Given powerpoint deals with the study of Endophytes relating immunosuppressants and insecticidal properties

1. • Non fossil biogenic resources
• used by humans for multiple purposes:
1. to produce food,
2. substantial products,
3. energy carriers.

2. PLANTS
MICROORGANISMS
LIVING
NON-
LIVING
ORGANIC
INORGANIC

3. CATEGORIES
PRIMARY BIORESOURCES
• Generated for specific application-oriented purpose: forestry,
Agriculture, aquaculture
SECONDARY BIORESOURCES
• Generated during primary processing In industrial processing as by-
products or residues During maintenance of large green areas.
TERTIARY BIORESOURCES
• Occur as residues in small amounts at the generation place which
are Not genuine. Shows Uncontrolled modifications, e.g. Degradation
during storage, may have taken place.
QUATERNARY BIORESOURCES
Occur after a product is used and can be distinguished according to the
time frames of their generation after start of utilization into short-, mid-
, and long-term categories.

4. VALUE OF BIORESOURCES
DIRECT
VALUE
AGRICULTURE
BIOPRODUCTS
MEDICINES
INDIRECT
VALUE
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES

5. MEDICINAL
RESOURCES
50% medicinal compounds
obtained from plants.
Fungi :eg Penicillium
Bacteria: eg Streptomyces
Anticancer drugs: Madagascan
periwinkle
Catharanthus roseus xample

6. ALTERNATE
OPTION
ENDOPHYTES

7. It is established that plants harbor microorganisms, collectively
known as ENDOPHYTES.
WHY
ENDOPHTYES
?
Grows intra or
intercellular in
the tissues of
higher plants
Form a
symbiotic
relationship
with their
plant host
Unobtrusive
Asymptomatic
on the plants in
which they live

8. • Release metabolites to attack any
antagonists or lyse affected cells
DIRECT
• Induces host defense mechanisms.
• Promotes growth example;
production of phytohormones,
synthesis of siderophores
INDIRECT
Source: http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0944501313002140-gr1.jpg

9. EVIDENCE
interferes with the
multiplication of cancer cells
Reduces their growth
and spreading
Works as a
anticancerous drug

10. Approximately 300 000 plant species growing in unexplored area on the earth are
host to one or more endophytes.
ENDOPHYTES AS PROMISING SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE
COMPOUNDS

11. BIOACTIVE
METABOLITES
properties
• Agrochemicals
• Antibiotics
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
• Antiparasitics
• Antioxidants
• Anticancerous
• INSECTICIDAL
• Antimicrobial
BIOACTIVE SECONDARY
METABOLITES
Unique structure
• Alkaloids
• Benzopyranones
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic acids
• Quinones, steroids
• Terpenoids, tetralones

12. IMMUNOSUPPRESANT DRUGS
 Class of drugs that suppress or reduce the strength of the body’s immune system.
 They are also called anti-rejection drugs.
 Primary use is to lower the body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ, such as a
liver, heart or kidney.
Advantages:
 Body recognizes a transplanted organ as a foreign mass.
 This triggers a response by the body’s immune system to attack it.
 By weakening the immune system, immunosuppressant drugs decrease the body’s
reaction to the foreign organ.
 The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from damage.
 Immunosuppressant drugs also are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus
Examples: botryosphaeria dothidea , imuran,neoral, sandimmune, sangcya

13. MECHANISM OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Wait! I have taken
immunosuppressive
drug. 4.
Whats your
last wish?
Oho! Dat
means he
can kill me
1.
2.
3.
5.

14. HOW IMMUNOSUPPRESANTS ARE VIABLE FOR
HUMAN WELFARE USAGE?
1.

15. 2. XENOGRAFTING
Source: http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Xenotransplantation3.jpg

16. IMMUNOSUPPRESANT
• Subglutinol A
• Collutellin A
• Botryosphaeria
dothidea
COMPOUND
• α pyrone
diterpenoid
• Colletotrichum
dematium
(ENDOPHYTE
FUNGUS)
• Botryosphaeria
dothidea
ENDOPHYTE
• Fusarium
subglutinans
• Pteromischum
sp. (GROWS IN
tropical forest
in Costa Rica)
• BAK-I [bark of
Kigelia africana
(Lam.) Beneth
(Bignoniaceae)]
PROPERTY
• exhibits osteogenic
activity
• compete with
estrogen binding
to ERs
• Colutellin A
inhibited CD4+
Tcell activation of
interleukin 2
• splenocyte
proliferation
studies showed
that BAK1
suppressed the T
cell proliferation
by 50%
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS ISOLATED FROM ENDOPHYTES

17. INSECTICIDAL
 An insecticide is a substance used to kill INSECTS.
 The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest
 hree types of insecticide:
1. Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, made by plants as
defenses against insects.
2. Inorganic insecticides, which are metals.
3. Organic insecticides, which are organic chemical compounds, mostly working by contact
Advantages:
 Serves as an effective tool in modern crop management
 Reduction in yield loss
 Proved to be environmental benign alternative to chemical spray
 Reduction in potential exposure of non targeted organism
 Increased reduction in green house gas effect and enrichment of soil health
 High toxicity and specificity towards targeted organism

18. MECHANISM and HUMAN WELFARE OF
INSECTICIDAL
Source: http://muou.sc.mahidol.ac.th/images/mechanism_bt.jpg

19. Source: http://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/binaries/indoxacarb_tcm96-153775.jpg

20. INSECTICIDAL
• Achnatherum
inebrians
• Cycloepoxylactone
• Nodulisporium
spp.
• Trichodermin
COMPOUND
• Achnatherum
inebrians
• Cycloepoxylactone
and
cycloepoxytriol B
• Nodulisporic acid
• Trichodermin
ENDOPHYTE
• Isolated from
drunken horse
grass
• fungus Phomopsis
sp. (Valsaceae)
(isolated from
leaves of Laurus
azorica)
• Nodulisporium
spp.
• Trichoderma
harzianum (an
endophytic fungus
living in Ilex
cornuta)
PROPERTY
• Heat tolerance to
pathogenic fungi
• inhibit the growth of
an anther smut
fungus
(Microbotryum
violaceum) and a soil
inoculant bacterium
(Bacillus
megaterium),
• Active against larvae
of blowfly by
activating glutamate
gated Chlorine
channels.
• Protect against the
Solanaceous plant
pathogens
INSECTICIDAL ISOLATED FROM ENDOPHYTES

21.  Phenylpropanoids medicinal use:
Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive
properties
 Podophyllotoxin (C22H22O8):
analogs are clinically relevant mainly due to their cytotoxicity and antiviral activities
and are valued as the precursor to useful anticancer drugs like etoposide, teniposide
 Mycorrhizin A, (+)-cryptosporiopsin isolated from endophytic Pezicula strains
were reported as strongly fungicidal and herbicidal agents,
and to a lesser extent, as algicidal and antibacterial agents
 Besides antioxidant activity, Pestacin (C15H14O4) and isopestacin, 1,3-dihydro
Isobenzofurans presented:
Antimycotic and antifungal activities
MULTIPOTENT PROPERTIES OF
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS