This biotech slideshare explain about Pathology. Different kinds of pathology. Different instruments used in detection of of any pathology related diseases like Sonography and X-ray.
Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorter is a powerful technique used in cell sorting, cell-cycle analysis etc.
The presentation gives a basic understanding of the principle of FACS, instrumentation, interpretation of results, applications, how to do cell-cycle analysis using FACS and various troubleshooting tips.
luminescence is the emission of light by substances as a result of some reactions.it is of 2 types flash and glow.based on reactions of substance luminescences are of different categories about 13 types described here,advantages,luminometer and nano BRET also explained.
Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorter is a powerful technique used in cell sorting, cell-cycle analysis etc.
The presentation gives a basic understanding of the principle of FACS, instrumentation, interpretation of results, applications, how to do cell-cycle analysis using FACS and various troubleshooting tips.
luminescence is the emission of light by substances as a result of some reactions.it is of 2 types flash and glow.based on reactions of substance luminescences are of different categories about 13 types described here,advantages,luminometer and nano BRET also explained.
gives a very brief info about western blotting procedures, attractive slides, with creative animation effects, i hope this ppt of mine works good for seminar and for educational purposes.
monoclonal antibodies are prepared in laboratories through hybridoma technique, which have their own significance in treating and diagnosing diseases like cancer detection and treatment, pregnancy test, locating blood clots, screening blood for HIU and diagnosing of various other diseases.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
Phase contrast microscopy by sivasangari shanmugam
Phase-contrast microscopy, first described by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1934.
It can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles).
X-ray Crystallography is a scientific method used to determine the arrangement of atoms of a crystalline solid in three dimension. It is based on x ray diffraction. Reveals structure of a crystal at atomic level.
gives a very brief info about western blotting procedures, attractive slides, with creative animation effects, i hope this ppt of mine works good for seminar and for educational purposes.
monoclonal antibodies are prepared in laboratories through hybridoma technique, which have their own significance in treating and diagnosing diseases like cancer detection and treatment, pregnancy test, locating blood clots, screening blood for HIU and diagnosing of various other diseases.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
Phase contrast microscopy by sivasangari shanmugam
Phase-contrast microscopy, first described by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1934.
It can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles).
X-ray Crystallography is a scientific method used to determine the arrangement of atoms of a crystalline solid in three dimension. It is based on x ray diffraction. Reveals structure of a crystal at atomic level.
The study of pathology will prepare the nurses to understand how the disease started, what was the main cause of disease process, how diseases are diagnosed and what changes may be expected at cellular, tissue and organ level during the illness.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
2. WHAT IS PATHOLOGY?
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Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids, and who
bodies (autopsies). The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to
field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in We
Europe during the Italian Renaissance.
Early systematic human infections were carried out by the Ancient Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon
Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC. The first physician known to have made postmo
dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161). Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally
recognised to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians
surgeons.
3. General Pathology
General pathology is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of
injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body’s means of responding to and repairing injury. Areas of study
include cellular adaptation to injury, necrosis, inflammation, wound healing and neoplasia. It forms the
foundation of pathology, the application of this knowledge to diagnose diseases in humans and animals.
The term “general pathology” is also used to describe the practice of both anatomical and clinical
pathology.
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4. Anatomic Pathology
Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based
on the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and
whole bodies (autopsy).
Anatomic pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology,
cytopathology, and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice pathology, one has to complete
medical school and secure a license to practice medicine. An approved residency program and
certification (in the U.S., the American board of Pathology or the American Osteopathic Board of
Pathology) is usually required to obtain employment or hospital privileges.
Anatomic pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the
diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and/or tissues. Often, pathologists
practice both anatomic and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. The
distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology is increasingly blurred by the introduction of
technologies that require new expertise and the need to provide patients and referring physicians with
integrated diagnostic reports. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.
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5. Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology or Laboratory medicine, is a medical specialty that is concerned with the
diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine,
and tissues using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.
Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with medical technologists, hospital
administrations, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of
laboratory testing.
Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomic
pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomic and clinical pathology, a combination
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6. Sonography is a painless medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to
produce visual images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. Depending on the
situation, sonography may be used to examine the abdomen, breasts, prostate, female
reproductive organs, heart, blood vessels, and other areas.In obstetrics, sonography is used
to determine the number, age, and location of a fetas, as well as to check for potential birth
defects. It is also used to identify abnormalities in the abdomen, such as liver disease or
gallstones. Sonograms can also be used to detect heart disease. And therapeutically,
sonography is often used to speed healing of injured muscles and joints through the
application of deep heat.
