This document provides information about Dr. T. Citarasu and his research interests in marine ecosystem and marine biotechnology at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. It discusses how the ocean contributes to the climate and is home to most life on Earth. It also outlines various applications of marine biotechnology including medicines, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, enzymes, fuels, foods and more. The document then discusses different sources of marine natural products including microbes, fungi, invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms. It provides several examples of bioactive compounds isolated from these marine sources and their activities.
Introduction
Concept of Bioprospecting
Why is it needed
Process of Bioprospecting
Who does bioprospecting
Added potential environmental impacts of Bioprospecting
Key issues & challenges
Lack of legal clarity
Greater sector involvement:
A comprehensive bioprospecting policy
Definition of biopiracy
History of biopiracy
Types of Biopiracy
How does it happens?
Famous Cases of biopiracy
Why is There a Need to Stop Biopiracy ?
Actions Taken Against Biopiracy
Conclusion
Introduction
Concept of Bioprospecting
Why is it needed
Process of Bioprospecting
Who does bioprospecting
Added potential environmental impacts of Bioprospecting
Key issues & challenges
Lack of legal clarity
Greater sector involvement:
A comprehensive bioprospecting policy
Definition of biopiracy
History of biopiracy
Types of Biopiracy
How does it happens?
Famous Cases of biopiracy
Why is There a Need to Stop Biopiracy ?
Actions Taken Against Biopiracy
Conclusion
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
This presentation covers the topic of General Characteristics & its Application of Marine Polysaccharides i.e. Agar, Agarose & Chitosan in an elaborative and easy to understand way for studying and notes purpose.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
This presentation covers the topic of General Characteristics & its Application of Marine Polysaccharides i.e. Agar, Agarose & Chitosan in an elaborative and easy to understand way for studying and notes purpose.
Isolation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Seaweeds Amphiroa anceps ag...Ferdinand .S. Lubobi
The biodiversity of ocean living resources provide an ample scope for the extraction of drugs and chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Sea weed Amphiroa anceps, collected from Thondi-Palk Strait region of Tamil Nadu, was studied for antagonistic activity of proteins. Seaweed species were identified based on specula morphology. Ethyl
Acetate extracts yielded a total of 0.9 g, 0.12 g, 0.02 g, 0.14 g and 0.17 g from 1.5 g of sponge respectively. The antagonistic activity of crude extract against bacterial pathogens showed clear inhibition zones against Yersinia sp., Streptococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. The extracted Seaweed strain had Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations against all the three chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp. and Streptococcus sp. and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration against two chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp. and Yersinia sp.
Todd Kleperis: Protecting Ocean Regions with RoboticsTodd Kleperis
Advancing medicine and treating or preventing chronic illness is tied to the environment in more ways than one. Specifically, working with the overall health of the oceans can lead to opportunities for "bio prospecting" and tapping into underused and under-investigated resources for the benefit of better medicine.
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
A concise presentation on the emerging topic on Metagenomic Analysis of Water Bodies. This presentation will help students and scientists to understand the various techniques used in metagenomic studies of rivers as well as oceans. Brief Introduction to various bioinformatic techniques like Lipidomics, LCMS, HPLC and Next Gen Sequencing, with a focus toward ocean and river samples.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. Citarasu
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078
Mobile: +91-9994273822Mobile: +91-9994273822
Email:Email: citarasu@gmail.comcitarasu@gmail.com
citarasu@msuniv.ac.incitarasu@msuniv.ac.in
Website:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in
www.drcitarasu.comwww.drcitarasu.com
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY, TIRUNELVELIMANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY, TIRUNELVELI
2.
3. Marine Ecosystem & Marine BiotechnologyMarine Ecosystem & Marine Biotechnology
Contribute to oxygen cycle & help to regulate the Earths’ climate
Ocean covers 70% of the earths’ surface & 80% of the organisms
living in aquatic ecosystem
Defined as “ Application of scientific & engineering principles to
the processing of materials by marine biological agents to prove
goods and services”.
Explore medicines, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, enzymes, industrial
products, bio fuels, foods, aquaculture etc.
4. 7516.6 km7516.6 km
News Courtesy :News Courtesy :
Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014
Strengthen our marine biotechnology research…….Strengthen our marine biotechnology research…….
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES)Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES)
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEFS)Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEFS)
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)
5. MARINE BIO PROSPECTINGMARINE BIO PROSPECTING
Defined as “Searching for bio molecules from marine sources and the
search for new and unique bioactive components with potential
commercial applications”
Also include bioprocessing, bio harvesting, bioremediation using
bioreactors.
Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…
Identification
Screening
Efficacy
Safety testing
Large scale commercial
production
6. Untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to theUntapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to the
development ofdevelopment of new functional foodsnew functional foods with vast diverse ofwith vast diverse of novelnovel
chemicals.chemicals.
8. The soft bodied and unmoved organisms
are under threat with predators &
environmental factors. They escape from
the predators they have to synthesize
molecules with diverse of structures with
potent biological activities.
Even though marine bio prospecting
started the past 50 years unfortunately
only few products available in the market
and most of them under clinical trials.
Most of them treated cancers,
inflammations and antimicrobials.
Difficulties in synthesis. Structures of
some compounds are extremely complex,
the synthesis, in many case, is not
feasible.
9. Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites
Produced after active growth has taken place & which perform noProduced after active growth has taken place & which perform no
vital function for the producing organismsvital function for the producing organisms
Interesting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with HighInteresting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with High
bioactivity potentialbioactivity potential
Heart of commercial venture & turn over -Heart of commercial venture & turn over - more than billion 100 $ / yrmore than billion 100 $ / yr
Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & PolyketidesNon Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & Polyketides
(PKS)(PKS)
Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria & FungiPeptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria & Fungi
NRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretionNRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretion
Independent of mRNA & Broad biological activitiesIndependent of mRNA & Broad biological activities
11. MICROBIAL SOURCESMICROBIAL SOURCES
Microbial MetabolitesMicrobial Metabolites
Microbes from marine sources have a
rich potential of antimicrobial active
principles for protecting themselves
from their predators
Due to the rich potential bioactive
metabolites in the marine microbes, it
may be used as drugs directly or used
as lead structures for drug discovery
Nowadays the antibiotic resistance
and problems increased and
alternative discovery needed
12.
13. Associated microbesAssociated microbes
Secondary metabolites produced with the association between
Sponges and bacteria
Obligatory mutualism (symbionts play an essential role in the
metabolism of their host), facultative mutualism (beneficial effect on
their host, but the host will survive without the symbiont) or
commensalism (they are present without providing obvious beneficial
effects to their host).
More than 30 different phyla of Bacteria and Archaea as being
associated with sponges.
However, less than 1% of these microorganisms can be cultivated in
laboratory conditions.
Bioactive metabolites originally isolated from sponges, were in fact
synthesized or transformed by bacterial strains.
15. Extremophilic OriginExtremophilic Origin
Psychrophiles, Thermopiles, Halophiles & AlkaliphilesPsychrophiles, Thermopiles, Halophiles & Alkaliphiles
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
Taq DNA Polymerase- Thermus aquaticus
Thermostable restriction enzymes–Pyrococcus sp
Agro & Food IndustryAgro & Food Industry
ThermophilicThermophilic amylases and cellulasesamylases and cellulases:: Bakery, glucose andBakery, glucose and
fructose productionfructose production
Freezing protectionFreezing protection Antifreeze proteinsAntifreeze proteins from psychrophilesfrom psychrophiles
Pharmacological IndustryPharmacological Industry
Biosurfactants:Biosurfactants: Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids,Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids,
polymeric surfactants & particulate naturespolymeric surfactants & particulate natures
Bacteriocin:Bacteriocin: Ptoteinaceous nature had antibiotic activityPtoteinaceous nature had antibiotic activity
Liposomes:Liposomes: phospholipids for vaccine deliveryphospholipids for vaccine delivery
Polyhydroxybutyrate:Polyhydroxybutyrate: BioplasticBioplastic
16. Actinomycetes OriginActinomycetes Origin
Actinomycetes are the intermediate group between bacteria and fungi having
high G+C (>55%) content in their DNA and abundantly present in the marine
sediment
Top most producers of antibiotics @ 70%
The important genera are Streptomyces sp, Nocardiopsis sp, Marinispora sp,
Salinispora sp and the culture- independent Dietzia sp and Rhodococcus sp
Major producers of antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antitumor, anti-
inflammatory, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antifouling and anti-infective
compounds
18. Fungal OriginFungal Origin
Widely distributed in deep sea to polar ice
covers, occur in sediments, dead organic
matter, driftwood, algae, corals and
sponges etc.
Huge potential for new natural products
and an increased number of new
metabolites have become known over the
past years.
