An overview on marine natural product covering all the topics included in it.

1. A Presentation on
Project Title
A REVIEW ON MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS
Presented by
Deependra Singh
Master of Pharmacy
(Pharmacognosy)
Under guidance of
Prof. (Dr) Shalini Tripathi
Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow.

2. INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 GENERAL METHOD OF ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION
 NEED FOR RESEARCH IN MARINE DRUGS
 RECENT ADVANCES IN MARINE DRUGS
 PROBLEM FACED IN RESARCH IN MARINE DRUGS
 MARINE TOXINS

3. INTRODUCTION
 Marine natural products are biological active compounds which have greater health
promoting factor & are derived from marine organisms such as algae, sponges, and
corals.
 The ocean cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface and contain over 200,000
invertebrates and algal species
 Marine natural products have a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-
cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
 Many marine natural products are unique to marine organisms and cannot be found
anywhere else, making them valuable resources for drug development and other
applications.
 Marine natural products have been used in the development of drugs for the
treatment of cancer, viral infections, and other diseases.
 Marine natural products are also used in the production of cosmetics, dietary
supplements, and food additives.
 The study of marine natural products is important because it can help us to better
understand the biological processes that occur in marine organisms, and to develop
new medicines and other products.

4. GENERAL METODS OF ISOLATION
AND PURIFICATION
 Bioassay-guided fractionation
This approach involve using a biological assay to test the activity of a
sample of the marine organisms and then purifying and analyzing the
active fraction to identify the active compound.
 High-throughput screening
This approach involves the use of automated techniques to test large
number of sample quickly in order to identify active compounds.
 Advanced Extraction Method & Chromatography
This technique separate the compounds based on their physical and
chemical properties, such as size, charge, and polarity. There are several
types of chromatography that can be used are Ion exchange
chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, LC & CCC.
Advanced method like SCFE, MAE,& UAE.

5.  Mass spectroscopy
Its is analytical tools useful for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of
one or more molecules present in a sample. These measurements can often
be used to calculate the exact molecular weight of the sample components
as well.
 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
It is helpful in determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms or
the molecules in which they are contained and provide detailed information
about structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of
molecules.
Overall, the choice of isolation techniques will depend on the properties of
the target compound and the resources available. A combination of
technique is often used to isolate and characterize marine natural products.

6. NEED FOR RESEARCH IN MARINE
DRUGS
 Potential for new drug discovery: Marine organisms are a rich source of novel
compounds that can have unique chemical structures and biological activities. These
compounds have the potential to be developed into new drugs for a range of
diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders.
 Ecological importance: Studying marine natural products can provide insights into
the ecological roles of these compounds in marine organisms and their interactions
with other organisms in their environment.
 Marine biodiversity conservation: Marine natural products research can contribute
to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, by identifying
valuable compounds that can be harvested from marine organisms without causing
harm to the environment.

7.  Biotechnological applications: Marine natural products have
potential applications in biotechnology, such as in the
development of new biomaterials, biofuels, and bioremediation
technologies.
 Economic benefits: Marine natural products research can
contribute to the development of new industries and economic
opportunities, particularly in coastal and island communities
where marine resources are important sources of livelihood

8. RECENT ADVANCES IN MARINE
DRUGS
 Anti-cancer drugs: Marine organisms are a rich source of compounds that
have potential anti-cancer activity. For example, a compound called Bryozoan
isolated from Mediterranean sponge specimen.
 Anti-inflammatory drugs: Many marine organisms produce compounds with
anti-inflammatory activity. For instance, a compound called halichondrin B,
isolated from a marine sponge (Halichondria okadai, has been found to have
potent anti-inflammatory properties.
 Anti-malarial drug: Isonitrile, isolated from Japanese Sponge shows anti-
malarial as well as antifungal properties.

9.  Antibiotics: The search for new antibiotics is an ongoing challenge due to the emergence
of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Marine organisms are a promising source of new
antibiotics, and several compounds with antibiotic activity have been discovered in recent
years. For example, a compound called kalkitoxin, isolated from a marine
cyanobacterium, has shown potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant
bacteria.
 Anti-viral drugs: Marine organisms have also been found to produce compounds with
anti-viral activity. For example, a compound called halovirus SNJ1, derived from a
marine bacterium, has been shown to inhibit the replication of human papillomavirus
(HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV).
 Neuroprotective drugs: Marine organisms are a rich source of compounds that have
potential neuroprotective activity. For instance, a compound called bryostatin-1, isolated
from a marine bryozoan, has been found to improve memory function in animal models
of Alzheimer's disease.

