Transgenic cotton
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Transgenic cotton, such as Bt cotton, is genetically modified to produce insecticidal proteins that target harmful pest insects. Bt cotton was developed using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, which produce Cry proteins that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans. The technology involves identifying effective insecticidal genes, transferring the genes into cotton plants, regenerating transgenic cotton plants, and field testing before commercial approval. Bt cotton provides benefits like higher yields and reduced need for pesticides compared to conventional cotton.
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Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton created by Monsanto that produces an insecticide to target cotton pests. It works by inserting a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria into cotton plants that code for Bt toxin, which is produced in the cotton tissues and kills lepidopteran larvae pests that eat the cotton. However, Bt cotton is ineffective against other cotton pests which still require insecticides. While Bt cotton has significantly increased yields for Indian farmers by reducing insecticide use, it is also controversial due to concerns about seed monopolies and links to farmer suicides in India.
Bt Cotton Development Stages
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
Bt cotton
This document discusses transgenic Bt cotton, which has been genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that are toxic to cotton pests. It provides details on the development of Bt cotton in India, including the identification of effective Bt genes, methods of gene transfer, expression of the toxin genes, and development of Bt cotton strains active against key cotton pests. The document also discusses the advantages of Bt cotton such as reduced insecticide use and increased yields, as well as some disadvantages including high costs for small farmers and potential effects on non-target insects.
Bt brinjal good technology product
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS ARE GOOD FOR MANKIND..IT NEED TO BE COMMERCIALIZED IN INDIA TO FEED THE HUNGRY PEOPLE.,LOWER THE PESTICIDE USE.
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton that expresses a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a protein that is toxic to certain insect pests like bollworms but harmless to other organisms. It was developed to control major cotton pests that can cause significant yield losses. Bt cotton reduces the need for insecticide use and promotes more environmentally friendly cotton cultivation while protecting yields. The Bt gene works by being toxic only to insects that ingest the Bt protein, but is safe for other animals and humans.
BT crops
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
Bt cotton, insect resistant plant
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bt cotton benefits, costs, and impacts
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
Recommended
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton created by Monsanto that produces an insecticide to target cotton pests. It works by inserting a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria into cotton plants that code for Bt toxin, which is produced in the cotton tissues and kills lepidopteran larvae pests that eat the cotton. However, Bt cotton is ineffective against other cotton pests which still require insecticides. While Bt cotton has significantly increased yields for Indian farmers by reducing insecticide use, it is also controversial due to concerns about seed monopolies and links to farmer suicides in India.
Bt Cotton Development Stages
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
Bt cotton
This document discusses transgenic Bt cotton, which has been genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that are toxic to cotton pests. It provides details on the development of Bt cotton in India, including the identification of effective Bt genes, methods of gene transfer, expression of the toxin genes, and development of Bt cotton strains active against key cotton pests. The document also discusses the advantages of Bt cotton such as reduced insecticide use and increased yields, as well as some disadvantages including high costs for small farmers and potential effects on non-target insects.
Bt brinjal good technology product
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS ARE GOOD FOR MANKIND..IT NEED TO BE COMMERCIALIZED IN INDIA TO FEED THE HUNGRY PEOPLE.,LOWER THE PESTICIDE USE.
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton that expresses a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a protein that is toxic to certain insect pests like bollworms but harmless to other organisms. It was developed to control major cotton pests that can cause significant yield losses. Bt cotton reduces the need for insecticide use and promotes more environmentally friendly cotton cultivation while protecting yields. The Bt gene works by being toxic only to insects that ingest the Bt protein, but is safe for other animals and humans.
BT crops
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
Bt cotton, insect resistant plant
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bt cotton benefits, costs, and impacts
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
Bt cotton
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
bt brinjal
1) Bt brinjal was developed by Mahyco, UAS Dharwad, and TNAU Coimbatore to resist the fruit and shoot borer, which causes 50-90% damage to brinjal crops.