In hydrothermal sea ecosystem,
unsuspected high diversity of fungal
species identified with novel secondary
metabolites recently
Vast source of diverse antimicrobial
compounds mostly inhibit Gram negative
bacterial pathogens, HIV virus and fungus
21. Invertebrate ResourcesInvertebrate Resources
Group of animals have no backbone
In halobiotic environment, they have
special adaptations, metabolic
activities, secretions helps to produce
diverse of bioactive substances,
protecting from harsh environment.
Among the invertebrates poriferans,
cnidarians, annelids, arthropods,
molluscs and echinoderms have
attracted attention due to their
antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal,
antifungal, antihelminthic and
anticancer activities
22. PORIFERAPORIFERA
SpongesSponges
Most primitive metazoans (700-800 mill. yrs)
which appeared in the Cambrian period
Widely found in coastal platform to deep
waters
Sessile filter feeders with efficient defense
mechanisms against foreign attackers such
as viruses, bacteria or eukaryotic organisms.
Considered as gold mine during the past 50
years (> 10000 compounds)
Occasionally develop symbiotic relationship
with algae and microbes
25. COELENTERATESCOELENTERATES
Cnidarians are the richest natural sources of
prostaglandins
Jelly fish, sea nettle and sea anemones mostly
secreted toxins with mixture of enzymes and
polypeptides
27. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
Crystal jelly fishCrystal jelly fish Aequorea victoriaAequorea victoria
238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)
Molecular biology- Reporter geneMolecular biology- Reporter gene
expressionexpression
BiosensorsBiosensors
Clone in viral vectorClone in viral vector
protein localization in living organisms
Bacteria, Yeast and other Fungi, fish plant,
fly, and mammalian cells etc
29. ANNELIDSANNELIDS
Of the approximately 9000 species
of annelids, more than 8000 are
polychaetes including lugworms, clam
worms, bristleworms, fire worms, palolo
worms, sea mice, featherduster worms, etc
They are found in most marine
environments from tidal zones to
hydrothermal vents
They has been found to treat several
pathophysiological conditions such as
arthritis, osteoporosis, bone cancer etc.
31. ARTHROPODSARTHROPODS
They having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and
jointed appendages (paired appendages).
Several bioactive compounds have also been isolated from marine
arthropods including horseshoe crab, crab, krill and shrimps
32. Krill Oil and EnzymeKrill Oil and Enzyme ((Euphausia superba))
Tiny shrimp @ Whale foodTiny shrimp @ Whale food
Omega 3s, especiallyOmega 3s, especially EPA and DHAEPA and DHA
Heart disease, reduce high cholesterol, highHeart disease, reduce high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,
depressiondepression
33. Chitin, Chitoson & OilgomersChitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers
Shell waste with biomedicalShell waste with biomedical
applicationsapplications
Chitin aChitin a high molecular wt polymerhigh molecular wt polymer
N-acetyl-D-glucosamineN-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Chitoson-heteropolymerChitoson-heteropolymer
Reducing LDLReducing LDL
Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer
ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants
DNA Vaccine deliveryDNA Vaccine delivery
Biopesticide – AgriculturalBiopesticide – Agricultural
Shell wasteShell waste
WashWash
deprotenize- 3 % NaoHdeprotenize- 3 % NaoH
Alkali removal by water washAlkali removal by water wash
Demineralization-1.25 N HclDemineralization-1.25 N Hcl
WashWash
Dry and packageDry and package
36. MOLLUSCAMOLLUSCA
Largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named
marine organisms.
Snails, octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
These creatures have been important to humans throughout history as a
source of food, jewelry, tools, and even pets.
37. Molluscan derived CompoundsMolluscan derived Compounds
1. Dolastin1. Dolastin (Sea slug)(Sea slug)
Dolastin 10 &15Dolastin 10 &15
Dollabella auriculariaDollabella auricularia
Anticancer activityAnticancer activity
2. Kahalaide F2. Kahalaide F
Sea slugSea slug Elysia rufescensElysia rufescens
Induce apoptosisInduce apoptosis
3. Spisulosine3. Spisulosine
Arctic surf clamArctic surf clam Spisula polynymaSpisula polynyma
Anti proliferative & Anti cancerAnti proliferative & Anti cancer
4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract
Perna viridis –Perna viridis –leukotrenesleukotrenes
Arthritis; Anti-inflamatoryArthritis; Anti-inflamatory
Known wt of tissue + water orKnown wt of tissue + water or
methanolmethanol
Chop & homoginize/ sonicateChop & homoginize/ sonicate
CentrifugeCentrifuge
Collect supernatantCollect supernatant
Further purification needFurther purification need
AssayAssay
38. commercially important marine
“archeogastropod” mollusk
Rich nutritional value, superior
taste, and various other benefits to
human health
Ginseng in the ocean- 25 vitamins
and minerals and is particularly
rich in selenium, magnesium and
B12
Abalone is favoured for its high
nutrient content that has
traditionally been used to support
eye health
AbaloneAbalone
39. ECHINODERMATAECHINODERMATA
The phylum contains about 7000 living species including sea stars, sea
urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies
Found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone
The bioactive compounds mainly are saponins
41. FISH AND OTHER VERTEBRATESFISH AND OTHER VERTEBRATES
Metabolites extracted from fish, sea
snakes and aquatic mammals are
scanty.
Fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids,
useful for various remedies including
arthritis etc.
500 species of fish are considered
toxic (Tetradotoxin (TTX))
Squalamines, a water soluble
antibiotics from dogfish shark,
Squalus acanthias
An anticancerous drug, namely “Fu-
anntai”, from sea snake had anti-
cancerous effects
42. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoicOmega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA)acid (DHA)
Safety and potential nutritional andSafety and potential nutritional and
therapeutic effects.therapeutic effects.
Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &
cure cancerscure cancers
Good for health, Good for EyeGood for health, Good for Eye
Anti stressAnti stress
Rich VitaminsRich Vitamins
Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)
Fresh Livers without Gall bladderFresh Livers without Gall bladder
and veinsand veins
Wash & ChopWash & Chop
Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)
Remove the floating oilRemove the floating oil
Filter & CentrifugeFilter & Centrifuge
Keep overnight with NaSoKeep overnight with NaSo44
Filter & storeFilter & store
Thermal rupture to release oilsThermal rupture to release oils
43. Steroids for fast growing !!!!! XXXSteroids for fast growing !!!!! XXX
44. Shark Fin Cartilages and RaysShark Fin Cartilages and Rays
Caudal, Dorsal & pectoral finsCaudal, Dorsal & pectoral fins
Known wt of dried finsKnown wt of dried fins
WashWash
cooking with acidified watercooking with acidified water
until hydrolyze to gelatinuntil hydrolyze to gelatin
Remove adhering muscleRemove adhering muscle
Dry in artificial dryerDry in artificial dryer
Grade and packGrade and pack
Shark Fin soupShark Fin soup
Boost sexual potencyBoost sexual potency
Enhance skin qualityEnhance skin quality
Prevent heart disease, lowerPrevent heart disease, lower
cholesterolcholesterol
Beneficial to lung & kidneyBeneficial to lung & kidney
Shark Bone cartilageShark Bone cartilage
Prevent variety of illnessPrevent variety of illness
AngiogenesisAngiogenesis
Prevent CancerPrevent Cancer
45. Shark cartilage has long been valued by traditional herbalists in China,
where it has been consumed for centuries as shark fin soup.
Shark cartilage contains mucopolysaccharides, a family of complex
carbohydrates including the now well-known chondroitin sulfate.
It is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus.
Some Shark cartilage based products available in marketSome Shark cartilage based products available in market
47. Fish BoneFish Bone
60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in
calciumcalcium
Essential elements for human healthEssential elements for human health
Solve the problems related to boneSolve the problems related to bone
CollagenCollagen
Structural protein in connective tissueStructural protein in connective tissue
Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,
leather and film industriesleather and film industries
Alkaline and acid extractionAlkaline and acid extraction
Fish Bone and CollagenFish Bone and Collagen
48. ALGAL NATURAL PRODUCTSALGAL NATURAL PRODUCTS
Algae have a tremendous impact on the
sustainability of the marine ecosystem
as being the primary producers and,
therefore, a food source for other marine
organisms.
microalgae synthesize bioactive
molecules such as pigments and lipids
that exhibit health properties.
Types of AlgaeTypes of Algae
Seaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellularSeaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellular
algaealgae
Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;
occupy fresh, marine & extremeoccupy fresh, marine & extreme
environmentsenvironments
50. Algae produce oxygen in spaceAlgae produce oxygen in space
Chlorella and Euglena grown in
photobioreactor is used to produce oxygen in
the space for the Astronauts using their waste
and help them for long term expedition in space
NASA and many other space research station
in the world open opportunities for
planktologist
Algal BioplasticsAlgal Bioplastics
TTypically, long chain polymers, present in the
algae lipids are used for making bioplastics
Algae is attractive for bioplastics because of
its high growth rate and high protein content.
The plastics market is worth more than $400
billion and has grown at an average of 3.5% per
year over the last two decades.
