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Swine-Production-Management.pptx

This document provides information on swine production and management, including terminology, breeds of pigs, production systems, and breeding systems. It defines key terms like boar, sow, litter, and castration. It describes common pure breeds like Landrace, Large White, and Duroc and their characteristics. Synthetic breeds developed to combine desirable traits like TOPIGS and Hypor are also outlined. The document explains local Philippine native pigs and improved varieties. Different swine production systems are compared including sow herd enterprises and growing-finishing operations.

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SWINE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
1. A male pig castrated before reaching sexual maturity. A. Boar B. Barrow C. Sire 2. A defect involving the failure of one or both testicles to descend to the scrotal sac A. Cryptorchidism B. Hernia C. Impotent 3. The group of pigs belonging to one farrowing. A. Litter size B. Flock C. Litter 4. Refers to domesticated swine either sex usually weigh more than 50 kgs A. Native B. Hog C. Flock 5. It is the process of increasing feed intake of Dry sow/ Gilt 10-14 days before breeding A. Drying B. Flushing C. Adli bitum feeding TERMINOLOGIES
• Boar – sexually mature uncastrated male hog usually kept for breeding • Castration – Removal of testicles • Dam -female parent/ mother of an any domesticated animal • Estrus – The period wherein the female is sexually responsive to the male • Farrow – to give birth • Farrowing – The act of giving birth to pigs TERMINOLOGIES
• Finisher/ Fattener – Swine fattened for slaughter • Gilt – A young female swine usually kept for breeding and not yet given birth. • Pig – A non-ruminant, cloven-footed animal belonging to family Suidae with a simple stomach, having a snout, large number of mammary glands, thin skin and heavy bristles. Also called Swine/Hog. • Sow – an adult swine usually kept for breeding and has farrowed at least once • Weaning-the act of separating young from its dam TERMINOLOGIES
Lard or pork type – breeds of pigs that have pork and wide body conformation – Short body length, tend to put a lot of fat easily Bacon or meat type – breeds of pigs with long and rounded body with thin pork – Develop higher levels of muscling – Fast growing and larger Dual purpose breed – breed which is derive mostly by breeding the first two types TYPES OF HOGS
1. Efficient feed converters and uses concentrates well 2. Prolific animals and are polytocous 3. Requires small investment (compared to large ruminant) 4. Can be sold and converted to cash after weaning 5. Salvage value of culled sows, boars and stags is high 6. Higher dressing percentage 7. Pork is traditionally accepted as table meat 8. Filipinos are pork eaters 9. Short generation interval between breeding, raising and harvesting WHY INVEST TO PIG FARMING?
• Heavy losses due to diseases and parasites • Feed adulteration and supply is critical • Wide variation/ fluctuation in prices of inputs, hogs, feeds, drugs and medicine • High labor requirement during farrowing time • Objectionable odor from piggery • As environmental pollutant PROBLEMS IN SWINE RAISING
SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • Sow Herd Enterprise – Farrow to weanling Operation • Begins with breeding and farrowing sows and produce weanlings and selling piglets for finishing operations – Farrow to finish operation • Begins with pregnant sows and feeding weanlings until market weight is achieved. • Most intensive production system – Farrow to breeder operation • Begins with pregnant sows produce weanlings which used as breeder stocks (junior boars& replacement gilts) which could be used for their own operation or sold to other breeder farms
• Growing-Finishing Enterprise (Feeder-finish) – Begins when buying weanlings and feed them to market weight of about 80-95 kg • Faster rate of capital turnover than the sow herd enterprise • Sow-feeder management problems can be avoided • Allow for minimum overhead, low labor requirements and no-long term commitment • High penalty for slow growth due to substandard management
• Boar for hire Enterprise – Operation starts with young boar which is raised and trained until sexual maturity of 5 to 6 months old. The fee may be in cash or kind whichever is acceptable to the customer. • requires lesser capital • Fast return of investment • Additional source of income • Less management • Halt operation due to diseases • Increasing use of AI which is substitute of natural mating
Factors that determine the Profitability based in Production System • Requirements for feed • Labor and capital • Type and price of animals sold • Utilization of Artificial insemination
HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM ANIMALIA PHYLUM CORDATA CLASS MAMMALIA ORDER ARTIODACTYLA SUB ORDER BUNODONTIA FAMILY SUIDAE GENUS SUS European Wild Sus scrofa boar Southeast Asian Sus vittatus Specie Subspecies domesticus Most of domesticated swine were arrived from wild boar of the Europe continent
ANATOMICAL PARTS OF PIG
Basis of differentiating Swine Breeds Breed – is a group of animals that shares the same traits or characteristics. Basis: • Color: black, white, brown, etc. • Color combinations: spotted, belted, etc. • Size of ears • Position of ears: erect, hanging, ¼ hanging, etc. • Length and shape of the snout • Body length • Weight at maturity • Backline: straight, swaying, curved, etc.
