rich
plasma contain 5.5 x
109/ liter in 50ml
plasma.
Platelet concentrate is
prepared from platelet
rich plasma by
centrifugation at the
rate of 1500g for 20
min. platelet
concentrate can
increase unto 10,000
platelet /cumm in ne
hour.
Platelet is transfused
at a dose 0.1 unit/kg.
Uses of both
are-
Thrombocytop
enia purpura
Shelf life of
both- 5 days at
room
temperature
22º Celsius.-
Platelet rich plasma and platelet concentrate
52. Platelet concentrate
platelets are the only blood products which are stored
at room temperature .
Survival at room temperature is 4-5 days.
1 unit platelet increases the count by 5,0000-10,000.
Transfused platelet generally for 2-7 days following
transfusion.
Platelets are derived from multiple donors ,the
chances of disease transmission are high.
One unit of single donor platelet is equal to 5-8 units
of random donor platelets.
Therefore increases the platelet count by 30,0000-
40,0000.
53. Granulocyte transfusion
These are useful to patient s
who are neutropenia to prevent
and treat infection.
It has very short shelf life of 24
hours at room temperature
54. Storage of blood
Blood is stored in the cold part of refrigerator at 4º
Celsius .
It can be stored for 21 days if acid citrate
dextrose is used.
It can be be stored for 35 days if preservative
CDPA-1 is used.
If can be stored for 42 days if anticoagulant
ADSOL or NUTRICE is used
55. • citrate phosphate dextrose adenine -1 (CPDA-1) is an
anticoagulant preservative in which blood stored at 1-6°
Celsius.[
• citrate is an anticoagulant phosphate serves as a buffer
and dextrose is red cell energy source..
• The addition of adenine to citrate phosphate
dextrose(CPD)allows RBC to resynthesize adenosine
triphosphate which extends the storage time from 21 to
35 days. As result RBC Or whole blood can be stored for 35
days when stored in CDPA-1
• the shelf life can be extended to 42 days when AS-1
(adsol) AS-3 (nutricel) is As-5 optisol is
• adsol contains adenine glucose mannitol and sodium
chloride.
• Nutricel contain glucose adenine citrate phosphate and
nacl.
• Optisol contain only dextrose adenine nacl and mannitol.
56. Selection of donor
1.age-17-60yrs
2.Weight /height-above 45kg
/5fit
5.BP-systolic-
100-200mmh
Diastolic-50-
100mmhg
6.pulse-50-
100/min
3.Frequency of
donation-once in 3
month
4.Haemoglobin
level-more equal to
12gm%
Tempreture-98-
98.6ºF
57. 8.vaccination-those having received killed vaccines-
cholera diphtheria, influenza, tetanus, whooping
cough should donate one week after vaccination.
.Those having received live vaccine- BCG , smallpox
yellow fever rabies etc. must not donate for at least
3 weeks after vaccination.
9. Medical ailments-asthma, allergies ,
bronchiectasis ,embolism ,emphysema , epilepsy
hepatitis B, hypo& hyper thyroidism cvs disorder are
permanently unfit for donation.
Selection of donor…
58. Complication of blood transfusion
• Early complication
• Transfusion reaction
• Pyrexial reaction
• Allergic reaction
• Circulatory overload
• Air embolism
• Hyperkalemia
• thrombophlebitis
Late complication
• Transmission of infection
• Viral (hepatitis A,B,C,HIV,)
• Bacterial(salmonella)
• Parasites(malaria)
• Iron overload
59. Hemolytic reaction
Acute
These are due to
ABO incompatibility .
There is intravascular hemolysis.
Blood as low as 10ml can produce haemolytic reaction.
Clinical manifestation-pain and
Burning in vein, fever with chills and
Rigors .dyspnea chest
Pain. Haemoglobinuria. As little as 50ml of
Incompatible blood may exceed the binding
Capacity of hepatoglobin which is
Bind to 100mg of Hb /100ml of
Plasma.when the level 150mg/dl haemoglobinuris occurs
60. Delayed hemolytic reaction
These are extravascular hemolytic reaction.
Theses are usually due to Rh system or other
system like kell, duffy these reaction are mild
and seen after 2-21 days these reaction are
diagnosed by coombs test.
61. .
Allergic reaction
These are mild manifesting as urticarial and are mainly due to plasma protein
Febrile reaction
Incidence of 1-3%
These are due to infusion of white cell micro aggregates
The incidence of this reaction are minimized by the use micro filter blood sets with pore size
of 20-40 micrometer instead of conventional blood set up with pore size of 170 micrometer
which permits the infusion of WBC micro aggregates by using blood products
.
62. Infectious complication
Several blood safety changes made from 1982
to 2008 have made the risk for diseases
transmission by allogeneic blood so small that
even demand of autologous blood
Infectious
disease testing
for BT 1998
1.hepatitis-b, c 2.HIV 1 and 2
Serologic test
for syphilis
CMV