2) It has the potential to provide economic and health benefits by reducing pesticide use and costs, and increasing yields. However, it also poses risks to the environment from gene flow and development of pest resistance.
3) In 2010, the Indian government announced a moratorium on the commercial release of Bt brinjal due to concerns from scientists and opposition from states and public sentiment over its safety.
Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant crops
This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvement
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
Genetically Modified Crops SMG
This document discusses genetically modified crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as crops that have been manipulated through genetic engineering techniques to introduce genes from unrelated organisms. This can produce new traits not present originally. The document then describes several techniques used to produce genetically modified crops, including recombinant DNA technology and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment. It provides examples of genetically modified crops and their benefits, such as Flavr Savr tomato with improved shelf life, Golden Rice with increased vitamin A, and Bt crops with built-in pest resistance. The document discusses both potential benefits and risks of genetically modified crops.
Bt cotton
This document discusses Bt cotton, which is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticide against the bollworm pest. It was developed by Monsanto in 1987. India is a major producer of Bt cotton, ranking first in total area planted and third in production. However, India's average Bt cotton yield is lower than the world average. Bt cotton provides advantages over traditional cotton like higher yields from effective bollworm control and reduced insecticide use. It also has some disadvantages like higher costs for seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and harvesting.
Bt cotton by utkarsh
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces proteins toxic to cotton pests like bollworms. Bt cotton was created by inserting genes for Bt toxins into cotton plants, allowing the plants to naturally produce these insecticides. This spares the need for broad-spectrum insecticides and benefits farm ecology. Bt cotton was introduced in India and led to increased cotton exports and yields while reducing insecticide use, though issues around seed costs, resistance, and effects on other insects remain topics of debate.
Pest and herbicide resistance
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plants
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
Plant molecular farming for recombinant therapeutic proteins
This study produced hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in maize through molecular farming. Researchers constructed a plant expression vector containing the HBsAg gene driven by the endosperm-specific 27 kDa γ-zein promoter. This vector was transformed into maize via particle bombardment. Transgenic maize seeds expressed HBsAg at levels up to 3.5% of total seed protein. The HBsAg produced was heat stable up to 100°C and maintained antigenicity and immunogenicity. This demonstrates maize is a viable system for large-scale, low-cost production of thermostable HBsAg for use in hepatitis B vaccines.
Androgenesis by Aswathy Viswanath
This document discusses haploid plant production through anther culture. It begins by defining key terms like gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid and diploid plants. It then describes the two main methods of haploid production - anther culture and isolated microspore culture. For anther culture, it outlines the process of culturing immature anthers on nutrient media, including pretreatments, media composition and plant regeneration. Anther culture can result in direct or indirect embryogenesis and four pathways of pollen development are described. The document provides detailed steps of anther culture and potential issues like production of diploid plants.
Biopharming
1) Biopharming involves genetically engineering plants and animals to produce pharmaceuticals. It offers lower production costs compared to traditional methods.
2) Early examples include cows modified in 1990 to produce human lactoferrin and tobacco plants in 1992 producing human serum albumin.
3) Methods include stable transgenic plants with genes integrated into nuclear or chloroplast genomes or transient expression systems using viral or Agrobacterium vectors. Genes are inserted and plants are harvested for protein extraction and purification.
Status of transgenic crops
This document provides an overview of genetically modified crops. It discusses the history and development of GM crops, including the first GM tobacco plant in 1982. It outlines the types and traits of GM foods, including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutritional enhancements. The global adoption of major GM crops like soybean, maize, and cotton is summarized. The status of GM crops in India is also reviewed, focusing on Bt cotton which has been widely adopted. Advantages and disadvantages of GM foods are briefly mentioned.
gynogenesis
This document discusses methods for producing haploid plants through gynogenesis, or haploid production from female gametes. It describes two main methods - ovary culture and ovule culture - for inducing gynogenesis in vitro. Key steps include excising ovaries from plants and culturing them on nutrient media supplemented with hormones to induce parthenogenesis. Successful gynogenesis has been achieved in several plant families, with the frequency of responsive ovules typically being low, around 1-5%. Producing haploid plants provides benefits for genetic studies.
Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the artificial process where an embryo develops from a somatic cell rather than a gamete. It does not involve fertilization or the formation of endosperm or a seed coat. The first observations of somatic embryogenesis were in carrot cells in 1958. Now it has been achieved in over 300 plant species. It is a valuable technique for rapid large scale propagation of plants, including for commercial and conservation purposes. The process involves four key steps - induction, maintenance, development and regeneration.
Bt cotton presentation12
This document discusses cotton production and the use of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton as a crop, its environmental impacts, and history of pesticide use. It then describes the development of Bt cotton through genetic engineering, inserting genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria to make cotton resistant to pests. The document discusses the global adoption of Bt cotton and experiences in different countries, including issues that arose for farmers in Indonesia.
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
Bt Cotton
This document provides an introduction to Bt cotton, including:
- Bt cotton gets its name from the soil-dwelling bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces Cry proteins that are lethal to certain insect pests when they are eaten.
- Bt cotton is genetically modified to produce these Cry proteins in its tissues in order to reduce losses from attacks by the tobacco budworm and bollworm caterpillar pests.
- The Cry proteins bind to receptors in the guts of susceptible insects and rupture cells, causing the insects to stop feeding and die within 2-3 days after consuming the Bt cotton plants.
Environmental issues associated with transgenic crops
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
Bt-Cotton & Pest Resistant Bt-Toxin
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
Ajit Doctoral I Seminar.pptx
The document discusses transgenic plants and their role in pest management. It covers the history of transgenic plant development, including the first genetically engineered crops in the 1980s. It also describes methods of producing transgenic plants and introducing genes for insect resistance from microorganisms like Bacillus thuringiensis and higher plants, such as Bt genes, protease inhibitors, and lectins. The document outlines the major insect resistant transgenic crops developed so far like Bt cotton, tomato, and maize and their commercial success in reducing pesticide use.
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Bt cotton
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
bt brinjal
1) Bt brinjal was developed by Mahyco, UAS Dharwad, and TNAU Coimbatore to resist the fruit and shoot borer, which causes 50-90% damage to brinjal crops.
2) It has the potential to provide economic and health benefits by reducing pesticide use and costs, and increasing yields. However, it also poses risks to the environment from gene flow and development of pest resistance.
3) In 2010, the Indian government announced a moratorium on the commercial release of Bt brinjal due to concerns from scientists and opposition from states and public sentiment over its safety.
Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant crops
This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvement
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
Genetically Modified Crops SMG
This document discusses genetically modified crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as crops that have been manipulated through genetic engineering techniques to introduce genes from unrelated organisms. This can produce new traits not present originally. The document then describes several techniques used to produce genetically modified crops, including recombinant DNA technology and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment. It provides examples of genetically modified crops and their benefits, such as Flavr Savr tomato with improved shelf life, Golden Rice with increased vitamin A, and Bt crops with built-in pest resistance. The document discusses both potential benefits and risks of genetically modified crops.
Bt cotton
This document discusses Bt cotton, which is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticide against the bollworm pest. It was developed by Monsanto in 1987. India is a major producer of Bt cotton, ranking first in total area planted and third in production. However, India's average Bt cotton yield is lower than the world average. Bt cotton provides advantages over traditional cotton like higher yields from effective bollworm control and reduced insecticide use. It also has some disadvantages like higher costs for seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and harvesting.
Bt cotton by utkarsh
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces proteins toxic to cotton pests like bollworms. Bt cotton was created by inserting genes for Bt toxins into cotton plants, allowing the plants to naturally produce these insecticides. This spares the need for broad-spectrum insecticides and benefits farm ecology. Bt cotton was introduced in India and led to increased cotton exports and yields while reducing insecticide use, though issues around seed costs, resistance, and effects on other insects remain topics of debate.