BREEDS OF SWINE 1. Local/Indigenous breed – Philippine Native pig 2. Exotic breed a. Purebreds b. Synthetic breeds c. Upgrades
Local Breed: Philippine Native Pig Origin:  Luzon, Negros Island, Palawan and Mindanao Characteristics:  Well-build body; generally small; long snout  Small erect ears  Coarse, thick , black color coat with silvery white color hairs on their side  Male- longer body and tail (127-129 cm); tusk  Female- prolific, exhibit estrus as early as 4-5 months; BL 124-125 cm  Average Litter size: 5-7 piglets  Easier and cheaper to raise  Low FCR and late maturing  60 kg BW at 6-8 months
Improved Philippine Native Pigs • BT-blacks • Mt. Province • Kalinga • Abra • Marinduque • Quezon
Purebred: Landrace Origin: Denmark, 1896 Features:  Longest breed (16-17 pair of ribs)  almost flat back; lack of excess fat  Prolific, strong mother ability  White color with black skin spots  short legs  Medium to large drooping ears; snout relatively straight  Heavy milker, wean large litter  Piglets: Superior growth rate and FCR Weak legs, feet and pastern
• Origin: England • Features:  White; broad face with medium curvature and medium length snout  Medium erect ears and flabby jowls  Sturdy and strong legs  Excellent milkers, prolific  High dressing percentage  Superior mothering ability breed”  Bacon breed, Good FCR “mother  Used in crossbreeding programs to produce excellent commercial females Excess back fat Relatively short with big belly Purebred: Large White
• Origin: – USA-Jersey • Features:  Varying shed of red  Called “red power”-aggressiveness (boar)  Medium in size 2/3 erect and 1/3 drooping ears  slight curved face  Short and straight snout  Superior (ADG and FCR)  Good carcass quality  prolific, good mothers  Used as terminal sire strong, tendency to have a well- arched back Unsound front and hind legs may lead to stiff gilt Purebred: Duroc
• Origin: Belgium • Features:  Spotted black and white, “muscle pig”  Piebald markings  Erect ears  Very meaty, well shape hams, loin and shoulders  High lean percentage; thin back fat gene); Very susceptible to stress slow (Halothane grower Weak hind legs Poor mothering ability and milk production Purebred: Pietrain
• Origin: Southern England • Features:  Black with white belt around shoulder, body and legs  Erect ears; trim jowls  Well-arched back  Excellent FCR, length and ham-loin percent  Leanest breed, good carcass quality; less back fat  High weaning percentage Low litter size at birth and at weaning Poor mothering ability Late maturing; low growth rate difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering Purebred: Hampshire
• Origin: South Central England • Features: – Black (6 white spots) – Erect ears; relatively short snout – Short, dished face; large jowl; upturned nose – Excellent meat type; – Long body; fast and efficient growth – Adapted to rugged conditions Poor grower; Low FCR small litter size at birth and at weaning Thick back fat Color is objectionable Purebred: Berkshire
• Origin: Ohio, early 1800s • Features: – Black and has white spots – Hot type “Big china” – Medium length face – Looped ears – Lean, sturdy – Adaptable to rugged conditions – High FCR – Matured early – Very prolific – Poor mothering ability – Poor prolificacy Purebred: Poland China
Other Pure breeds • Spotted • Limousine • Chester white • Hereford • Tamworth • Large black • Chinese Pigs • Meishan
Synthetic breeds • Nieuw Dalland/TOPIGS • Hypor • Seghers • Camborough • JSR • Meat Master • Babcock • Cotsworld • Minnesota
Synthetic breed: TOPIGS • Developed in Netherland by TOPIGS breeding company • Foundation: Pietrain, Largewhite and Land race • Fast growth rate, excellent FCR, high fertility, • Solid legs, well developed udder, and stress negative animals
Synthetic breed: Hypor • Developed by Eurobrid, Netherlands • Sow line: Largewhite, Landrace, Meishan – Developed for high litter size and weaning capacity • Boar line: Pietrain, Duroc – Developed for meat percentage, confirmation and FCR
