One of the six lectures composing 'Exploring Ocean, Explore the Planet Earth' online course offered by Blue Green Foundation Bangladesh & Octophin. The training was attended by participants from 40 countries. The presentation is organized in three sections: (i) the good- describing what benefits we get from the Ocean, (ii) the bad- bad things happening to the ocean because of human activities, e.g. climate change and their impacts on the sea, (iii) the ugly- very bad things that are happening to the sea due to anthropogenic activities, pollution and their impacts on ocean life forms are discussed in this section.
One of the six lectures composing 'Exploring Ocean, Explore the Planet Earth' online course offered by Blue Green Foundation Bangladesh & Octophin. The training was attended by participants from 40 countries. The presentation is organized in three sections: (i) the good- describing what benefits we get from the Ocean, (ii) the bad- bad things happening to the ocean because of human activities, e.g. climate change and their impacts on the sea, (iii) the ugly- very bad things that are happening to the sea due to anthropogenic activities, pollution and their impacts on ocean life forms are discussed in this section.
In aquaculture, environmental impacts such as deteriorated water quality and poor pond bottoms are becoming challenging and omnipresent problems. This article highlights measures which can be taken to improve the quality of water and soil in aquaculture ponds, and therefore the immediate environment of fish and shrimp. Better rearing conditions will improve the overall performance of your fish and shrimp.
Aquatic macrophytes functions in several ways in water bodies, they are critical to Niger Delta inland waters because they enhance the physical structure of the habitat which serves as living space for small aquatic animals and play a vital role in fisheries production. Macrophytes play an important role in the aquatic environment but unfortunately very little attention is being directed towards the conservation of these aquatic resources and they can get out of control and create problems when they are not properly managed. This paper examines common aquatic macrophytes in Niger Delta in Nigeria with emphasis on benefits, problems and also proffers best practices for adequately managing the macrrophytes in Niger Delta inland waters.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement an...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have
grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for
alternative use of locally available aquaculture
-
waste for fertilizer and soil
improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population
of Nigeria and other sub
-
Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH,
Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as
agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples
were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1
-
7.3,
organic matter from 46.6
-
61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6
-
3.2 g/kg and phosphate from
0.05
-
0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the
recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic
material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to
nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and
metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can
be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability
of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil
fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient
-
holding capacity and
root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as
alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste
management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement and...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for alternative use of locally available aquaculture-waste for fertilizer and soil improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population of Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH, Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1-7.3, organic matter from 46.6-61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6-3.2 g/kg and phosphate from 0.05-0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient-holding capacity and root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Article Citation:
Ihejirika CE, Onwudike SU, Nwaogu LA, Emereibeole EI, Ebe TE and Ejiogu CC.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri Urban, Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 034-038.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0009.pdf
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000519.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Health informatics
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
In aquaculture, environmental impacts such as deteriorated water quality and poor pond bottoms are becoming challenging and omnipresent problems. This article highlights measures which can be taken to improve the quality of water and soil in aquaculture ponds, and therefore the immediate environment of fish and shrimp. Better rearing conditions will improve the overall performance of your fish and shrimp.
Aquatic macrophytes functions in several ways in water bodies, they are critical to Niger Delta inland waters because they enhance the physical structure of the habitat which serves as living space for small aquatic animals and play a vital role in fisheries production. Macrophytes play an important role in the aquatic environment but unfortunately very little attention is being directed towards the conservation of these aquatic resources and they can get out of control and create problems when they are not properly managed. This paper examines common aquatic macrophytes in Niger Delta in Nigeria with emphasis on benefits, problems and also proffers best practices for adequately managing the macrrophytes in Niger Delta inland waters.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement an...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have
grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for
alternative use of locally available aquaculture
-
waste for fertilizer and soil
improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population
of Nigeria and other sub
-
Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH,
Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as
agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples
were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1
-
7.3,
organic matter from 46.6
-
61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6
-
3.2 g/kg and phosphate from
0.05
-
0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the
recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic
material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to
nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and
metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can
be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability
of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil
fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient
-
holding capacity and
root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as
alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste
management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement and...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for alternative use of locally available aquaculture-waste for fertilizer and soil improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population of Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH, Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1-7.3, organic matter from 46.6-61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6-3.2 g/kg and phosphate from 0.05-0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient-holding capacity and root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Article Citation:
Ihejirika CE, Onwudike SU, Nwaogu LA, Emereibeole EI, Ebe TE and Ejiogu CC.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri Urban, Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 034-038.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0009.pdf
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersTTEH
Toxic Algae and Their Environmental Consequences by Syed Hasnain Shah*, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Syeda Tayyaba Bibi and Saqib Zahoor in Crimson Publishers: Health informatics
Harmful algae reproduction (HAB) occurs when algae producing toxins grow in water algae are microscopic organisms that live in an aquatic environment and through photosynthesis generate chemical energy from sunlight like higher plants. The growth of algae or algal blooms is visible with naked eye and are green layers, it might be blue, red or brown depending on the type of algae natural waters such as lakes, ponds and rivers always contain algae, but few species produce toxins In such algae, the production of toxins can be induced by environmental conditions like light, temperature and nutrients levels. The release of algae or algae toxins can have serious adverse effects on humans, fish, animals and other strata of the ecosystem
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000519.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Health informatics
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
waste water treatment through Algae and Cyanobacteriaiqraakbar8
Use of algae in wastewater treatment. Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies.
