The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with substances like oil, solvents, and pesticides. There are two main types - microbial remediation which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation which uses various plant species. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels to safe levels set by regulatory agencies through stimulating microbial growth and degradation of contaminants.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. Introduction
2. Plastics
2.1 Definition and structure
2.2 Uses
2.3 Hazardous effect of Plastics
2.4 Ways to control plastic pollution
3. Biodegradation of Plastics
4. Conclusion
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. Introduction
2. Plastics
2.1 Definition and structure
2.2 Uses
2.3 Hazardous effect of Plastics
2.4 Ways to control plastic pollution
3. Biodegradation of Plastics
4. Conclusion
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution.Examples where phytoremediation has been used successfully include the restoration of abandoned metal mine workings, and sites where polychlorinated biphenyls have been dumped during manufacture and mitigation of ongoing coal mine discharges .
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“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution.Examples where phytoremediation has been used successfully include the restoration of abandoned metal mine workings, and sites where polychlorinated biphenyls have been dumped during manufacture and mitigation of ongoing coal mine discharges .
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environmental engineering project topics
final year project topics
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environmental engineering research topics
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final year computer engineering projects
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Micro-organisms are well known for their ability to break down a huge range of organic compounds and absorb inorganic substances. Currently, microbes are used to clean up pollution treatment in processes known as ‘bioremediation’.
Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ (from Ancient Greek φυτό (phyto), meaning 'plant', and Latin remedium, meaning 'restoring balance') refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.
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A basic introduction to Bioremediation, its types, categories, and strategies and also discussed the phytoremediation process in detail..................................
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring
or deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and
break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean a
polluted site.
• It is a process that uses mainly microorganisms but also plants,
or microbial or plant enzymes to detoxify contaminants in the
soil and other environments.
• The concept includes biodegradation, which refers to the
partial and sometimes total, transformation or detoxification
of contaminants by microorganisms and plants
4. The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients,
carbon sources, or electron donors (biostimulation,
biorestoration) or by adding an enriched culture of
microorganisms that have specific characteristics that allow
them to degrade the desired contaminant at a quicker rate
(bioaugmentation).
OBJECTIVES: The goal of bioremediation is to at least reduce
pollutant levels to undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels,
that is, to within limits set by regulatory agencies or, ideally, to
completely mineralize organopollutants to carbon dioxide.
5. PRINCIPLE
• Bioremediation relies on stimulating the growth of certain
microbes that use contaminants like oil, solvents, and
pesticides as a source of food and energy.
• These microbes consume the contaminants, converting them
into small amounts of water and harmless gases like carbon
dioxide.
• Effective bioremediation needs a combination of the right
temperature, nutrients, and food; otherwise, it may take much
longer for the cleanup of contaminants.
6. • If conditions are not favorable for bioremediation, they can be
improved by adding “amendments” to the environment, such
as molasses, vegetable oil or simply air.
• These amendments create optimum conditions for microbes
to flourish and complete the bioremediation process.
• The process of bioremediation can take anywhere from a few
months to several years.
• The amount of time required depends on variables such as
the size of the contaminated area, the concentration of
contaminants, conditions such as temperature and soil
density, and whether bioremediation will take place in situ or
ex-situ.
7. How Does Bioremediation
Work?
Uses naturally occurring microorganisms
to break down hazardous substances into
less toxic or nontoxic substances.
8. 2 TYPES
• Microbial Remediation
• Micro-organisms are well known for their ability to break down a huge
range of organic compounds and absorb inorganic substances. Currently,
microbes are used to clean up pollution treatment in processes known as
bioremediation.
• Different microbial systems like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes
can be used for removal of toxic and other contaminants from the
environment.
• Microorganisms are readily available, rapidly characterized, highly diverse,
omnipresent, and can use many noxious elements as their nutrient source.
• They can be applied in both in situ and ex-situ conditions; in addition,
many extreme environmental conditions can be cleaned by such entities.
9. • Although many microorganisms are capable of degrading
crude oil present in soil, it has been found beneficial to
employ a mix culture approach than the pure cultures in
bioremediation as it shows the synergistic interactions.