Synthetic Breed: Segher • Developed by Segher hybrid Company in Belgium • Makes up the line: Large white, Landrace and Pietrain • Parent gilt: Dutchess – known for reproductive efficiency – large number of born and weaned – designed durability – strong mothering ability – good carcass quality
Synthetic breed: Camborough • Developed by PIC 35 years ago • Prolific • Docile temperament • Good mothering ability • Reared lean fast growing piglets • Stress negative animals
Synthetic breed: JSR Healthbred • Foundation: Large white, Landrace, Duroc • Example: JSRDuraGilt – Hardy, docile, good mothering ability and good rebreeding ability – Suited for outdoor and semi- intensive systems
Exotic Breed: Upgrades • Kaman – Native pig from batangas x Duroc Jersey • Black diani – Native pig from batangas x Berkshire • Berkjala (UPLB 1916) – Native pig from Jala jala Rizal x Berkshire
Breeding Systems • It is a systematic way of bringing together superior genotype to produce the desired products. Pure breeding • system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other to produce pure breeds. • Goal: is to produce breeding stocks Out breeding • is that system where unrelated individuals are mated to produce the next generation
Outbreeding: Cross breeding Crossbreeding • Mating of two animals from different breeds to combine traits of the two different breeds • Combine the strengths and weaknesses of two different breeds to create an animal “hybrid” that is more balanced for relevant performance traits. • Used for production of slaughter pigs. • Why?  to obtain hybrid vigor or “heterosis”  to bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental breeds.  To produce large litters and high survival rate  have better FE (2.6) and require lower feed cost per kilogram live weight gain.  Produce better carcass quality
System of Crossbreeding • Two way cross- mating of 2 different breeds – LW (boar) x LR (sow) – LWLR (progeny) • Three way cross- mating of 3 different breeds – LW x LR – LWLR x Du (terminal sire) – LWLRDu (offspring) • Four way cross – Ex. New Dalland – Father LW x P/L LWP/L Mother DT x LW (Grandparents) DTLW (Parents) LWP/LDTLW (Dalland)
Upgrading  It is a system of breeding where native breeds are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine  To upgrade the characteristics of inferior breed  Selected female pigs are bred to purebred boar of the same breed; this procedure is repeated until offspring approach the characteristics of purebred
Types of Mating • Natural mating – where a boar mounts a sow and introduces his semen • Hand Mating – The supervised person take the boar to the in heat sow – Operator knows certain female was bred • Pen Mating – The boar runs with the group of sows/gilts – Less labor intensive, more boar power
Artificial Insemination • System of mating where semen is deposited to females genitalia in time conductive to fertilization by artificial means • Advantages: – Allow greater degree of choice of sire – Disease control – Breeding stock improvement – Increase number of sows that can be serviced by a boar – Allow raisers to keep few sows without maintaining a boar – Infertile boars are immediately detected – Allow to used aged, crippled yet genetically superior boars – Reduces breeding cost
• Limitations: – Use of semen from infected boars will spread infection faster because of higher number of sows inseminated – Needs properly trained technician – Difficulty in storing diluted semen of boar over a prolonged period of time – Additional cost for equipment and laboratory chemicals
Artificial Insemination Process
AI: Training of Boar • Starts and early as 6.5 to 7 months of age • Should be housed individually • Should be trained on the same place • Steps: – Transfer the boar to collecting pen – Observe outside the pen until it mounts – Once it mounted, start collection – Don’t rush the boar – Let the boar finish and satisfied
• Introduce the boar to dummy immediately after another boar • Return boar to its pen and try again next day • Wet dummy with sow’s urine or boar semen • Manually stimulate boar penis • Remember: – Boar differ in characteristics and attitude – Always check semen quantity and quality – Check for any abnormalities