Biotechnology being multidisciplinary subject has applications in different areas. Marine Biotechnology is the field dealing with the uses of marine organisms for human use.
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important ...pratik mahadwala
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important microalgae Indoor & mass culture methods of microalgae SCP – Spirulina single cell protein
Single-cell proteins (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms.The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteriaI. It is used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods. It is suitable for human & animal feeds. Agricultural waste are used as starter/media for microbial growth. Max Delbrück and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials. E.g - wood, straw, cannery, and food processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta. The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or the use of semi-permeable membranes The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. PRUTEEN PROCESS - The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. SYMBA PROCESS - The symba process was developed in Sweden to produce SCP for animal feed from potato processing wastes to make it more attractive and economical. The process was developed with two microorganisms that grow in symbiotic association.
The yeast (Saccharomycosis fibuligera) which produces copious amount of amylases necessary for starch degradation, while Candida utilis utilizes resultant sugars. The process is operated in two stages. In the first stage S. fibuligera is grown in a small reactor on the sterilized waste supplemented with a nitrogen source and phosphate. At this point starch is hydrolysed.
The resulting broth is then pumped into second larger fermenter of 300 m capacity where both organisms are present. However, C.utilis dominates and constitutes 90% of the final product.
Resultant protein rich biomass (45% protein) is concentrated by centrifugation and finally spray or drum dried
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
3. Need for Marine Bio-prospecting
Repeated search in terrestrials leading to known compounds
Marine ecosystems are unique and rich reservoir of biodiversity with an
enormous potential towards improving the quality of human life.
Marine organisms have highly developed defense system in order to survive
in the hostile conditions such as extreme temperatures, varied pressures
(low or high), low energy and lack of sunlight
4. Multi-OMICS methodologies: Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics,
Metabolomics, Metagenomics and Meta transcriptomics
Production and analysis of massive biological data
Once, the compound of interest is identified, bioactivity screening,
heterologous expression, genetic engineering and/or chemical synthesis can
follow
Characterize the activity and produce the desired bioproducts with
pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and biofuel production
applications.
5. ALGAE IN THE WORLD
Sea, rivers and lakes, on soil and walls, in animal and plants
Symbiosis with plants, animals, bacteria and Marine organisms
Macro algae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone, which included green,
brown and red algae
Micro algae are found in both benthic and littoral habitats and also
throughout the ocean waters as called phytoplankton
6. MICRO ALGAE
Microscopic photosynthetic organism called phytoplankton found in
fresh and marine waters , plays a key role in food chain
Similar photosynthetic mechanism as like plants & they utilize
sunlight, atmospheric CO2 and nutrients in the water to produce
biomass
Classification based on morphology, pigmentation, chemical nature of
photosynthetic product & organization of photosynthetic membranes
Diatoms (bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates (dinophyta), green and
yellow–brown flagellates (chlorophyta; prasinophyta;
prymnesiophyta, cryptophyta, chrysophyta and rhaphidiophyta) and
blue–green algae (cyanophyta).
