This document provides an overview of various applications of environmental biotechnology including bioremediation, biomining, biomarkers, biodegradation, sewage treatment, biosorption, biofiltration, biosensors, and more. Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes like microorganisms and plants to solve environmental problems and protect ecosystems in a sustainable way. It summarizes key concepts and methods within each application area.
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
The document discusses environmental biotechnology and its applications. It provides details about (1) using microorganisms to treat hazardous wastes and pollution, including bioremediation of contaminated soil and water, (2) the treatment process at a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) that cleans waste water from textile industries, and (3) two case studies on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil and waste water treatment at a CETP.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and environmental microbiology. Environmental biotechnology uses biotechnology to solve environmental problems, while environmental microbiology studies microbial interactions and communities in the environment. The document then provides examples of areas within environmental biotechnology and microbiology, including molecular ecology, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuels. Molecular ecology uses genetic tools to study ecology and biodiversity. Bioremediation uses bacteria or fungi to break down hazardous waste. Biosensors use biological entities like bacteria to monitor chemical or biological levels. Biofuels are plant-derived fuels seen as more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fuels.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
The document discusses environmental biotechnology and its applications. It provides details about (1) using microorganisms to treat hazardous wastes and pollution, including bioremediation of contaminated soil and water, (2) the treatment process at a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) that cleans waste water from textile industries, and (3) two case studies on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil and waste water treatment at a CETP.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and environmental microbiology. Environmental biotechnology uses biotechnology to solve environmental problems, while environmental microbiology studies microbial interactions and communities in the environment. The document then provides examples of areas within environmental biotechnology and microbiology, including molecular ecology, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuels. Molecular ecology uses genetic tools to study ecology and biodiversity. Bioremediation uses bacteria or fungi to break down hazardous waste. Biosensors use biological entities like bacteria to monitor chemical or biological levels. Biofuels are plant-derived fuels seen as more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fuels.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
Bioleaching, also known as biomining or microbial leaching, is the process of extracting metals like copper, gold, and uranium from ores using microorganisms. Important microorganisms used in bioleaching include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Bioleaching involves either direct contact between bacteria and mineral surfaces, or indirect leaching where bacteria generate chemical oxidants. Major industrial processes for bioleaching include heap, dump, and in situ leaching. Bioleaching provides an environmentally friendly alternative for extracting metals from low-grade ores.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. They indicate the presence of pollutants and provide information on exposure levels. Different types of bioindicators include microbes, plants, and animals. The document then describes various examples of bioindicators for different pollutants and environmental stresses. It concludes by discussing a case study where roadside plants in India were evaluated as bioindicators for urban air pollution through measurement of their air pollution tolerance index.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
The document discusses biosorption as a method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It provides background on heavy metal sources and threshold limits. Biosorption offers advantages over conventional removal methods as it is efficient, cheap, and can operate under a wide range of conditions. The process involves selective binding of metal ions to microbial cell surfaces. Common biosorbents discussed are algae, fungi, and bacteria, which contain functional groups that bind metals. Factors affecting biosorption include pH, biomass concentration, metal concentration and temperature. Equilibrium models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin are used to characterize biosorption isotherms. While biosorption shows promise, challenges include early saturation and regener
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and biological processes to produce industrial goods in a more environmentally friendly and efficient way compared to traditional industrial production. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for useful product formation abilities, improving product yields through fermentation, and recovering valuable end products. Common applications include producing metabolites, treating waste, producing biofuels, and fermenting food. Industrial biotechnology provides benefits like low substrate inputs, high output rates, environmental friendliness through renewability and reduced pollution.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
This document discusses the biodegradation of petrochemicals and hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas that are used to make many products. One environmental problem is accidental releases of petroleum products from the petrochemical industry, which can pollute water and soil. There are several methods for degrading hydrocarbons, including chemical and biological degradation. Biodegradation involves microbial remediation using bacteria, fungi, and plants. The document examines the microbial degradation process and factors that influence it, such as the type of hydrocarbons, nutrients, and temperature. It concludes that microbial degradation is an important part of cleaning up spilled oil in the environment.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