Pest and herbicide resistance
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plants
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
Plant molecular farming for recombinant therapeutic proteins
This study produced hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in maize through molecular farming. Researchers constructed a plant expression vector containing the HBsAg gene driven by the endosperm-specific 27 kDa γ-zein promoter. This vector was transformed into maize via particle bombardment. Transgenic maize seeds expressed HBsAg at levels up to 3.5% of total seed protein. The HBsAg produced was heat stable up to 100°C and maintained antigenicity and immunogenicity. This demonstrates maize is a viable system for large-scale, low-cost production of thermostable HBsAg for use in hepatitis B vaccines.
Androgenesis by Aswathy Viswanath
This document discusses haploid plant production through anther culture. It begins by defining key terms like gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid and diploid plants. It then describes the two main methods of haploid production - anther culture and isolated microspore culture. For anther culture, it outlines the process of culturing immature anthers on nutrient media, including pretreatments, media composition and plant regeneration. Anther culture can result in direct or indirect embryogenesis and four pathways of pollen development are described. The document provides detailed steps of anther culture and potential issues like production of diploid plants.
Biopharming
1) Biopharming involves genetically engineering plants and animals to produce pharmaceuticals. It offers lower production costs compared to traditional methods.
2) Early examples include cows modified in 1990 to produce human lactoferrin and tobacco plants in 1992 producing human serum albumin.
3) Methods include stable transgenic plants with genes integrated into nuclear or chloroplast genomes or transient expression systems using viral or Agrobacterium vectors. Genes are inserted and plants are harvested for protein extraction and purification.
Status of transgenic crops
This document provides an overview of genetically modified crops. It discusses the history and development of GM crops, including the first GM tobacco plant in 1982. It outlines the types and traits of GM foods, including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutritional enhancements. The global adoption of major GM crops like soybean, maize, and cotton is summarized. The status of GM crops in India is also reviewed, focusing on Bt cotton which has been widely adopted. Advantages and disadvantages of GM foods are briefly mentioned.
gynogenesis
This document discusses methods for producing haploid plants through gynogenesis, or haploid production from female gametes. It describes two main methods - ovary culture and ovule culture - for inducing gynogenesis in vitro. Key steps include excising ovaries from plants and culturing them on nutrient media supplemented with hormones to induce parthenogenesis. Successful gynogenesis has been achieved in several plant families, with the frequency of responsive ovules typically being low, around 1-5%. Producing haploid plants provides benefits for genetic studies.
Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the artificial process where an embryo develops from a somatic cell rather than a gamete. It does not involve fertilization or the formation of endosperm or a seed coat. The first observations of somatic embryogenesis were in carrot cells in 1958. Now it has been achieved in over 300 plant species. It is a valuable technique for rapid large scale propagation of plants, including for commercial and conservation purposes. The process involves four key steps - induction, maintenance, development and regeneration.
Bt cotton presentation12
This document discusses cotton production and the use of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton as a crop, its environmental impacts, and history of pesticide use. It then describes the development of Bt cotton through genetic engineering, inserting genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria to make cotton resistant to pests. The document discusses the global adoption of Bt cotton and experiences in different countries, including issues that arose for farmers in Indonesia.
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
Bt Cotton
This document provides an introduction to Bt cotton, including:
- Bt cotton gets its name from the soil-dwelling bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces Cry proteins that are lethal to certain insect pests when they are eaten.
- Bt cotton is genetically modified to produce these Cry proteins in its tissues in order to reduce losses from attacks by the tobacco budworm and bollworm caterpillar pests.
- The Cry proteins bind to receptors in the guts of susceptible insects and rupture cells, causing the insects to stop feeding and die within 2-3 days after consuming the Bt cotton plants.