SEMEN COLLECTION
• Clean, dry and warm collecting cup with filter • Wash the hands and use gloves • Remove preputial fluid • Once the boar mounted, grasp the penis firmly • When ejaculation starts, loosen the grip – Collect the sperm rich fraction (gray-milky white) – It may take 15-20 minutes, so be patient • Do not release until the boar is finish
Fractions of Semen • First fluid part and gel sperm free and not collected • Sperm rich fraction- gray or milky white and collected • Fluid part- you can collect about 1/3 to increase volume • Gel or tapioca- filtered – not collected because it clogs the catheter cause death of sperm
Frequency of Collection • Junior boars (8-12 months)- once a week • Adult boars (13 months and up)- twice a week collection with 3-4 days interval • It affects volume and concentration of semen to certain extent • Over-used boars have low semen concentration and volume
SEMEN EVALUATION
Semen Evaluation • Need to examine first few ejaculates of new boar and one sample each month • It is indispensable tool in A.I • Two types: 1. Physical evaluation  Volume/Weight • Normal boar ejaculates 150-250 ml • Usual range- 50-500 ml or 50-500 grams (1ml: 1 gram)  Smell- has little odor • With preputial fluid- very distinctive odor Color- vary from grayish-white to creamy white • Blood contamination- red –brownish color • Urine- yellowish color
• Microscopic Evaluation 1. Sperm motility – Measures viability of semen – Involves assessing proportion of sperm showing progressive forward motion Grading %Motility Description 5 95-100 Very good wave-motion 4 85-94 Good, some wave motion, clumping present 3 70-84 Good;clumping present
Sperm Morphology • Need to stain undiluted semen sample using eosin-nigrosin solution • Appearing red-pink color have damage membranes • White sperm are viable • 30% abnormality; suspect for culling • 50% abnormality; AUTOMATICALLY REJECTED • Less than 30%, it can be used but increased the concentration Allowable sperm defects Abnormal head shape 5% Abnormal acrosome 5% Cytoplasmic droplets 10% Coiled tails 5%
SEMEN DENSITY EVALUATION
Semen Density evaluation • Estimate the number of semen doses from single ejaculate • Hemacytometer method – Count cells included in big four corners and central square marked by triple thoma lines – Count only sperm lines
• Ocular method – If semen is used for less than 10 sows, ocular method can be used – It based on color of sample – Creamy sample: very concentrated; watery- less concentrated
SEMEN EXTENSION
SEMEN EXTENSION • Why? – To extend volume of ejaculate so that more doses of semen are produced – To provide sperm cells with an environment that keeps them alive for few days – used to maintain semen storage life from 3-14 days • Average total number of sperms per ejaculate is 30-40 billion • Normal boars it can range 20-120 billion • Examples of commercial diluents : – Belthsvilled Thawing solution, Guelph, Kiev or Merck diluents – keep viable sperm for 3 days
• Local diluents: Pure coconut semen store 16-17C • Tubig ng Niyog, Itlog at asin • Can be used for 2 days water : diluted
Procedure Prepare 1 liter of distilled water at 32˚C-36˚C water Add the extended powder to water and stir carefully Allow the pH to stabilize for one hour before extending semen Ensure that freshly collected semen and extender are adjusted to the same temperature or a maximum of 1 ˚C difference Add the needed amount of extender to semen and mix gently but thoroughly Rest the extended semen for 15 minutes then check for motility of sperm cells
Once the semen is extended, can now be poured into semen bottles If semen is to be used immediately after dilution, store semen for 2 days Clearly label all bottles and send them to farm or store them at 16 ˚C -17 ˚C
Storage of Semen • Store in temperature-controlled cabinet • Never store in refrigerator 2-8C or greater than 20C • Shelf of semen can be prolong by storing 16- 17C (lowers metabolism of sperms) • Used insulated container such as styrofoam box battery operated box to transport with cool packs or thermostatistically-controlled semen