• • Different bacteria can be used for the removal of
petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants from soil.
• • The bacteria that can degrade major pollutants
include Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Moraxella,
Beijerinckia, Flavobacteria, chrobacteria, Nocardia,
Corynebacteria, Acinetobacter, Mycobactena, Modococci,
Streptomyces, Bacili, Arthrobacter, Aeromonas, and
Cyanobacteria.
10. Phytoremediation
• Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that
uses various types of plants to remove, transfer,
stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and
groundwater.
• There are several different types of phytoremediation
mechanisms
• 7 TYPES
11. 1. Rhizosphere biodegradation. In this process, the
plant releases natural substances through its roots,
supplying nutrients to microorganisms in the soil.
The microorganisms enhance biological degradation.
2. Phyto-stabilization. In this process, chemical
compounds produced by the plant immobilize
contaminants, rather than degrade them.
3.Phyto-accumulation (also called phytoextraction). In
this process, plant roots absorb the contaminants along
with other nutrients and water. The contaminant mass is
not destroyed but ends up in the plant shoots and
leaves. This method is used primarily for wastes
containing metals.
12. • 4. Hydroponic Systems for Treating Water Streams
(Rhizofiltration). Rhizofiltration is similar to
phytoaccumulation, but the plants used for cleanup are
raised in greenhouses with their roots in water. This system
can be used for ex-situ groundwater treatment. That is,
groundwater is pumped to the surface to irrigate these
plants. Typically hydroponic systems utilize an artificial soil
medium, such as sand mixed with perlite or vermiculite. As
the roots become saturated with contaminants, they are
harvested and disposed of.
• 5. Phyto-volatilization. In this process, plants take up water
containing organic contaminants and release the
contaminants into the air through their leaves.
13.
14. • Technologies can be generally classified as in
situ or ex-situ.
• • In situ bioremediation: It involves treating
the contaminated material at the site.
• • Ex situ bioremediation: It involves the
removal of the contaminated material to be
treated elsewhere.
15.
16. Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
• As the name suggests, the bacteria is stimulated to initiate the
process. The contaminated soil is first mixed with special
nutrients substances including other vital components either
in the form of liquid or gas. It stimulates the growth of
microbes thus resulting in efficient and quick removal of
contaminants by microbes and other bacteria.
• At times, there are certain sites where microorganisms are
required to extract the contaminants. For example –
municipal wastewater. In these special cases, the process of
bioaugmentation is used. There’s only one major drawback in
this process. It almost becomes impossible to control the
growth of microorganisms in the process of removing the
particular contaminant.
18. APPLICATIONS
• • Bioremediation is used for the remediation of metals,
radionuclides, pesticides, explosives, fuels, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs).
• • Research is underway to understand the role of
phytoremediation to remediate perchlorate, a contaminant that
has been shown to be persistent in surface and groundwater
systems.
• • It may be used to clean up contaminants found in soil and
groundwater.
• • For radioactive substances, chelating agents are sometimes
used to make the contaminants amenable to plant uptake.
19. ADVANTAGES
• As it only uses natural processes, it is a relatively green
method that causes less damage to ecosystems.
• It often takes place underground, as amendments and
microbes can be pumped underground to clean up
contaminants in groundwater and soil; therefore, it does not
cause much disruption to nearby communities.
• The process of bioremediation creates few harmful byproducts
since contaminants and pollutants are converted into water
and harmless gases like carbon dioxide.
• Bioremediations is cheaper than most cleanup methods, as it
does not
20. • • Bioremediations is cheaper than most cleanup methods,
as it does not require a great deal of equipment or labor.
• • Bioremediation can be tailored to the needs of the
polluted site in question and the specific microbes needed to
break down the pollutant are encouraged by selecting the
limiting factor needed to promote their growth.
21. DISADVANTAGES
• The toxicity and bioavailability of biodegradation products are
not always known.
• Degradation by-products may be mobilized in groundwater or
bio-accumulated in animals.