8. PHARMACEUTICAL & COSMETIC APPLICATIONS
Carotenoids and Pigments
Powerful antioxidants, nutraceuticals use in Eye applications
Preventing Cancer , Immunostimulant & veterinary use (Aquaculture use) & cosmetics
Commercially available
Dunaliella salina
9. Astaxanthin
Isolated from Micro algae
Powerful antioxidants in aquaculture
Fucoxanthin
Promote DHA & omega-3 fatty acids
Beta carotenoid
Found in many algae
Colored carotenoids
Dunaliella salina
Phytoene
Phytofluene
Lutein
Zeaxanthin
10. ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS
C-lactone malyngolide
(Lyngbya majuscula)
ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS
Majusculamide (cyclic depsipeptide)
Gambieric acid
(Gambierdiscus toxicus –Dinoflagellate)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE COMPOUNDS
Lipoproteins, microcolins A and B
ANTICANCER COMPOUNDS
Curacin A – anticancer (antimitotic agent)
Cytotoxic pentapeptides:
majusculamide D
Deoxy majusuculamide D
Amphi dinolide B
(dinoflagellate, Amphidinum sp.)
ANTIMICROBIAL & ANTICANCER COMPOUNDS
11. FATTY ACIDS AND HIGH VALUE OILS
Very Long chain PUFA (vlc PUFA)
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Arachidonic acid (AA)
Flexibility, fluidity and selective permeability
to cellular membranes
Brian development
Beneficial for the cardiovascular system
Nutraceutical in human and animal health
12.
13. Antibiotics (fatty acids, bromophenols, tannins, terpenoids & polysaccharides)
Phyco biliproteins (Phycocyanin & phycoerythrin)–Natural dye for cosmetics
(lipsticks & eyeliners)
Algicides –toxin (neurotoxic and hepatotoxic)
Vitamin and vitamin precursors (ascorbic acid, riboflavin and tocopherol)
Chlorella and Spirulina are used in skin care, sun protection and hair care
products
14. ALGAL SMALL MOLECULES
Group of secondary metabolites synthesized by biosynthetic gene clusters
(Enzyme systems producing products such as antibiotics)
Cyclic peptide (microcystin), depsipeptide ( majusculamide)
Lyngbyatoxin-A ( Lyngbya majuscule) – antifungal activity
Cryptophycin from Nostoc sp. shows a fungicidal activity µtubule
depolymerizing agent for Cancer cells.
Heterocyclic compounds, polycyclic ethers, oxygenated polyketides and
macrolides from dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellate toxins like saxitoxin , neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins are sodium
channel blockers
15. ALGAL BIOSURFACTANTS
Extracellular Amphiphilic compounds
Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids, polymeric surfactants & particulate
natures
Broad range of applications
Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-adhesive, anti-cancer, antioxidants,
adjuvant etc
Arthrospira sp., Synechococcus nidulans, Chlorella minutissima, C. vulgaris and
C. homosphaera used for various industrial and pharmaceutical applications
16. ALGAL BIO POLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS
Typically, long chain polymers, present in the algae lipids are used for making
bioplastics
Algae is attractive for bioplastics because of its high growth rate and high protein
content.
The plastics market is worth more than $400 billion and has grown at an average of
3.5% per year over the last two decades.
Naturally occurring polymer have many applications in medical, pharmaceutical and
food industries
Biodegradable Poly hydroxy alkanoates (PHA) are promising biopolymer which can be
alternative to petroleum based polymer
PHB poly-(hydroxy butyrate) is the most abundant PHA which is homopolymer of
hydroxybutyrate that presents in various cyanobacteria such as Chlorogloea fritschii,
Spirulina sp., Aphanothece sp. & Gloeothece sp.
17. MICRO ALGAE AS FOOD
Human Food – Good Nutraceuticals
High protein content
Chlorella and Spirulina, Dunaliella, Haematococcus, Schizochytrium, Scenedesmus,
Aphanizomenon, Odontella, and Porphyridium are health-food
Chlorella, the prevention and treatment of heart diseases with the Spirulina, Vitamin A
precursor (Dunaliella), anti-inflammatory (Haematococcus), treatment of brain and
heart disorders (Schizo chytrium),
Dunaliella bardawil could improve the drug’s effect on HDL-cholesterol levels in
patients
30 % of the food in Astronauts is algae due to high protein
18. Microalgae as animal feed
Traditional uses of microalgae in Aquaculture
Food for
All growth stages of bivalves
Crustacean
some larval stages
Cattles
Some fish larvae
Zooplankton
used as food for
larval crustaceans
and fish
Fatty acid enrichment of zooplankton
Dunaliella sp.
Chlorella sp.
Nanochloropsis sp.