Bioleaching, also known as biomining or microbial leaching, is the process of extracting metals like copper, gold, and uranium from ores using microorganisms. Important microorganisms used in bioleaching include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Bioleaching involves either direct contact between bacteria and mineral surfaces, or indirect leaching where bacteria generate chemical oxidants. Major industrial processes for bioleaching include heap, dump, and in situ leaching. Bioleaching provides an environmentally friendly alternative for extracting metals from low-grade ores.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. They indicate the presence of pollutants and provide information on exposure levels. Different types of bioindicators include microbes, plants, and animals. The document then describes various examples of bioindicators for different pollutants and environmental stresses. It concludes by discussing a case study where roadside plants in India were evaluated as bioindicators for urban air pollution through measurement of their air pollution tolerance index.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
The document discusses biosorption as a method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It provides background on heavy metal sources and threshold limits. Biosorption offers advantages over conventional removal methods as it is efficient, cheap, and can operate under a wide range of conditions. The process involves selective binding of metal ions to microbial cell surfaces. Common biosorbents discussed are algae, fungi, and bacteria, which contain functional groups that bind metals. Factors affecting biosorption include pH, biomass concentration, metal concentration and temperature. Equilibrium models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin are used to characterize biosorption isotherms. While biosorption shows promise, challenges include early saturation and regener
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and biological processes to produce industrial goods in a more environmentally friendly and efficient way compared to traditional industrial production. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for useful product formation abilities, improving product yields through fermentation, and recovering valuable end products. Common applications include producing metabolites, treating waste, producing biofuels, and fermenting food. Industrial biotechnology provides benefits like low substrate inputs, high output rates, environmental friendliness through renewability and reduced pollution.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
This document discusses the biodegradation of petrochemicals and hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas that are used to make many products. One environmental problem is accidental releases of petroleum products from the petrochemical industry, which can pollute water and soil. There are several methods for degrading hydrocarbons, including chemical and biological degradation. Biodegradation involves microbial remediation using bacteria, fungi, and plants. The document examines the microbial degradation process and factors that influence it, such as the type of hydrocarbons, nutrients, and temperature. It concludes that microbial degradation is an important part of cleaning up spilled oil in the environment.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
This document discusses bioremediation and biomining via microbial surface adsorption. It defines heavy metals and their health effects. It explains that bioremediation uses organisms like algae, bacteria and fungi to reduce heavy metal pollutants. Two types of bioremediation are microbial bioremediation which uses microbes and phytoremediation which uses plants. Biomining, or bioleaching, uses microbes to extract metals from low-grade ores. Common biomining processes are slope leaching, heap leaching and in-situ leaching which leave the ore in place. Key microbes used are Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thermothrix thiopara
Biodegradation is very fruitful and attractive option to remediating, cleaning, managing and recovering technique for solving polluted environment through microbial activity. The speed of undesirable waste substances degradation is determined in competition within biological agents like fungi, bacterial, algae inadequate supply with essential nutrient, uncomfortable external abiotic conditions (aeration, moisture, pH, temperature), and low bioavailability. Bioremediation depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type and concentration of pollutants. The leading step to a successful bioremediation is site description, which helps create the most suitable and promising bioremediation technique (ex-situ or in-situ).
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and bioremediation. It begins with an introduction and overview of environmental biotechnology and why it is needed. It then discusses definitions of key terms like bioremediation, biodegradation, and xenobiotic compounds. The main body discusses various bioremediation techniques like bioremediation of polluted environments, phytoremediation, biosurfactants, immobilized enzymes and cells, and ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation. It concludes by emphasizing the aims of environmental biotechnology to prevent environmental degradation through appropriate use of biotechnology and other technologies while ensuring safety.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soil, water, and other environments. It is a natural, cost-effective process that breaks down pollutants through oxidation-reduction reactions stimulated by adding electron acceptors and donors. Common bioremediation methods include phytoremediation using plants, bioventing for groundwater, and landfarming for ex situ soil treatment. Genomic tools can analyze microbial communities and identify organisms and genes involved in biodegradation, helping optimize bioremediation strategies.