51. Algal Biogas ProductionAlgal Biogas Production
In a biogas reactor the substrates used are converted in several reaction
steps into biogas, consisting mainly of the components CH4 and CO2
The biogas yield of plants is generally limited by the greater or lesser
proportion of lignocellulose, which is difficult to recycle.
However, the use of microalgae with a low lignocellulose content, for
example Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina
platensis, permits an almost complete utilization of the organic substance.
.
52. ALGAL OIL PRODUCTIONALGAL OIL PRODUCTION
Storing the Sun’s Energy
(Photosynthesis)
What is needed Storage of Energy
Sunlight Lipids and oils
CO2 Carbohydrates
Nutrients
53. How to produce more oils ?How to produce more oils ?
The lipid content of an algae species can be increased by imposing a stress
factor, such as starving of nitrogen or silicon.
In this manner, lipid fractions up to 70-85% have been reported for nitrogen
starvation and 60% for silicon starvation
54. Health aspect of algal oilsHealth aspect of algal oils
The oil extracted from
Crypthecodinium cohnii contains 40-
50% DHA useful for infant formula
Schizochytrium produce algal oil
known as DHA Gold for use as an
adult dietary supplement in food and
beverages as well as animal feeds
(OmegaTech (USA)).
Other applications include food for
pregnant and nursing women and for
cardiovascular health
56. AlginateAlginate
polyuronic saccharaidepolyuronic saccharaide
Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus
D- mannuronic and L-galuronic acidD- mannuronic and L-galuronic acid
Emulsifier in food industriesEmulsifier in food industries
Sargassum & Gracilaria spSargassum & Gracilaria sp
Fresh seaweed washed & DriedFresh seaweed washed & Dried
Pulverize to get powderPulverize to get powder
Treat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ONTreat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ON
Wash with water & add NaWash with water & add Na22CoCo33
Filter & bleach with 2.5 % NaCloFilter & bleach with 2.5 % NaClo
Evaporate @ 60° CEvaporate @ 60° C
Pure sodium alginatePure sodium alginate
57. CarrageenanCarrageenan
Isolated from sea weedsIsolated from sea weeds
Sulfated polysaccharidesSulfated polysaccharides
Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
Broad range of applications inBroad range of applications in
food and cosmeticsfood and cosmetics
59. Sea LettucesSea Lettuces
Genus Ulva, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along
the coasts of the world's oceans.
Food source for humans in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, China,
and Japan
Used as salads and cooked in soups.
High in protein, soluble dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, especially iron.
60. Cadalmin Green Algal extractCadalmin Green Algal extract
Cadalmin Green Algal extract contains a
unique blend of 100% natural marine
bioactive anti-inflammatory ingredients
extracted from selected seaweeds or marine
macro algae with a patented ecofriendly
“green” technology .
The product is effective to combat arthritic
pain and inflammatory diseases in human
beings
Patients suffering with chronic joint pain and
arthritis clinical trial-based studies revealed
that more than 98% of the respondents were
satisfied with the product with about 70-85%
relief in joint pain and arthritis
61. METAGENOMICSMETAGENOMICS
Defined as “Culture independent analysis of a mixture of microbial
genomes using an approach based either on expression or sequencing”
(Schloss and Handlesmann, 2005)
64. 64
16S ribosomal RNA analysis of
microbial communities
16S rRNA genes have been
amplified, cloned and
sequenced from thousands of
distinct environmental niches,
but these surveys routinely
continue to identify unique new
bacterial and archaeal taxa.
66. Current medications haveCurrent medications have severe drawbackssevere drawbacks, and to the scientific, and to the scientific
appraisal of marine-based remedies that might beappraisal of marine-based remedies that might be safer, cheaper,safer, cheaper,
and less toxicand less toxic for self-medication than existing prescriptionfor self-medication than existing prescription
medicines.medicines.
Marine derived pharmaceuticals provide aMarine derived pharmaceuticals provide a novel and rich source ofnovel and rich source of
chemical diversitychemical diversity that can contribute to design and developmentthat can contribute to design and development
of new and potentially useful pharmaceutical agents.of new and potentially useful pharmaceutical agents.
Develop novel screening technologies:Develop novel screening technologies: Genomic and metagenomicGenomic and metagenomic
approachapproach
A proactiveA proactive interaction between researchers, the pharmaceuticalinteraction between researchers, the pharmaceutical
marine biotechmarine biotech sector and government regulating agencies issector and government regulating agencies is
crucial to the incorporation of this challengingcrucial to the incorporation of this challenging new tool in clinicalnew tool in clinical
medicine.medicine.