19. MICRO ALGAE IN SPACE RESEARCH
Algae produce oxygen in space
Chlorella and Euglena grown in
photobioreactor is used to produce oxygen
in the space for the Astronauts using their
waste and help them for long term
expedition in space
NASA and many other space research
station in the world open opportunities for
planktologist
20. ENERGY PRODUCTION
Bio-hydrogen production
Photosynthetic microorganisms are attracting
nowadays by high photosynthetic conversion
efficiencies diverse metabolic capabilities, superior
growth rates, and ability to store or secrete energy-
rich hydrocarbons.
Two methods; (1) microalgae use the light energy
to produce hydrogen from water, (2) bacteria capable
of fermenting the carbohydrates (either structural or
stored in the microalgal cell wall) are utilized
to produce hydrogen.
Manipulation of competing metabolic pathways by
modulating the certain key enzymes such as
hydrogenase and nitrogenase may enhance the
evolution of H2 from photoautotrophic cells
Several photobioreactors have been developed for
large-scale biomass and hydrogen production
21. Algal Methane Production
In a biogas reactor the substrates used are converted in several reaction
steps into biogas, consisting mainly of the components CH4 and CO2
The biogas yield of plants is generally limited by the greater or lesser
proportion of lignocellulose, which is difficult to recycle.
However, the use of microalgae with a low lignocellulose content, for
example Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina
platensis, permits an almost complete utilization of the organic substance.
.
22. ALGAL OIL PRODUCTION
Storing the Sun’s Energy
(Photosynthesis)
What is needed Storage of Energy
Sunlight Lipids and oils
CO2 Carbohydrates
Nutrients
23. How to produce more oils ?
The lipid content of an algae species can be increased by imposing a stress
factor, such as starving of nitrogen or silicon.
In this manner, lipid fractions up to 70-85% have been reported for nitrogen
starvation and 60% for silicon starvation
24. Algal Cell Harvest
Centrifugation- small microalgae
Filtration- different size of algae
Flocculation- Change of pH
Acid flocculation – using alum and sulphuric
acid
Alkali flocculation – using NaOH and KOH
Autoflocculation – Interrupting the CO2 level
25. Algal Oil Extraction
Mechanical methods: Expeller press, with vegetable oils, with chemical
solvents
Osmotic methods: Sudden reduction in osmotic pressure
Ultrasonic assisted extraction: ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves crate
the rupture of cell walls
Sonoenzymatic treatment: Accelerates extraction and increases yields
Chemical methods: Algal powders + organic solvents (1:2)
Supercritical fluid extraction: liquid CO2 With different pressure
Enzymatic extraction: Enzymes to degrade the cell walls
26. Transesterification
A reaction between an ester of one
alcohol and a second alcohol to
form an ester of the second alcohol
and an alcohol from the original
ester, as that of methyl acetate and
ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate
and methyl alcohol
Methods for produce biodiesel
27. Advantages
Rapid and faster growth rates than terrestrial crops
The per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from between
5,000 to 20,000 gallons (18,927 to 75,708 litres) per acre, per year; this is 7 to
31 times greater than the next best crop, palm oil (635 gallons or 2,404 litres)
Certain species of algae can be harvested daily
Algal biofuel contains no sulphur, non-toxic and highly bio-degradable
28.
29. Effluent Remediation
Phycoremediation
Effectively remove ammonia (75 %) ; Nitrite (84 %) ;
Phosphorus (89)
Removal of nutrients
Remove excess nutients and CO2 in waste water
systems
Solve BOD problems
Excess algal biomass may harvested
Removal of organic pollutants
Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills & olive oil
mills
Algae can produce O2 to bacteria and bacteria
degrade the nutrients
Diatomite- silicon compound for chelating
PHYCOREMEDIATION
30. ALGAL ASSOCIATED MICROBES AND ITS IMPORTANCE
The symbiotic relationship helps to enhancing the efficiency of micro
algal biomass and production of valuable organic compounds
Enhancement in the intracellular levels of carbohydrates, lipids and
pigments in microalgae (Emiliania huxleyi & Scrippsiella trochoidea)
Interactions can be beneficial to the massive production of microalgae
and algal products.