During a sonogram, the sonographer applies an odourless, colourless gel to the area to be
examined. This gel helps conduct the sound waves from the ultrasound transducer to the
area of focus. The sonographer moves the transducer around on the skin, which sends a
stream of high-frequency sound waves into the body that bounce off the organs and tissues
inside. As the waves bounce off internal structures, they create images that appear on a
monitor. The sonographer watches the monitor, and he or she looks for visual cues that
indicate whether the area being studied is healthy or unhealthy. The sonographer saves and
stores the most important images he or she sees, and a physician then examines those
images to make a diagnosis.
Sonography
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7. X-ray
X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging
creates pictures of the inside of your body. The images show the parts of your
body in different shades of black and white. This is because different tissues
absorb different amounts of radiation. Calcium in bones absorbs x-rays the
most, so bones look white. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look grey.
Air absorbs the least, so lungs look black.
The most familiar use of x-rays is checking for broken bones, but x-rays are
also used in other ways. For example, chest x-rays can spot pneumonia.
Mammograms use x-rays to look for breast cancer.
When you have an x-ray, you may wear a lead apron to protect certain parts of
your body. The amount of radiation you get from an x-ray is small. For example,
a chest x-ray gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're
naturally exposed to from the environment over 10 days.
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8. Forensic Pathology
Forensic pathology is a branch of pathology concerned with determining the
cause of death by examination of a cadaver. The autopsy is performed by the
pathologist at the request of a coroner usually during the investigation of
criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Forensic
pathologists are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a cadaver.
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9. Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialise
in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and
body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in
two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Veterinary
pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process.
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10. Pathology as a Medical Specialty
Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterise disease in living patients by
examining biopsies or bodily fluid. The vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or
confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of
death. Pathology is a core discipline of medical school and many pathologists are also teachers.
As managers of medical laboratories, pathologists play an important role in the development of
Laboratory information systems. Although the medical practice of pathology grew out of the
tradition of investigative pathology, most modern pathologists do not perform original research.
Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see patients
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11. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from
a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick. Multiple tests for specific blood
components, such as a glucose test or a cholesterol test, are often grouped together into one te
panel called a blood panel or blood work. Blood tests are often used in health care to
determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, pharmaceuti
drug effectiveness, and organ function. Typical clinical blood panels include a basic metabolic
panelor a complete blood count. Blood tests are also used in drug tests to detect drug abuse. In
some of the United States, a blood test is required before marriage.
• A venipuncture performed using a vacutainer
Blood Test
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12. A urinalysis is simply an analysis of the urine. It is a very common test that can be
performed in many health care settings, including doctors' offices, urgent care facilities,
laboratories, hospitals, and even at home.
A urinalysis test is performed by collecting a urine sample from the patient in a
specimen cup. Usually only small amounts (30-60 mL) may be required for urinalysis
testing. The sample can be either analysed in the medical clinic or sent to a laboratory
to perform the tests. Urinalysis is abbreviated UA.
UA is in general easily available and relatively inexpensive. It is also a simple test and
can provide many useful information about various diseases and conditions. Some
Urinalysis
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13. Instruments used in pathology
•Flow Cytometer :-
used for automated cell counting as in total blood count, differential count, etc.
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14. • Haemocytometer
The hemocytometer was invented by Louis-
Charles Malassez and consists of a thick
glass microscope slide with a rectangular
indentation that creates a chamber. This chamber
is engraved with a laser-etched grid of
perpendicular lines. The device is carefully
crafted so that the area bounded by the lines is
known, and the depth of the chamber is also
known. By observing a defined area of the grid, it
is therefore possible to count the number
of cells or particles in a specific volume of fluid,
and thereby calculate the concentration of cells in
the fluid overall.
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15. •Esbach's Albuminometer
This is an instrument for
determining the presence
and amount of protein
albumin in a urine sample.
It consists of a graduated
tube.
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16. • Urinometer
A Urinometer is a simple piece of
equipment for determining urine
specific gravity. A typical urinometer is
composed of a float, a weight, and a
stem. The float is an air-filled glass
tube, ending in the weight on the left
and the stem on the right.
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17. • Spirometer
A spirometer is an apparatus for
measuring the volume of air
inspired and expired by the lungs.
Aspirometer measures ventilation,
the movement of air into and out of
the lungs. The spirogram will
identify two different types of
abnormal ventilation patterns,
obstructive and restrictive.
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