10. PROBLEM FACED IN RESEARCH IN
MARINED RUGS
 Taxonomical identification
 Taxonomical identification of marine organisms can be challenging and time-
consuming, especially for poorly studied or previously undescribed organisms.
 Misidentification can lead to the incorrect assignment of biological activities to
specific organisms, which can be a significant problem.
 Solutions:
 Researchers are using a combination of traditional taxonomic approaches and
molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding to accurately identify marine
organisms and their associated compounds.
 DNA barcoding involves comparing short sequences of DNA to a reference
database to identify the species of a particular organism.

11.  High-throughput sequencing and metabarcoding can be used for rapid and
accurate identification of multiple species simultaneously.
 Collaborations between taxonomists and chemists are becoming more
common to accurately identify the true source of a particular compound by
analyzing both the morphology of the organism and the chemical
composition of the compound.
 These techniques help to overcome the taxonomic identification problem in
marine drug research and contribute to a better understanding of the
diversity of marine-derived compounds and their potential for therapeutic
applications.
 Chemical Screening Problem:
 Identifying bioactive compounds from marine organisms can be challenging
due to the complex nature of marine environments and the vast number of
chemical compounds that can be present.
 Traditional chemical screening methods may not be sufficient for
identifying all potentially bioactive compounds, leading to an incomplete
understanding of the therapeutic potential of marine organisms.

12.  Solutions:
 Novel screening techniques
 Make use of high level techniques like spectroscopy like UV, IR, NMR, MS etc.
 These techniques can include the use of high-throughput screening, which allows for
the screening of large numbers of compounds in a short amount of time, and omics
approaches such as metabolomics and proteomics, which can provide a more
comprehensive view of the compounds produced by an organism.
 Collaborations between chemists and biologists
 Collaboration between chemists and biologists can lead to a more thorough
understanding of the chemical and biological properties of marine organisms and
their bioactive compounds.
 Chemists can provide expertise in chemical synthesis and analysis, while biologists
can provide knowledge of the biological properties of the compounds.

13. MARINE TOXINS
Marine toxins are natural compounds produced by certain types of
marine organisms such as bacteria, dinoflagellates, diatoms, and
sponges. These toxins can be harmful to humans and marine life, and
can cause a range of adverse effects such as paralysis, nausea,
vomiting, and even death. Here are some types of marine toxins:
 Ciguatoxins: These toxins are produced by certain species of
dinoflagellates that can accumulate in reef fish, leading to ciguatera fish
poisoning in humans. Symptoms can include gastrointestinal and
neurological symptoms.
 Saxitoxins: These toxins are produced by several species of
dinoflagellates and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in
humans. Saxitoxins block sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to
paralysis and potentially death.

14.  Brevetoxins: These toxins are produced by species of dinoflagellates and
can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) in humans. Symptoms can
include gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms.
 Okadaic acid: This toxin is produced by certain species of dinoflagellates
and can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans. Symptoms
can include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
 Tetrodotoxin: This toxin is produced by certain species of bacteria and
pufferfish and can cause tetrodotoxication in humans. Tetrodotoxin blocks
sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to paralysis and potentially death.
 Palytoxin: This toxin is produced by certain species of marine algae and
can cause palytoxin poisoning in humans. Symptoms can include
respiratory and cardiovascular distress.
 Cyanobacterial toxins: These toxins are produced by certain species of
cyanobacteria and can cause a range of effects such as gastrointestinal and
neurological symptoms, liver damage, and even death.

15. REFERENCE
 Kokakte C.K, Purohit A.P, Gokhale S.B, “A Text Book of Pharmacognosy”,
Nirali Prakasan, Forty Nineth Edition -2014, Page no. 17.01.
 Deore &Khadabadi S.S, “A Text Book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry”,
Pharma Med Press, Edition – 2014, Page no. 709.
 Kaur Jaswant , “ A Text Book of Ntural Product”, S. Vikas & Company
Medicinal Publisher, Edition – 2018, Page no. 453, 461, 463.
 Kijiora AS & Swang Wong, “Drug and Cosmetics From Sea”, Wing hong
Press, Edition – 2004, Page no. 73-82.
 Malviya Sapna & Rawat Swati, “A Text Book of Pharmacognosy &
Phytochemistry”, CBS Publisher & Distributer, 1st Edition- 2015, Page no. 206,
210.

16. THANK YOU