31. TRANSGENIC ALGAE
Possibility of manipulating genes is an attractive opportunity, and could lead to
leaps forward in reducing costs and improving production efficiency
Recombinant DNA technology and recently the gene editing approach, CRISPR
etc
The engineered microalgae can be modified to enhance growth properties,
photosynthetic efficiency or enhanced production of metabolites
Recombinant products including vaccines, oils, novel carotenoids, antibodies,
insecticidal proteins and biohydrogen etc
32. MACRO ALGAE (SEAWEEDS)
Seaweeds belong to the lower plants, do not have roots, stems and leaves.
Instead they are composed of a thallus (leaf-like) and sometimes a stem
and a foot and some species have gas-filled structures to provide buoyancy.
They are subdivided in three groups, the red (Rhodophyta), green
(Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophyceae) seaweeds
Top cultivators: China, France, UK, Japan, Chile, North Korea, Philippines,
Norway and Indonesia etc.
33. HIGH VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
Bio molecules
Iodine
Algin
Mannitol
Glycerol & Proline
Polymers
Phyto colloids (Alginate, agar, carragennan etc)
Hydrocolloids
Thickening, Emulsify & stabilizers
Also a polymer D-mannuronic & l-guluronic acid
Laminaria, Ascophyllum & Macrrocystis
34. Alginate
Polyuronic saccharaide, inhibit Virus
Laminaria and Fucus
D- mannuronic and L-galuronic acid
Emulsifier in food industries
Fresh seaweed washed & Dried
Pulverize to get powder
Treat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ON
Wash with water & add Na2Co3
Filter & bleach with 2.5 % NaClo
Evaporate @ 60° C
Pure sodium alginate
35. Carrageenan
Isolated from sea weeds
Sulfated polysaccharides
Powerful antioxidants
Broad range of applications in food
and cosmetics
37. Ulvan
Composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid,
iduronic acid, xylose and sulfate
Green seaweed, Ulva and Enteromorpha
Good gelling agent
Prevent biofilm formation
Good Nutraceuticals
Antioxidants
Anti-thrombotic activities
Treatment of gastric ulcers
Anticancer
Immunostimulants
38. Laminarian
Water-soluble polysaccharide
(1,3)-β-D-glucan with β (1,6) branching
and contains 20–25 glucose units
Regulator of intestinal metabolism
Tumor-inhibiting agent
Antibacterial agent
Protection against severe irradiation
Boosting the immune system
Reducing cholesterol levels in serum
39. Cadalmin Green Algal extract
Cadalmin Green Algal extract contains a unique
blend of 100% natural marine bioactive anti-
inflammatory ingredients extracted from selected
seaweeds or marine macro algae with a patented
ecofriendly “green” technology .
The product is effective to combat arthritic pain and
inflammatory diseases in human beings
Patients suffering with chronic joint pain and
arthritis clinical trial-based studies revealed that
more than 98% of the respondents were satisfied
with the product with about 70-85% relief in joint
pain and arthritis
41. TOP TEN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Prevents chances of stroke: Bioactive peptides from
seaweeds possess quite the same properties as
many ACE inhibitor medications. Also helps to
reduce cardiac attacks and cerebral strokes.
Detoxifier: Alginic acid serves as a detoxifying agent
that binds up with the available toxins in the
bloodstream so that they are eliminated faster.
Remove Pb & Cd by pollution and smoking .
Rich in Vitamin B: Green seaweeds contain many
enzymes, amino acids, minerals and Vitamin B.
Chlorophyll helps to long term stamina and over
health.
42. Rich source of Iodine: Daily requirement ranged
between 100-200 mcg, seaweeds are right for your
health
Inflammatory diseases: Recovery people who are
suffering from cancer. Japanese consume seaweed
daily, as part of their regular diet, they are thought to
have a much lower rate of breast cancer.
Reproductive benefits: Rich in Manganese and
Vitamin B2 which contribute to sexual wellness, by
regulating the sexual hormones. Improves sperm
count & relive Pre Menstrual Syndrome and
menopausal symptoms. Helps to lengthening the
menstrual cycle, delaying menopause relieving
endometriosis as well as improving fertility.
43. Dental health: Preventing gingivitis & formation
of cavities enhance salivation and resists oral
tissue damage. Alginate used to make the molds
of false teeth, derives from the seaweed based
alginic acid.
Enhances skin quality: Antioxidants, vitamins and
minerals helps to relieving the aging of skin;
relieving dry skin and to straighten out wrinkles.
Energy Booster: Soups as tonics for curing hang
over, respiratory ailments, colds & fever.