Environmental issues associated with transgenic crops
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
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Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant crops
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transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
Environmental issues associated with transgenic crops
Environmental issues associated with transgenic crops
Similar to Transgenic cotton
Bt-Cotton & Pest Resistant Bt-Toxin
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
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Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant that produces an insecticide to combat pests like bollworms. It contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to the larvae of moths and butterflies but harmless to other organisms. The Bt protein is activated in the alkaline environment of the insect's gut and makes holes in the lining, killing the insect. Bt cotton provides benefits like increased yields, reduced insecticide use, and lower costs, but also has disadvantages like higher seed prices and concerns about its effects on human and environmental health. India was an early adopter of Bt cotton in 2002.
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Genetic engineerig
Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA to modify or add traits to organisms. Key techniques include isolating genes and inserting them into other species using tools like plasmids, biolistics, and transformation. This allows transferring traits between widely different species. Early applications included bacteria producing human insulin and chymosin for cheesemaking. Now many crops are engineered for traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Genetic engineering holds promise but also risks that require ethical guidelines to ensure its safe and responsible use.
Hazards of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms have potential risks and downsides according to the document. While genetic engineering has applications in agriculture and medicine, it can also have detrimental effects on humanity. Introducing foreign genes into other species can have uncontrolled and unpredictable consequences. Studies have shown genetically modified foods can be toxic and cause health issues in animals. Genetically engineered crops also have negative impacts on biodiversity and the environment by promoting the growth of pesticide-resistant superweeds and superbugs. The long-term effects of genetic engineering are uncertain due to its new and crude nature, making it a controversial technology that manipulates nature in ways bypassing normal evolution.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l39. genetically modified organisms-i
Genetically modified organisms are defined as organisms that have had their DNA altered in a way that does not occur naturally, such as by transferring genes between non-related species. The first GM plants and animals were created in the 1970s-1980s and included E. coli bacteria containing human genes and transgenic mice. Since then, many other GM crops have been developed including Bt cotton in 1996, which resisted lepidopteran insects without the need for pesticides. More recent developments include safflower plants producing human insulin in 2008 and poplar trees with altered cellulose and lignin levels in 2009. Overall, GM technology has allowed for the introduction of useful traits like increased yield, herbicide and pest resistance, and nutritional enhancements
Transgenic techniques
transgenic techniques ar describes in these slides which are mostily used in the feild of biotechnology
genetic engineering
Genetic engineering can help address problems like food shortages by developing crops resistant to threats. The Philippines faces a rice shortage due to black bug infestation. A company has developed weevil-resistant corn through genetic engineering that could help if planted there. However, genetic engineering also presents risks that must be considered, like potential health or environmental impacts, before pursuing this solution. Experts would need to evaluate what traits were modified in the corn, the benefits and risks of genetic engineering, and whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
Concept of biotechnology
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its definition, history, and applications. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms or their components to develop processes and products that benefit humanity. The document traces the history of biotechnology from its traditional uses in fermentation to modern applications like genetic engineering and recombinant DNA. It highlights key milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure and the development of techniques like DNA sequencing and monoclonal antibody production. The document also discusses how biotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, medicine, and industry.
trnsgenic plants and animls
This document discusses transgenic plants. It begins by defining transgenic plants as organisms containing genes introduced through biotechnology rather than traditional breeding. It then describes several common methods for creating transgenic plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene guns, electroporation, and microinjection. Applications of transgenic plants mentioned include insect-resistant cotton and corn containing Bt genes, as well as herbicide-resistant crops. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic crops are noted.
Genetically Modified Organism.ppt
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
1. The document discusses genetically modified foods and provides details on various GM crops like golden rice, Bt corn, Bt cotton, papaya, and potatoes.
2. It explains the methods used to genetically modify crops, including selective breeding, mutagenesis, gene guns, RNA interference, and recombinant DNA techniques.