This document discusses bioremediation of contaminated soils. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms or their enzymes to degrade soil contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. Two main types are discussed - intrinsic bioremediation which uses native microbes, and engineered bioremediation which introduces microbes. Engineered techniques include biostimulation to improve conditions for native microbes, bioventing to add oxygen, and bioaugmentation to add specific degrading microbes. The document provides details on various bioremediation processes and criteria for their effective use.
Biotechnology microorganisms in environmental protection.pptaiga1090
Environmental biotechnology uses microorganisms to solve environmental problems such as treating wastewater and solid waste, purifying air, degrading pollutants, and producing renewable fuels and materials. It involves processes like bioremediation which uses bacteria and fungi to break down hazardous waste, and biosensors which use microbes to detect pollutants. Key microorganisms employed include Pseudomonas bacteria to degrade hydrocarbons and activated sludge microbes to treat water. Biogas is also produced via microbial fermentation of organic wastes.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of metal contaminated soil. It discusses the sources of metal contamination in soil, the principles and types of bioremediation including in-situ and ex-situ techniques. It also describes the microorganisms used in bioremediation such as bacteria, fungi and algae, and the mechanisms involved including biosorption, bioimmobilization, bioleaching and biomineralization. Additionally, it covers phytoremediation techniques using plants and plant-microbe interactions in rhizoremediation. Designer microbe approaches for genetically engineered bioremediating organisms are also outlined.
Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments.
The document discusses bioremediation as a method for treating hazardous wastes using biological organisms. It describes how microorganisms can break down and degrade many types of environmental contaminants through metabolic processes. Bioremediation is beneficial as it uses naturally occurring microbes to detoxify pollutants in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly manner. The document outlines different bioremediation techniques including in situ and ex situ methods and notes the optimal conditions required to maximize the effectiveness of bioremediation in remediating sites contaminated with chemicals, oils, and other organic wastes.
Bioaugmentation is the process of adding microorganisms to contaminated environments to degrade pollutants more quickly and efficiently. There are two main types: in situ bioaugmentation involves adding microbes directly to contaminated soil or groundwater, while ex situ bioaugmentation treats excavated contaminated materials outside of their natural environment. Both approaches can be effective but also have disadvantages like chemical alterations to the environment or high costs of ex situ methods. The document provides details on various bioaugmentation techniques and their applications in bioremediation.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with substances like oil, solvents, and pesticides. There are two main types - microbial remediation which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation which uses various plant species. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels to safe levels set by regulatory agencies through stimulating microbial growth and degradation of contaminants.
The document discusses bioremediation of contaminated soil and water, including degradation of pollutants like oil spills, heavy metals, and detergents. It also discusses the biodegradation of lignin and cellulose, phytoremediation, and the degradation of toxic chemicals by microorganisms. The document is about bioremediation concepts and techniques for treating municipal and industrial waste.
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama YounasUSAMAYOUNAS11
This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
The document discusses wastewater and sewage treatment. It describes the various stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes via microorganisms to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients and disinfection before water is released. The goal of treatment is to remove impurities and improve water quality before it is returned to the environment.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It describes various methods of bioremediation including bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Bioaugmentation involves adding microbes that can degrade specific contaminants, biostimulation provides nutrients to promote existing microbial growth, and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial activity. The document also outlines the types of microbes used in bioremediation such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. It concludes that bioremediation is an effective technique for reducing environmental toxicity and discusses using algae to treat wastewater and metal-hyperaccumulating plants for ph
This document discusses various types of bioremediation techniques used to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or prevent pollution. The two main types of bioremediation are in situ, which treats contaminants in place, and ex situ, which involves removing contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Specific techniques discussed include bioaugmentation, bioslurping, biosparging, natural attenuation, bioventing, and biostimulation. The advantages and limitations of bioremediation are also summarized.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
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equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
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because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
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the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
4. Introduction
• Environmental biotechnology may revamp the possibilities for the prevention of
pollution and ensuring the health of the environment through biomonitoring and
genetic engineering.
• Environmental biotechnology is concerned with the application of biotechnology to
solve problems in ecosystem.
• It can be considered as a driving force for integrated environmental protection leading
to sustainable development.
4
5. Bioremediation
• It involve the engineering of systems that use biological processes to
degrade, detoxify or accumulate contaminants.
• Bioremediation is a process in which microorganisms, green plants or
their enzymes for the remediation of contaminated environments and
their high-performance in biodegradation of pollutants.
5
8. Phytoremediation
• Involves the interaction of plant roots and the microorganisms associated
with these root systems to remediate soils containing elevated
concentrations of organic compounds.
• Alternative to engineering procedures that are usually more destructive to
the soil.
8
9. Types of Phytoremediation
Phytoextraction
Based on the ability of certain plants to gradually accumulate contaminants
(mainly metals) into their biomass.
Rhizofiltration
Involve the pumping of contaminated groundwater into troughs filled with the
large root systems of appropriate plant species.
9
10. Phytostabilization
Immobilize contaminants through adsorption, accumulation, precipitation
within the root zone.
Phytodegradation
Attenuation of organic contaminants into less toxic substances within the
rhizosphere through biodegradation of soil microbes.
Phytovolatilization
Contaminants taken up by the roots through the plants to the leaves and are
volatized through stomata.
Cont.
10
12. Microbial Remediation
Use of microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants and to bind the use
of metals in less bioavailable form.
Mycoremediation
• White-rot fungi degrades a wide range of organic molecules that are broadly
similar to lignin.
• The release of extra-cellular lignin-modifying enzymes, with a low
substrate-specificity so they can act upon various molecules.
12
13. Biomining
• Two stage combined biological system in order to perform the
extraction and recovery of the metals from ores.
• Most current biomining operations target valuable metals like copper,
uranium, nickel and gold.
13
16. Biomarkers
• Biological measures of a biological state.
• An indicator of normal biological processes:
-pathogenic processes
-pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention.
• Used in biomonitoring programmers:
-exposure,
- effect,
-susceptibility.
16
17. Potential Use in Biomonitoring
Molecular (gene expression, DNA integrity)
Biochemical (enzymatic, specific proteins or indicator
compounds)
Histo-cytopathological (cytological, histopathological)
Physiological
Behavioural
17
18. Significant Features of The Use of
Biomarkers
• Sublethal effects between contaminants and the organisms.
• Detect both known and unknown contaminants.
• Sub lethality and early detection of effects.
• Measure of bioavailable pollutants.
18
19. cont.
• Toxicity bioassays
-Pcbs (polychlorinated biphenyles)
-Pahs(polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons)
-Metals to give an expression
-Organophosphate
• Measure short-term predictors of long-term ecological effects.
• Biomonitoring, both in the marine and freshwater environment.
• Attribute exposure and risks to environmental pollutants.
19
20. Biomarker of Trace Metal Exposure
Biomarker Contaminants initiating
response
Metallothioneins Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Hg, Ag
Stress proteins Cu
Glutathionic
trasferases
Cd
Lipid peroxidation Cd
Haem and
porphyrins
Pb, As, Hg
20
21. Biodegradation of Environmental
Pollutants
• Biologically catalyzed reduction in complexity of chemical compounds
• Results in a complete degradation (mineralization) of organic pollutants.
• Many factors influence microorganisms to use pollutants as substrates
-Temperature
-pH
-available nitrogen
-phosphorus sources,
21
22. Figure 03: Role of microorganisms in biodegradation of pollutants
22
23. Factors Affecting Microbial Degradation
Biological factor
• Nutrients , oxygen , temperature , pH ,moisture.
Environmental factor
• Soil type and soil organic matter content .
23
24. Sewage Treatment/Waste Water Treatment
• Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from
municipal wastewater.