• Additional research is needed to determine the fate of various
compounds in the plant metabolic cycle to ensure that plant
droppings and products do not contribute to toxic or harmful
chemicals into the food chain.
• Scientists need to establish whether contaminants that collect
in the leaves and wood of trees are released when the leaves
fall in the autumn or when firewood or mulch from the trees
is used.
• Disposal of harvested plants can be a problem if they contain
high levels of heavy metals.
22. • The depth of the contaminants limits treatment. In most cases, it is limited to shallow soils,
streams, and groundwater.
• Generally, the use of phytoremediation is limited to sites with lower contaminant
concentrations and contamination in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.
• The success of phytoremediation may be seasonal, depending on location. Other climatic
factors will also influence its effectiveness.
• The success of remediation depends on establishing a selected plant community. Introducing
new plant species can have widespread ecological ramifications. It should be studied
beforehand and monitored
• If contaminant concentrations are too high, plants may die.
• Some phytoremediation transfers contamination across media, (e.g., from soil to air).
• Phytoremediation is not effective for strongly sorbed contaminants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs).
• Phytoremediation requires a large surface area of land for remediation.
23. BIOPILES
• Excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments and placed in
aboveground enclosures.
• This process also includes leachate collection systems & is
used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents in
excavated soils through the use of biodegradation.
• It is an aerated static pile composting process in which compost
is formed into piles and aerated with blowers or vacuum
pumps.
• Moisture, heat, nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to
enhance biodegradation.
• The treatment area will generally be covered or contained with
an impermeable liner to minimize the risk of contaminants
leaching into uncontaminated soil.
24. • The drainage itself may be treated in a bioreactor before
recycling.
• The air distribution system is typically buried under the soil &
passes air through the soil either by vacuum or by positive
pressure.
•
• Soil piles may be covered with plastic to control runoff,
evaporation, and volatilisation and to promote solar heating.
• If VOCs are in the soil - these will volatilise into the air stream,
thus air treatment would be required.
• Biopile is a short-term technology (few weeks - several
months).
25. USES
• Treats non-halogenated VOCs, fuel
hydrocarbons, halogenated VOCs, SVOCs, &
pesticides.
• The process effectiveness will vary and may be
applicable only to some compounds within
these contaminant groups.
26. LIMITATIONS
• Excavation of contaminated soils is required.
• Treatability tests required to determine the
biodegradability of contaminants and appropriate
oxygenation and nutrient loading rates.
• Questionable effectiveness for halogenated compounds.
•
• Similar batch sizes require more time to complete cleanup
than slurry phase processes.
• Static treatment processes may result in less uniform
treatment than processes that involve periodic mixing.
27.
28. LAND FARMING
• Contaminated soil, sediment, or sludge is excavated,
applied into lined beds, and periodically turned over
or tilled to aerate the waste.
• Land farming is a full-scale bioremediation
technology, which usually incorporates liners and
other methods to control leaching of contaminants,
which requires excavation and placement of
contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges.
• Contaminated media is applied into lined beds and
periodically turned over or tilled to aerate the waste
29. • Soil conditions are often controlled to optimize
the rate of contaminant degradation. Conditions
normally controlled include:
• Moisture content (usually by irrigation or
spraying).
• Aeration (by tilling the soil with a predetermined
frequency, the soil is mixed and aerated).
• pH (buffered near neutral pH by adding crushed
limestone or agricultural lime).
• Other amendments (e.g., Soil bulking agents,
nutrients, etc.).
30. APPLICATIONS
• Ex situ landfarming has been proven most
successful in treating petroleum
hydrocarbons. Because lighter, more volatile
hydrocarbons such as gasoline are treated
very successfully by processes that use their
volatility (i.e., soil vapor extraction)
31. LIMITATIONS
• The use of aboveground bioremediation is usually limited to
heavier hydrocarbons.
• As a rule of thumb, the higher the molecular weight (and the
more rings with a PAH), the slower the degradation rate.
• Also, the more chlorinated or nitrated the compound, the
more difficult it is to degrade. (Note: Many mixed products
and wastes include some volatile components that transfer to
the atmosphere before they can be degraded.)