A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Vaccination schedule of animals and poultryRameswar Panda
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In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on April 27, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
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.Based on the place of origin (Standard or official classification)
.Based on utility, economics or commercial value
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Vaccination is a preventive measure for controlling the disease outbreak. To be the vaccination a successful one, the components of vaccination program should be strictly followed. Vaccination aid is not available for all the diseases, rather for the disease which is contagious and causes a havoc
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on April 27, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
exotic breeds
.Based on the place of origin (Standard or official classification)
.Based on utility, economics or commercial value
Turkey breeds, quail varieties, duck breeds, comb types
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
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Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
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Biosecurity practices in small-scale pig farms in Hung Yen and Nghe An, Vietnam
1. Biosecurity practices in small-scale pig farms
in Hung Yen and Nghe An, Vietnam
Vu Thi Thu Tra1, Pham Hong Ngan1, Duong Van Nhiem1, Ngo Minh Ha1, Fred Unger 2
1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany
16-18 September 2015
Project:
Reducing disease risks and improving food safety
in smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam
3. Pig production in Vietnam
● Pig population > 27 million heads, distributed over 6 regions
3
INTRODUCTION
Source: FAOSTAT
4. 4
INTRODUCTION
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sơ bộ
2012
Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long
Đông Nam Bộ
Tây Nguyên
Bắc Trung Bộ và Duyên hải miền Trung
Trung du và miền núi phía Bắc
Đồng bằng sông Hồng
Source: GSO
Pig population by regions
thousand heads
Mekong River Delta
South East
Central Highland
North Central and Central Coast Areas
Northern Midland and Mountainous Areas
Red River Delta
6. The pig production system
6
The pig production system
Smallholder or
backyard
(1-10 pigs/household)
Small-medium scale
(5-20 sows
or 30-100 fattening)
Medium scale
(20-500 sows or
100-4000 fattening)
Large scale
(>500 sows or
>4000 fattening)
INTRODUCTION
account for 85% of pig production
in Vietnam (GSO, 2012)
7. Pig diseases
● Smallholder pig farms
Open system
Lack of technologies, control measures
Vaccination is done in term of disease control and prevention
Do not concern carefully about biosecurity e.g. cleaning and disinfection
of farms, equipment and livestock transport vehicles
● Pig diseases has been reported in Vietnam (OIE, 2010)
Classical swine fever (CSF)
Food and mouth disease (FMD)
Porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Zoonoses: Leptospirosis, salmonellosis, porcine cysticercosis, Trichinella
7
INTRODUCTION
8. The role of biosecurity at farm level
● Reduce the risk of diseases in pig farms
● Prevent disease transmission between animals on farms or from
farm to farm
Biosecurity
● Measures taken to keep disease out of livestock herd and to limit
the spread of disease within the herd
Isolation of new animals to the farm, isolation of sick animals
Regulation on animal movement and visitor's record
Pest control
Procedures for cleaning and disinfection equipment and facilities
Personal biosecurity (hand washing, the use of protective clothing & boots)
● Farmers have responsibility for application of farm biosecurity
8
INTRODUCTION
9. Biosecurity assessment in Vietnam
● Studies in the smallholder farms are lacking in particular
over time
The need of assessment on biosecurity practices in
pig smallholders
● To generate a detailed description and profiles of
biosecurity practices among pig farms.
● Recommendations for pig farmers to be developed to
reduce the risk of diseases in their animals
9
INTRODUCTION
10. 10
OBJECTIVES
To assess biosecurity practices and applied farm
management over time
To identify potential intervention options for
disease control
11. 11
STUDY DESIGN
Longitudinal survey
● Over a period of 10
months: March -
December 2014
● Study area: Hung Yen
and Nghe An provinces
12. 12
STUDY DESIGN
Involved total 60 pig farms in 2 provinces (regions)
Thirty farms were selected randomly (10 per commune) as a
subsample from a larger sampling frame in each provinces (N=416)
Study location
13. On-farm data collection
● Selected farms were visited in fortnightly intervals
● Checklist and observations
Information on farm management
Biosecurity measures
Disease occurrence
Working and feed storage conditions
Data analysis
● R software
● Differences in farm management and biosecurity
measures between the two provinces were identified
using Chi-square test
13
STUDY DESIGN
14. 14
RESULTS - Farm biosecurity measures
Figure 1. Overall applied farm biosecurity measures in two provinces
15. 15
RESULTS - Farm biosecurity measures
Items
Hung Yen
(% of visits)
Nghe An
(% of visits)
Different (age) groups of animals in separate enclosures, without
contact
97.0b 88.6a
Visitors are able to access the farm 61.1b 82.2a
Disinfection mattresses are applied and used 43.2a 45.0a
Workers wear protective clothing and boots 7.6b 23.9a
Table 1. Selected farm biosecurity measures by province
Note: a, b: Values followed by different letter within row are significantly different (p<0,05)
16. 16
RESULTS - Farm management
Figure 2. Farm management information for selected farm management parameters
17. 17
RESULTS - Farm management
Items
Hung Yen
(% of visits)
Nghe An
(% of visits)
Litter provided to piglets 7.6a 8.6a
Heat source provided for new borne piglets 33.3b 14.2a
Piglets have separate area to escape and rest 56.6b 17.8a
Equipment is clean and in good condition 88.5b 66.3a
Floors and surfaces clean with no visible waste 91.3b 65.1a
Enclosed feeding area 97.4a 97.6a
Feed left overs visible in feeding area 25.5b 38.4a
Water available at all times and in all barns 74.1b 28.0a
Automatic water system 16.5b 2.3a
Note: a, b: Values followed by different letter within row are significantly different (p<0,05)
Table 2. Selected farm management practices by province
18. 18
RESULTS - Farm management
Figure 3. Comparison of selected farm management by province
20. 20
RESULTS - Feed storage conditions
Items
Hung Yen
(% of visits)
Nghe An
(% of visits)
Signs of rodents or pests 17.2b 79.8a
Feed is stored inside 67.9b 94.6a
Feed is adequately covered and stored 85.2b 74.3a
Feed has visible signs of moisture 56.3b 46.3a
Note: a, b: Values followed by different letter within row are significantly different (p<0,05)
Table 3. Feed storage conditions by province
21. The result of survey indicated a low level of farm management
and biosecurity practices in the study area.
Several key findings highlighted, include:
● Visitor control was not applied in the majority of farms
● Disinfection mattresses were not often installed and maintained
● Workers usually did not wear protective clothes and boots during
working time
● Piglets were not provided with litter and heat sources during cold period
● Only approximately half of farms provided permanent water access to
their pigs
● Feed was not appropriately covered and stored at all time of visits with
clear signs of rodents
● General farm management and biosecurity was found better in farms
studied in Hung Yen provinces than in Nghe An
21
CONCLUSION
22. Further analysis…
● Triangulation with animal health data collected from
community vets over the same time period
● Analysis of possible association between management and
economic data collected by team
● Identification of potential best bets for future intervention
● Link the identified gaps in farm management and biosecurity
practices with potential best bets in the upcoming
intervention phase
22
CONCLUSIONS
23. 23
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research (ACIAR)
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)