HEAT DETECTION • Timing of insemination is very important factor affecting fertilization rate and overall success of AI • Each day boar should left parade in front of dry sows/gilts at least 15 minutes to provide stimulation • Heat Detection can be done to: – Gilts – Dry sows – 21 and 42 days after insemination – Repeat breeders
Estrus/Heat • It is the period of sexual receptivity and ovulation in a female pig
External Signs of Estrus Signs Pre-heat Standing Heat Post-heat Standing heat she will not stand still if you try to sit on her back, so she fails the "sit on the back" test stands still with arched back when ridden by other sows or farm caretaker does not stand still when being pushed Vulva red • swollen • with little mucus Pink; less swollen • with clear, sticky mucus pale •almost no swelling • no mucus Behavior restless and nervous • mounts other animals •does not allow herself to be mounted • frequent urination • less feed intake calm • allows mounting by other animals • mounts other animals • clear, cocking ears •actively seeks the boar, stands arched back in the presence of the boar • normal Service NO YES NO
Pink and Swollen vulva Mucus discharge Seeking boar Riding Standing reflex
• Haunch pressure test – applying pressure on her sides with both hands – If she’s receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid ready to be served • Riding the back test – By riding on or pressing the back or loin of sow – If shes receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid ready to be served
• Sex odor aerosol test – Sex odor aerosol is squeezed in snout of sow – If shes receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid • Teaser boar – Vasectomized boar is allowed to have nose to nose contact with sow – If she’s receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid with cocked ears ready to be served – It should be done in routine basis from Monday till Wednesday – Twice each day 8 am and 3 pm
Fertilization and Trans-Uterine Migration • Mating process takes 15 minutes where 400 ml of fluid can be inseminated • Penis spirals towards the vagina and into the cervix where it screws into folds to become locked • Travel- 2 hours to arrive at the bottom of fallopian tubes • Second phase of maturation “capacitation”- 6-8 hours • Life span of semen- 24 hours • Life span of unfertilized ova: 10 hours/ 21 hours • Semen can then be inseminated after 8 hours • Ovulation starts at least 70% of the length of standing heat period
• Sowa: SH in morning – First dose of insemination in afternoon – Follow-up in the morning • Sows: SH in the afternoon – First dose of insemination in the morning (next day) – Follow-up in the afternoon
TIMING OF INSEMINATION • For gilts with 24 hours length of ovulation, inseminate 8 hours after onset of standing heat
• For sows with 48 hours of ovulation, inseminate 26 hours after onset of standing heat
Actual Insemination • 30 minutes before use, remove stored semen from AI ref and allow semen to warm up and agitate the semen gently to redistribute the sperm cell in the diluent • Clean sows vulva with clean towel • Mimic stimulation normally done by boar like back pressure, flank and udder rubbing • Lubricate tip of catheter with small amount of semen • Part the lips of vulva and insert the head of catheter into vulva, gently push forward and upward at an angle of 45degree reproductive into tract, being careful to miss entrance of bladder • Spiral catheter are rotated counterclockwise and steadily pushed to lock into cervix • It is successful if the catheter tends to spring back in a clockwise position
• Cut the tip od semen bottle and fit the tip into catheter • The bottle is raised over the sows back and squeezed a little to remove the airlock in catheter • Sexual stimulation should be continued to promote contraction • A clamp or breeding saddle bag can be used • If backflow occurs, disconnect the bottle reposition the catheter and delay insemination for 2 minutes • Removed catheter after 10 minutes • Allow sow to remain undisturbed after insemination