3. The document outlines some benefits of GM foods like insect resistance and drought tolerance, as well as concerns about potential human health effects and gene transfer.
transgenic breeding
This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
Biotechnology power point.pptx
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
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Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国佩斯大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
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综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Transgenic cotton
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Cotton is the most important textile and cash crop. • Widely cultivated in more than 70 countries, including Pakistan, United States, China, and India. • Transgenic techniques have become a powerful tool to improve cotton. • Transgenic cotton is among the first commercially genetically modified crops.
- 3. WHAT IS BT COTTON? •Bt Cotton is also a transgenic cotton. •Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide. •Marketed by Monsanto, USA.
- 4. CONTINUE… •Bacillus thuringiensis discovered by Ishiwatari in 1901. •Bacterium produces insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) also known as Cry protein •They are a class of endotoxin – δ endotoxins
- 6. TIMELINE… • In 1901, Shigetane Ishiwatari first isolated the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis as the cause of the sotto disease. • In 1915, Berliner reported the existance of a crystal within Bt, but the activity of this crystal was not discovered until much later. • In 1956, Researchers Hannay, Fitz-James and Angus found that the main insecticidal activity against lepidoteran (moth) insects was due to the parasporal crystal. • In 1958, In the US, Bt was used commercially. • In 1961, Bt was registerd as a pesticide to the EPA. • In 1996, Bt cotton was introduced into US agriculture.
- 8. OBJECTIVES •To understand the general mode of action of Cry toxin •To understand the technology behind Bt cotton production. •To comprehend the current scenario of Bt cotton in Pakistan.
- 9. HOW BT WORKS? •Ingestion •Solublization & proteolytic activation •Binding to target site •Formation of toxic lesion
- 10. MODE OF ACTION OF CRY TOXIN
- 11. TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION • Main steps for developing transgenic crops : 1. Identification of effective gene(s). 2. Gene transfer 3. Regeneration from protoplast/callus/tissue 4. Gene expression to the desired level 5. Back cross to produce varieties 6. Field test 7. Approval for commercialization
- 12. METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER •Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer •Bombardment of cells with particle coated with gene of interest
- 13. TRANSFORMATION WITH AGROBACTERIUM • Agrobacterium contains a circle of DNA (Ti plasmid) that carries the desired genes. • Co-cultivation of the Agrobacterium with plant pieces transfers the DNA
- 15. ‘PARTICLE GUN’ • DNA coated on pellets is forced down the barrel of a ‘Particle Gun’ by an explosive charge • The particles are forced through the cell wall where the DNA is released
- 16. ADVANTAGES •Yield superiority •More profit •Lesser need of pesticide •Better quality •Suitability for early sowing
- 17. DISADVANTAGES •Higher cost of seeds •Higher fertilizer and irrigation cost •Higher harvest cost
- 18. REFERENCE • Aronson, A. (2002). Sporulation and δ-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 59(3),417-425. • Bravo A., Gill S. S., & Soberon M. (2007). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon, 49(4),423-435. • Dulmage, H.T. (1981) Insecticidal activity of isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis and their potential for pest control. In Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-80 (Burgess, H.D., ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 193-222. • English, L. and Slatin, S.L. (1992) Mode of action of deltaendotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis: a comparison with otherbacterial toxins. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 22, 1-7.
- 19. CONTINUE… • Stephens SG, Mosley ME (1974) Early domesticated cottons from archaeological sites in central coastal. Peru Am Antiquity 39:109–122 • Zhang BH, Feng R (2000) Cotton resistance to insect and pest- resistant cotton. Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing • IAC (1996) Cotton: review of world situation. Monogram by International Advisory Committee, Washington, DC • Firoozabady E, Deboer DL, Merlo DJ, Halk EL, Amerson LN, Rashka KE, Murray EE (1987) Transformation of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and regeneration of transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 10:105–116 • Umbeck P, Johnson G, Barton K, Swain W (1987) Genetically transformed cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. Bio-Technology 5:263–266