The document discusses various strategies for animal disease control including prevention, vaccination, biosecurity measures, surveillance, zoning/compartmentalization, and stamping out. It emphasizes applying the appropriate strategy based on factors like the disease, its impacts, stakeholders involved, and available resources. The overall goal is to reduce disease prevalence and impacts in a cost-effective manner.

1. Animal
Disease
Control
Training on AppliedVeterinary Epidemiology and Animal Disease Diagnosis for Animal
Health Research Personnel,
Central Luzon State University Science City of Munoz , Nueva Ecija, 23-27 May 2016
Noemi Diloy- Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi
Assistant Professor 1
Cavite State University
Don Severino Delas Alas Campus, Indang,
Cavite

2. Session objectives
At the end of this topic, the
participants should be able to:
• Assess the importance of local
diseases based on selected criteria;
• Distinguish prevention, control and
eradication; and
• Describe the various strategies for
animal disease control.

3. DISEASE

4. The Philippine economy grew faster than
most other regions in Asia.

5. DISEASE:
TRADE BARRIER

6. ANIMAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Reduction, elimination or eradication of
livestock and poultry diseases and the
prevention of the introduction or outbreak of
foreign or domestic diseases.

7. Prevention - prevent disease occurrence
Disease control - reduction of the prevalence of
a disease to a level where it is no longer
considered a major health and/or economic
problem

8. Disease elimination – near eradication stage
– WHO (1991) defines it as “reduction of prevalence
to a level below one case per million population
Eradication - total elimination of a disease
– no further cases of a disease occurring anywhere,
and continued control measures are unnecessary

9. OIE GUIDELINES FOR OBTAINING RECOGNITION AS
BEING FREE FROM AN EPIZOOTIC DISEASE
• Stage 1: Provisional Freedom from Disease
– Absence of disease from the country
– No vaccination
• Stage 2: Freedom from Disease
– Ceased vaccination for a prescribed period
– No outbreaks of the disease
– Surveillance
• Stage 3: Freedom from Infection
– Absence of causative agent
– Preventive measures

10. How do you know a good disease
control officer?
1. He/she knows how to make a “priority” list
2. He/she responds quickly
3. He/she can mobilize the right persons for the
task: diagnose, control, and monitor disease
problems.
4. He/she can control the disease with the least
cost.

11. Choose the disease to control
PublicHealthSignificance Impactonthelivestockindustry
1. What zoonotic diseases occur more
frequently?
2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe
sicknessinhumans?
3. Presentmortalityandmorbidityrates
1. How easily is the disease transmitted
fromfarmtofarm?
2. Whatarethelossesduetomorbidity?
3. Whatarethelossesduetomortality?
4. What are the effects on trade and
commerce?

12. Prioritization
• Ranking of items based on their “perceived or
measured importance or significance”
• LIMITED RESOURCES

13. PRIORITIZATIONTOOL

15. Estimate the MonetaryValue
Cost of disease Cost of disease
control
Benefits of disease control
Costs due to mortality
costs due to morbidity
Costs associated with
treatment
Extra labor to nurse the sick
animals
Prohibition of sales of animal
products (ex. milk)
Increase in food conversion
index
Impact on trade
Diagnostic tests
Vaccines
Drugs
Travel costs
Staff costs
Vehicles
Equipment
Genetic loss due to
the slaughter policy
etc.
Benefit =
Losses due to the disease without control project
− Losses due to the disease with control project =

16. RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING A
DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
1. the disease situation
2. disease impacts (animal and public health,
food safety, food security, biodiversity and
socioeconomic impact) and how these are
distributed among stakeholders
3. identity, level of interest and involvement of
stakeholders

17. Stakeholder Interest Influence/Importance Issueswith thestakeholder Strategy
CVMBS,CVSU Prestige. To be recognized as a veterinary
institution that is not only capable of
providing quality instruction but also
promoting and providing relevant
research and extension activities.
Indirectly a form of promotion that will
attract more enrollees and thus will
increaseits incomeandbudget allocation.
High Getting support fromtheuniversity
Contributions in implementing a
control program will be recognized by
local executives andpublic
Present a paper to the
university on the program to
include benefits, etc and the
support university willget
All activities will have the logo
of the university, will be
bannered as in cooperation with
theuniversity,etc.
PVO,MAO A good opportunity to promote and
achieve one of their goals on safeguarding
animal health from highly contagious
diseases suchas rabies
High Obtaining linkages
Their offices will be highly recognized in
theprogram implementation
The fact that it is them who are
primarily responsible in the control of
animal diseases in the province or
municipality and thus shall be the one
initiating theproject
A memorandum of
understanding that shall lay out
the ground rules of a positive
cooperativeeffort.
The names of their offices will
be mentioned/ posted in all
activities
This issue will be
considered/addressed in the
memorandum ofagreement
Collaborating Agencies (Provincial Health Officer,
Animal BiteCenter)
Rabies elimination in the human
population
High There is alack of
mutual understanding of and
accounting for differences in individual
agency missions, of objectives and in
the case of the health sector,
differences in the approach of disease
prevention, detection and control, and
of the full range of impacts of disease
control efforts in animal and human
health.
Formulate efficient
communication system by
bringing the heads of these
agencies together to develop a
sharedgoal for an integrated,
coordinated disease control
program and to define the roles
ofeach collaborating agency

18. CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS
• desired results or impacts that a control
program envisions, plans and commits to
achieve
“As is”
situation
“To be” situation
Control
Program

20. a. Improve control of swine respiratory diseases
in Bulacan
b. Control and management of surra in the
Philippines

21. CONTROL PROGRAM OUTCOME,
OUTPUTS, ACTIVITIES
Outcome ___________
Output 1. ___________
Activity 1.1. __________
Activity 1.2. __________
Output 2. ___________
Activity 2.1. __________
Activity 2.2. __________
Output 3. ___________
Activity 3.1 __________
Etc.
NOUN/ADJECTIVES
Brief statement describing the change that the
program is expected to generate in a target group
at a specified time
Something
accomplished
Something to be done
VERBSORADVERBS

22. Examples:
Outcome: The strategy programenvisions thePhilippines to control and manage surra by 2025 such that
incidencewouldbenearly0bythatdate.
ExpectedOutput:1. Greaterunderstandingontheepidemiologyofsurra
CorrespondingActivities:
1.Trainingonsurrasurveillance
2.Conductsurveillance toestablishtrueprevalenceofsurra.

23. • Vaccination coverage of 80% of dog population
– Establish vaccination SOPs/guidelines
– Form teams and brief on SOPs and guidelines
– Inform public about dog rabies vaccination
– Etc…
• Increased level of awareness on rabies based
on established parameters
– conduct a knowledge, attitudes, practices survey of
the community folks on rabies
– analyze the results
– develop IEC campaign based on the KAP survey
– Implement IEC campaign

24. RISKS and ASSUMPTIONS
• plan for them and to mitigate their impact on
the project
Figure1: RiskMatrix
Risk Impact Probability Mitigation
1.
2.
Assumptions are the conditions needed to achieve results
after the risks have been managed

25. VARIOUS STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL
DISEASE CONTROL

27. Determinants
• factors or events that are capable of bringing
about a change in health
• Influencing factor or characteristic
– introduction, development, and spread of disease
and other health-related conditions within and
between animals

29. • On-Farm Biosecurity - measures adopted to
keep diseases out of herds where they do not
currently exist
– Isolation of new animals brought to the farm
– Restriction on movement of people, animals, and
equipment
– Use of safe feeds- Swill feeding can be dangerous
– Hygiene. Effective combination of cleaning and
disinfection

30. Border controls
– border entry/exit
screening
• National, provincial,
municipal, farm levels
– Quarantine
– Isolation
– Public awareness

31. Regulation of Importation
• Pre-export testing, Quarantine and Animal
Health Certification
• Post-arrival inspection, testing and
quarantine

32. Proper Disposal of Wastes
Ex:
• Ebola
– On-Site Inactivation
• Appropriate autoclaves,
– On-Site Incineration
• Environmental ComplianceCertificate
(DENR-EMB)

33. Vaccination
Purposes:
• To prevent disease establishment
– employed if there is an imminent or sustained threat
of the disease arriving
– what proportion of the susceptible population is
vaccinated (ex: herd immunity)
• To slow the spread of disease
– undertaken in an attempt to prevent more animals
becoming infected, thereby slowing or stopping the
geographic spread of the disease

34. Herd Immunity
>> form of indirect protection from infectious
disease that occurs when a large percentage of
a population (70-80%) has become immune to
an infection
>> providing a measure of protection for
individuals who are not immune

36. • Ring vaccination – animals surrounding an
infected farm are vaccinated
• Blanket vaccination - vaccination of all
susceptible species/animals over a larger area

37. VaccinationTips
• Choose the safe and correct antigenic type.
• Maintain vaccine quality- no contamination, potency, etc.
• Follow the recommended vaccination coverage (preferably
70 %)
• Mark vaccinated animals
• Monitor proper storage temperatures for vaccines
• Organize trained personnel into “clean” and “dirty” teams
• Remember that gathering different herds together in one
vaccination station maybe convenient but dangerous.
• Count your needles and bottles before and after
vaccination.

38. Strategies to reduce the magnitude
of existing disease
• case finding & isolation
• contact tracing & quarantine
• “Resting” of farm or premises- length is not less than
the survival time of the pathogen.
• Slaughter of susceptible animals
• Closure of livestock markets and other congregations
of susceptible species (e.g. livestock auction markets,
race meetings and livestock exhibit/shows)
• Removal of animals from areas with high insect
population
• Treatment, medication

39. Zoning and Compartmentalization
• Procedures defining subpopulations of
distinct health status within an area.
• Disease control, international trade
Zoning  subpopulation defined primarily on a
geographical basis (using natural, artificial or legal
boundaries)
Compartmentalization  subpopulation defined
primarily by management and husbandry practices
related to biosecurity

40. STAMPING OUT
• Destruction (quick and humane) of large number
of animals
• Serious risk of further spread of disease
– animals in the infected zone are not well controlled
– spillover to feral animals
– inadequate resources are available for surveillance
and imposition of quarantine and controls
– public health risk

41. Factors to consider before implementing the
“slaughter” strategy
1. LIVESTOCK OWNER
2. METHOD
3. COMPENSATION
>>Way to ensure cooperation
4. COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE