طرق؟ التحقيقات السريرية

1. Lecture 2
Dr Khan
CPHHI
Al Bukhiriyah
Qassim University

2. 1. Laboratory Investigations
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is
a laboratory where tests are done on
clinical specimens in order to get
information about the health of
a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

3. Classifications of Medical Laboratories
Laboratory medicine is generally divided into two sections, and
each of which is further divided into a number of units. These
two sections are:
Anatomic pathology
: units included here
A. Histopathology
B. Cytopathology
C. Electron microscopy
Clinical pathology
See below
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

4. Clinical Microbiology: This encompasses five different sciences
(units). These include:
Bacteriology.
Virology.
Parasitology.
Immunology.
Mycology.
Clinical Chemistry: Units under this busy section include:
Instrumental analysis of blood components.
Enzymology.
Toxicology.
Endocrinology.
Hematology: This section consists of automated and manual
analysis of blood cells.
It includes two subunits, which are coagulation and blood bank.
Genetics is also studied along with a subspecialty known
as cytogenetics.
Reproductive biology :
Semen analysis.
Sperm bank .
Assisted reproductive technology.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

5. 1. Bacteriology : Bacteriology is the study of
bacteria. This subdivision of microbiology
involves the identification, classification, and
characterization of bacterial species. A person
who studies bacteriology is a bacteriologist.
2. Parasitology is a microbiology unit that
investigates parasites.
The most frequently encountered specimen here
is faeces. However,blood, urine, sputum, and
other samples may also contain parasites.
3. Virology is concerned with identification of
viruses in specimens such as blood, urine,
and cerebrospinal fluid.
4. Mycology ; Mycology is the branch of biology
concerned with the study of fungi, including their
genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy
and their use to humans as a source for tinder,
medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their
dangers, such as poisoning or infection.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

6. 5. Clinical Biochemistry usually receives serum or
plasma. They test the serum for chemicals present in
blood.
These include a wide array of substances, such
as lipids, blood sugar, enzymes, and hormones.
6. Toxicology mainly tests for pharmaceutical and
recreational drugs. Urine and blood samples are submitted
to this lab.
7. Immunology/Serology uses the concept of
antigen-antibody interaction as a diagnostic tool.
Compatibility of transplanted organs is also determined.
8. Immunohaematology, or blood
bank determines blood groups, and performs
compatibility testing on donor blood and recipients. It also
prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for
transfusion. Regulated by the FDA since giving blood is
considered a drug, this unit determines a patient's blood
type and Rh status, checks for antibodies to common
antigens found on red blood cells, and cross matches units
that are negative for the antigen.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

7. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large
magnet and radio waves to look at organs and
structures inside your body.
Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose
a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to
tumors.
MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and
spinal cord.
MRI does not use radiation, and is generally a
simple, pain free procedure.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

8. Computerized (or computed) tomography,
and often formerly referred to as
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan,
is an X-ray procedure that combines many X-
ray images with the aid of a computer to
generate cross-sectional views and, if
needed, three-dimensional images of the
internal organs and structures of the body
CT scans can be used to provide detail of
internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood
vessels in greater detail than regular x-rays.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

9. Ultrasonography /Medical
sonography
uses high-frequency sound
(ultrasound) waves to
produce images of internal
organs and other tissues. A
device called a transducer
converts electrical current
into sound waves, which are
sent into the body's tissues.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah

10. X-rays are used in a spine , bone
and chest for many reasons,
including the assessment of the
alignment of your spine and the
range of motion of your spine, as
well as to detect the presence of
instabilities in your spinal
column.
X-rays do not show soft tissues
particularly well but they are
useful for the assessment of
bony structures.
2/9/2016 Dr Khan - CPHHI - Albukhiriyah