Pregnancy Diagnosis • Records – Records first 18-24 days and second heat control 38-42 days – If sow does not come to heat during these period, assumed to be pregnant Ultrasound • Detect an ultrasonic echo from fluid in uterus • Detectable at 25-30 days after breeding Ultrasound-Doppler test Movement of fetus, heart beat can be detected Used from 26 days to term of pregnancy
• Pregnancy tester – Positioned 2-3 cm from last teat at back – Continuous beep means sow is pregnant • External signs – Enlargement of teat, mammary, lower abdomen in pregnant sow • Hormone analysis (blood and urine) – Progesterone level in blood/ urine – Serum analysis is carried after 22 day of service by using small stylette to puncture ear vein Pregnancy Diagnosis
• Vaginal biopsy – Involves removal of small piece of vaginal mucous membrane using special instrument – This instrument is inserted to vagina 15-300 mm pressed into membrane and end manipulated to cut0off small piece • Palpation – Useful method after 30 days of gestation – Rectal palpation • Scanner – Can determine pregnancy stage Pregnancy Diagnosis
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BOARS • Selection of Replacement Boars • Transport of Replacement Boars • Handling of Replacement Boars • Assessing of Replacement Boars • Boar usage • Feeding of Replacement Stocks • Housing • Other considerations
Selection of Boars • Body confirmation – Body length, depth and height should be well- proportioned • Best to select boar who tested for fertility • Should possess good muscle development • BFT not exceed 2 cm at 90 kg LW Sex character • Masculinity appearance • Primary sex organs should be clearly visible and well-developed • Testicles are large and equal size • He has sufficient sex drive to complete ejaculation • Capable of producing semen of sufficient quality and quantity Age and Weight: • 5-6 months at time of selection • 8 months at time of breeding • 130 kg or more (controlled feeding) Reproductive soundness • Number, spacing and presentation of live teats (at least 12)
Transport of Replacement boar • Ensure maximum safety to minimize stress, injury and diseases. • Avoid stressful condition or disease that cause high temperature that can lower fertility or even lead to temporary infertility which might last for 6-8 weeks • Well-ventilated truck; use of safe, well- built loading and unloading
Handling of Replacement Boar • Acclimatization of new boars at least 1 week before use and after quarantine period of one month • Quarantine • Blood test – Brucellosis – Leptospirosis • Parasite treatment • Vaccination • Introduction to New herd mates
Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock • Semen Evaluation – Collect fresh semen sample – Check volume, motility, concentration and morphology Characteristics of an Average Ejaculate
• Test mating – Observes the sexual behavior of boar and ability to serve guilt – Train young boar to mount female and successfully bred her – Make sure that mating/collecting area is not slippery Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock
Boar Usage For Natural Mating
Feeding Boars • Depends on body condition which is indirectly influenced by frequency of service or semen collection • Requirements: – Breeder or Sow feed with DE of 3000 kcal/kg – minimum crude protein of 14% can be used for boars from 7 months onwards • Needed for maintenance, growth and semen production
• Quantity: 2.0 kg/day +- 0.5 kg if thin or fat – If feed is less than 2.0 kg, give roughage – Give water ad li bitum • Giving too much feed to boar might lead to: – Obesity – Poor libido – Too heavy – Laziness – Poor service results – Problems in natural service
FEEDING REPLACEMENT STOCKS • Objective: To reach puberty and start their productive lives well-developed, with right weight and right age Excessive feeding might lead to: Insufficient feeding might lead to: Thick backfat Shorter production life Small litter size Decreased resistance to diseases- more health problem High feed cost Starts productive life at a later stage Reduce reproductive performance as a sow