Strengthen hair: Seaweed based shampoos helps
to stimulate the re-growth & quality of hairs
44. FOOD APPLICATIONS
Human Consumption
Seaweeds are utilized as food in China, Japan, Korea, Philippines,
and several other Asian countries as human food
They provide a large profile of natural vitamins, minerals, and
essential fatty acids for human health
Porphyra, Monostroma sp., Ulva sp., Laminaria sp., Undaria sp,
Hizikia fusiformis, Chondrus crispus, Caulerpa sp., Alaria
esculenta, Palmaria palmata, Callophyllis variegata, Gracilaria sp.
and Cladosiphon okamuranus
45. Sea Lettuces
Genus Ulva, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the
coasts of the world's oceans.
Food source for humans in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, China,
and Japan
Used as salads and cooked in soups.
High in protein, soluble dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, especially iron.
46. Animal Consumption
Seaweeds are grazed by sheep, horses, Pig, cattle, and a nutritive
feed for fish and shrimps
Also a good food for Cats, dogs, aquarium fish, ornamental birds,
poultry and breeding bulls
Ulva sp., Porphyra sp., Palmaria palmata, Gracilaria sp., and Alaria
esculenta are used as animal feed
Hypnea cervicornis and Cryptonemia crenulata rich in protein used
for shrimp diets
47. FERTILIZER
Broad spectrum fertilizer that is rich
in beneficial trace minerals and hormones that
stimulate plant growth
High carbohydrates which are essential
building blocks in growing plants, and low in
cellulose so it breaks down readily
Trace elements found in organic seaweed
fertilizers include magnesium, potassium, zinc,
iron and nitrogen—all of which are beneficial to
plants
Ecklonia
Ascophyllum – Agri & Horticulture purposes
48. Bioremediation
Removal of heavy metals
Sargassum sp special affinity to heavy metals
S. vulgare, S. fluitans and S. filipendula , S. crassifolium
Effectively uptake Cd & Cu etc
Binding capacity due to alginic acid, with carboxyl groups and sulfated
polysaccharides, as well as sulfonic acid
Seaweed generates O2 which benefits hypoxic dead zones. Nutrients such as
ammonia, ammonium nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, iron, copper, as well as
CO2 are rapidly consumed by growing seaweed.
49. Algal Identification
Algal associated microbes
Carotenoid production
Algal oil production
Algal secondary metabolites
Aquaculture live feeds
Other compounds
Research Training @ CMST
50. Aquaculture companies
Amalgam Enterprises
Arbee Agencies
Arianee Landscapes
Avanti Feeds Ltd
Bright and Associates
Castlerock Group Of Companies
CIBA
Chirag International
Cochin Frozen Food Exports Ltd
Geo Seafood
Guybro Chemicals
L G Sea Foods
Carotenoid Companies
Allied Biotech Corporation
Carotenoid Technologies
Sociedad Anonima
Novepha Company
Agro Bio Chem (India) Pvt Ltd
Yunnan Green A Boiolgical Company
Algart International Inc.
Proalgen Biotech Ltd, Chennai
MNC Globle
Divis Laboratories Ltd
Agro BioChem (India) Pvt Ltd
BOBO Corp
Hovid Bhd
Global Opportunities
51. Job Opportunities in Algal Industry
Shrimp farm and Hatcheries
Algal oil industries
Carotenoids industries
DHA Production industries
Space research
Health product industries
Cosmetic industries
Biofertilizer industries
52. Algal oil producing companies
Aquaflow Binomic Corporation (ABC)
Aquatic energy
Circle Biodiesel and Ethanol Corporation
Amalgam Enterprises
Green Star Products Inc., (GSPI)
Inventure Chemicals
LiveFuels OriginOil, Inc.,
PetroAlgae
Solazyme, Inc.,
Solix Biofuels
Texas Clean Fuels
54. Marine Algal derived compounds provide a novel and rich source of
chemical diversity that can contribute to design and development of new
and potentially useful pharmaceutical agents.
Algal genomics provided good opportunities to identify and characterize
high-value bioactive compounds derived from marine microalgae.
Utilizing our salt lakes and coastal area , the production of macro and
micro algal may increased. This approach help to more income generation
to our country.
Consumption of Seaweed foods helps to improve our health status and
also act as good nutraceuticals for many diseases.
A proactive interaction between researchers, the pharmaceutical marine
biotech sector and government regulating agencies is crucial to the
incorporation of this challenging new tool in clinical medicine.