• Three steps of waste water treatment-
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
24
25. Pretreatment
• Removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage .
Figure 4: Bar screen
Figure 5: Grit chamber
25
26. Primary Treatment
• Temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy
solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids
float to the surface.
Figure 6: Primary settling tank schematic
26
27. Secondary Treatment
• Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended
biological matter.
• Classified as -
• Trickling filters
• Constructed wetlands
• Rotating biological
contactors
Fixed film
system
• Activated sludge process
Suspended
growth system
27
29. Secondary Treatment
• It is the process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration
and a biological floc .
Figure 8: Schematic diagram of an activated sludge process.
29
30. Tertiary Treatment
• The purpose is to provide a final treatment stage to further improve the
effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment.
Sand filtration.
Lagoons or ponds.
30
31. Biological Nutrient Removal
• Nitrogen is removed through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from
ammonia to nitrate (nitrification), followed by de-nitrification.
• In Phosphorus removal specific bacteria called polyphosphate-
accumulating organisms (PAOs) are used.
31
32. Biosorption
The ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals through
metabolically mediated or physico-chemical pathways of uptake.
Algae Fungi
Bacteria Yeast
Metal
biosorbents
32
35. Biosorption Mechanisms
• Transport across cell membrane
Comprises of two steps-
• Physical adsorption
Van der Waals' forces
Electrostatic interactions
Metabolism
independent binding
Metabolism dependent
intracellular uptake
35
36. Biosorption Mechanisms
• Ion Exchange
Cell walls of microorganisms contain polysaccharides and bivalent
metal ions exchange with the counter ions of the polysaccharides.
• Complexation
Complex formation takes place on the cell surface after the interaction
between the metal and the active groups.
36
37. Biosorption Mechanisms
• Precipitation
• Microbes react in the
presence of a toxic metal
producing compounds
Dependent on
the cellular
metabolism
• Chemical interaction
between the metal and
the cell surface
Not dependent on
the cellular
metabolism
37
38. Biofiltration
• New pollution control technology .
• Attractive technique for the elimination of malodorous gas emissions .
• Use for low concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
38
40. Biofiltration
• Biofilm surrounds the particles that make up the filter media.
• The contaminated gas is diffused in the biofilter and adsorbed
onto the biofilm.
• Microorganisms degrade the pollutants by oxidation .
Organic Pollutant + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat + Biomass
40
41. Biosensors
• New analytical tools able to provide fast, reliable, and sensitive
measurements .
• Incorporating a biological material.
• Integrated within a physicochemical transducer or transducing
microsystem.
41
43. Superbug
• A strain of bacteria .
• Resistant to antibiotic drugs.
• Difficult to control or eradicate .
• Immune to insecticides.
43
44. Causes of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria
• Using or misusing antibiotics.
• Having poor infection prevention and control practices.
• Living or working in unsanitary conditions.
• Mishandling food.
44
45. Superbugs That Clean up Environment
• Polluted water bodies can be treated with GEMs.
• Nature performs its cleaning the environment by biodegradation.
• Superbugs could be a very promising option to perform this job.
45
46. In case of Bangladesh
• An excellent option to deal with the severely polluted environmental
sites.
• Our rivers and the largest sea beach could be saved in this way.
• We can get a cleaner and safer environment for fresh breathing and a
happy life.
46
47. Cleaning up Oil Spills
• Marine bacteria can assist in cleaning up after oil spills.
• Some microbes naturally break down petroleum.
• Several companies are working on oil-munching superbugs which
have been genetically altered to devour a spill more efficiently.
47
48. Molecular Ecology
• A field of evolutionary biology .
• Concerned with applying molecular population genetics, molecular
phylogenetic.
• This is done-
To look at the biodiversity of different populations .
To ensure they are not at risk of going extinct .
48
49. Future of Molecular Ecology
• Accessibility of markers for any organism.
• Fewer technical limitations .
• Faster laboratory analyses.
• Data storage and analysis more challenging.
49
51. Biotransformation
• The conversion of a small part of chemical molecules by means of
biological system.
• The living plant may be considered as a bio-synthetic laboratory.
• The secondary compounds are measure interest because of their different
functions and biological activities.
• Biotransformation is an area of biotechnology that has gained considerable
attention due to its ability of plant cell culture to catalyze the conversion of
readily available on expensive precursor into a more valuable final product.
51
52. Cont.
• Plant biotechnology includes methods for tailoring plant resources,
plant cell and protoplast culture, manipulation of nuclear and plasmid
genes, plant cell and enzyme immobilization and industrial scale
production or biotransformation.
• Several reactions such as, oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction,
methylation, amino-acylation, glucosylation-a cylation occour.
• It can also be defined as-chemical transformation which is catalyzed
by micro-organism or their enzymes.
52
53. Types of Biotransformation
• Biotransformation is of two types
1. Enzymatic 2. Non-enzymatic.
• Enzymatic elimination is the biotransformation occurring due to various enzymes
present in the body.
Example:
a. Resolution of amino acid by aminoacylases,
b. Synthesis of aspartame by thermolysine.
• Enzymatic are further divided into
1. Microsomal : Microsomal biotransformation is caused by enzymes present
within the lipophilic membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
53
54. Types of Biotransformation
2. Non-microsomal: This involves the enzymes which are present within the
mitochondria.
Examples :
a. Skeletal muscle relaxans like Atracurium
b. Chlorazepate converted into Desmethyl diazepam
c. Mustin HCl converted into Ethyleneimonium
d. Atracurium converted into Laudanosine
e. Quartenary acid, Hexamine converted into Formaldehyde.
54
56. Applications
There is biotransformation have many applications in various fields
Biotransformation of pesticides
Biotransformation of pollutants
Petroleum biotransformation
Biotransformation of drug
Biotransformation of steroid
Biotransformation of antibiotics
56
57. Bioplastics
• A type of plastics which are made of renewable biomass sources, example
vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, pea starchor microbiota etc.
• Bioplastic are (partly) biobased, biodegradable.
• Formulated with biological substances.
• Degenerated by bacteria or other (living) biological factors.
• Commonly used in disposable items including packaging materials, dining
utensils, food packaging, and insulation.
57
58. Types of Bioplastic
• Category 1: Polymers directly extracted/removed from biomass.
Example : Polysaccharides, proteins etc.
• Category 2: Polymers produced by classical synthesis using
renewable bio-based monomers.
Example: Poly acetic acid, a bio polyester polymerized from lactic acid
monomers.
• Category 3: Polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically
modified bacteria.
58
59. Advantages
• Bioplastic is cheaper than chemical method.
• This method is better than chemical reaction due to its substrate
specificity, steriospecificity and mixed reaction condition.
• The environmental pollution, due to bioplastic is negligible.
• It is easy to apply recombinant DNA technology make desire
improvement in microbes involve in biotransformation.
• It is easy to scale up the process due to limited no of reactions.
59
60. Application
Packaging
application
• Bottles
• Films
• Clam shell
• Corton
• Loose fills
Niche
Market
• Minor
automobile
part
• Electronic
• CDs ans casing
Food sevice
ware
• Carrier bag
• Mulch films
• Cutlery
60
61. Biofuels
• A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological
processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion.
• Biofuels can be directly derived from plants (i.e. Energy crops),or
indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial
wastes.
61
63. Uses of Biofuels
• Transportation
• Energy generation
• Bioheat
• Charging Electronics
• Clean Oil Spills and Grease
• Cooking
• Lubricate
• Remove paint and adhesive
• Create energy when fossil fuel runs out
• Reduce cost and need for imported oil
63
64. Conclusion
• The major benefits of environmental biotechnology are it helps to keep
our environment safe and clean for the use of the future generations
• The applications of environmental biotechnology are becoming a
benefiting factor for the environment;
• New ways are improvised the environment and protect the
environment.
64