Health care • Deworm every 6 months • Mange treatment every 6 months • Vitamin ADE every 6 months • Vaccination every 6 months • Always ask for health record of prospective boars and closely examined
Regular Boar Activities AGE ACTIVITY 4-6 Months Selection 6-7 Months Acclimatization 6.5-7.5 Months Training 13 months and above Two times a week utilization with 3-4 days interval 30-36 months Peak production period Two times a week utilization with 3-4 days interval 38-44 months Planned culling (2.5-3 years of service
Housing • Boar house should be designed to provide: – A suitable environment for animal – Minimum requirement for routine labor but increase efficiency in management and operation • Measurement/ pen – 0.6 m x 2.1 m – Height: 1.1 m – Service area: 5-7 sq m • Comfortable and individual pen (draft-free and dry)
• Install high and strong partitions and gates – Height of partition should be 1.2 m – Can be made of concrete or slatted, either with use of wood • Door and alleys – Width: 0.70 meter – Alley: 1.2-1.5 meters
Other Considerations • If possible, have one extra boar for every 30 sows • Boar should start service at 8 months of age and for the first service, introduce the boar to sow which is standing well on heat • Boar should be at different ages and sizes • Check semen quality regularly at least 6 months especially during summer • Replace boars every 1.5 to 2 years
Most common Reasons for Culling Boar • Low libido • Leg defects • Inability to mount • Poor semen quality and quantity • Wrong mounting position • Too aggressive • Old boars • Diseases and injuries
Care and Management of Sows and Gilts • Management on: –Breeding time –Gestation –Farrowing –Lactation
Breeding Time • Need to have proper management to achieve good reproductive performance • Breeding sow/gilt intended to be: – Getting bred – Pregnant – Nursing a litter Empty period between these period is called Unproductive days Aimed to : • Improved conception rate • Increase litter size at birth • Shorten non productive days and weaning to conception interval
• Selecting Replacement Gilts – Keep records of parents, birth date and litter number for future references – Plan to replace 40-55% annually, if herd age is ≤5 litters – Select replacement gilts from large healthy uniform litters
• Pre-service management – Recommendation at first breeding • Age: 8 months old • Weight: 130-135 kg • Cycled at least twice • Second heat cycle; second day of heat period • Exhibiting signs of estrus • Should have high ovulation rate and higher uterine space capacity • Do not bred gilt on 1st estrus • At 1 year old she will farrow her 1st litter • To prevent drop down of body during lactation
• Pre-service management – Recommended practices breeding: for dry sow before • Good dry sow should come into heat and be ready for service within 3-7 days after weaning • Aim: Shorter lactation period at least 6 weeks; to shorter weaning to conception interval; • Always keep her in good health and body condition • Exposed weaned sow to boar; If not come to heat 10-12 days; induce hormone injection • Old sows of parity of 8 tend to have longer dry period
• Advisable to let newly-weaned sows room around in paddock after weaning • Don’t feed sows at the day of weaning to easily dry-off milk • Allowable weight loss and back fat thickness is 8- 10% of its body weight •1st litter sows tend to have longer time to return heat
• Pre-service Management – Flushing • Increase daily feed intake by 3.5-4kgs/day for 10-14 days before service • Give gestation feed with 14% CP before service • It is intended for restricted feeding program • Aim to: – gain weight – To recondition sow – Easily dry off milk (dry sow) • Higher ovulation rate; low embryonic mortality • Higher litter size Other practices: • Physical exercise • Social contact • Boar exposure • Fasting • Injectable hormones