This document summarizes different types of biofuels including their production processes and pros and cons. It discusses bioethanol produced through fermentation of biomass and its use of corn and other crops which competes with food supply. Biogas and biohydrogen are produced through anaerobic digestion or gasification of organic biomass. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable or waste oils and mimics diesel. Bio butanol holds promise as it can be used directly in gasoline engines without modification. The document provides examples of major companies involved in different biofuels.

1. Bio Fuels

2. A presentation made by :
Ashi Gupta
Krishna Singh
F.E.
S.S.G.B.C.O.E.T (Bhusawal)

3. What are Bio Fuels?
A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically
recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from
living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur
in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a
biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living
organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-
derived materials). Biofuels have increased in
popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for
energy security.
How Biofuels are obtained?
As the name suggests it is a organic fuel and is obtained
organically it is totally ecofriendly & economical they
are made by trapping the solar energy in the plants by
process of photosynthesis by the use of feed stocks for
biofuel production.

4. Reasons to use biofuels instead of regular Fuels:
1.Availability - It is renewable. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels can be
easily produced from raw agricultural materials. These facts
ensure that the reservoir of fuel will never end, and that we can
keep producing it, like we produce our food.
2.Price - since the reservoir is virtually unlimited, we can assure
that as time goes by, the oil prices will increase duo to the
increase in demand/production ratio, while the biofuels prices
will decrease duo to the progress in agriculture science and
techniques. In a few years from now, it is almost certain that
biofuels prices will be much lower than fossil fuels, so the sooner
you start using it, the better.
3.Independence -Biofuelsare easy to produce, and propose a new
prospect to fuel consumers - unlike today's when huge company
controls the fuel industry and supply, making the small consumer
a slave to their will, biofuels will allow individuals and small
manufacturer to get into this business and increase the
competition. This is good both to the manufacturers and to the
clients.

5. 4.Healthier - biodiesel and ethanol are much safer than biofuels - they
are much better to the environment, and have a great implication
regarding global warming and air quality. If you care about the air that
you and your children are breathing, you must take it under
consideration.
5.Better to the engine. Biofuels are not only healthier to the
environment, but also much better to the engines. Much research done
by the automobile industry shows that biodiesel and ethanol increase
the efficiency of the engine and it life span.
6.Have good political implications. At present, oil producing countries
enclose a huge power in their hands, allowing them to take advantage
of their power to harm other countries, and paradise world peace.
Crossing to a different fuel source will dramatically reduce the pressure
of oil deficiency, allowing many suppressed countries to flourish.

7. Main bio Fuel feed stocks
•Wood
— Forest management residues
― Fuel timber
•Crops
— Annual (cereals, oilseed rape,
sugar beet)
—Perennial (miscanthus, reed canary
grass, short rotation coppice)
•Wastes
—Straw
—Animal manure

8. Types of Bio Fuels:
Bioethanol:
Wheat Harvest Bioethanol is a biologically
produced biofuel that although being produced throughout
the world is mainly produced in Brazil and the U.S.A. The
production of Bioethanol takes a number of stages. First the
biomass is anaerobically fermented for a period of time
allowing the break down of the sugar or starch contained in the
plant material. However, a number of companies are now
producing Bioethanol by converting plant cellulose into sugars,
allowing a wider range of biomass to be used. After fermenting
the fuel must be distilled to allow the removal of water.
However, this stage is gradually being replaced by dehydration
as it produces better results using less energy, increasing the
net energy gain of the fuel.

9. Pros
It’s renewable! Ethanol can be regenerated given sufficient crop yield.
Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and
boosts rural farming economies.
Ethanol is cleaner burning than gasoline, releasing roughly 15 percent
less greenhouse gas emissions
Advances in cellulosic ethanol can make ethanol fuel from waste
cellulose like scrap wood, food byproducts, and non-food plants such as
switch grass.
Cons
Ethanol derived from corn, beets, and sugarcane competes directly
with food supply, and drive up the cost of other foods and grain-fed
meats
Farmed ethanol crops tend to erode soil and use toxic industrial
agrochemicals that can contaminate water supplies.

10. Ethanol has less stored energy than gasoline, reducing fuel mileage from
between 15 to 30 percent
It currently requires more energy to create large quantities of ethanol
than it produces; however, cellulosic ethanol may be the “magic bullet”
to solve this and the food competition dilemma.
High blends or pure ethanol can be corrosive to engines not designed to
run on it, and cannot be transported via existing oil pipelines due to
corrosion restraints.
Converting a standard gasoline engine to run on high blends or pure
ethanol can be costly, ranging from several hundreds to thousands of
dollars.
Top Ethanol Companies
Archer Daniels Midland
Growth Energy
Aventine
Cosan

11. Biogas:
Biogas is produced during the anaerobic digestion of
biomass or during the gasification of wood using
processes such as pyrolysis. Any type of organic biomass
can be used to produce biogas as the material is simply
biodegraded, during which the gas produced is siphoned
off. Materials such as manure and sewage sludge can
also be used in this process but their low biogas yield
means they are an un-economical feedstock.However,
the production efficiency can be increased with the
addition of energy crops and organic waste, which
produce much higher yields and improves the net energy
gain of the biogas.

12. Biohydrogen:
Biohydrogen like biogas, can be produced using a number of processes
such as pyrolysis, gasification or biological fermentation.[6] Pyrolysis
and gasification both heat biomass to produce the hydrogen while
fermentation uses either dark fermentation or photofermentaion to
produce hydrogen. Dark fermentation is an anaerobic process which
through a series of biochemical reactions breaks down biomass using
bacteria. Photofermentaion is similar to dark fermentation but it must
have the presence of light for the reactions to take place. However,
both processes have low efficiencies and therefore Biohydrogen
production has not yet been attempted on a large scale.[7]

13. Bio Diesel :
Gaining popularity, biodiesel mimics petroleum-based diesel fuel and is
derived from vegetable or animal oils. In fact, several biodiesel companies
simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into
biodiesel. What’s more exciting is the more recent promise of biodiesel-
generating algae and bacteria strains. Scientists are even genetically
engineering these microorganisms to create biodiesel lipids with minimal or
no feedstock necessary, just sunlight and CO2, much like plant
photosynthesis!
Pros
It’s also renewable! Sufficient plant, algae or bacteria crops can yield
abundant biodiesel fuel.
It’s recycled! Much of the biodiesel on the market is derived from used
cooking vegetable oils.
Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels and boosts
rural farming economies.

14. Cons
Biodiesel is currently more expensive to commercially produce than
petroleum diesel as production infrastructure is not yet on a mass-scale
Biodiesel is susceptible to cold weather, and can gel when the temperature
drops, causing fuel injection problems (although this can be fixed with
costly engine modifications).
While several diesel vehicle engines can run on biodiesel with minimal or
no modifications, biodiesel does not work in standard gasoline engines.
Biodiesel production increases food costs, both in food crops used to
generate biodiesel, as well as feed stocks for biodiesel generating algae
and bacteria.
Top Biodiesel Companies
Renewable Energy Group Inc.
DuPont
Australian Renewable Fuels Limited
Imperium Renewables Inc.
Cargill, Inc.

15. Bio Butanol:
While it’s the less well known of the three biofuels featured,
biobutanol holds the most promise. Biobutanol is simply isobutanol
derived from bacteria or algae, much like biodiesel. However, the
beauty of biobutanol is that it can potentially be directly used in
standard gasoline engines with no modification.
Pros
It’s also renewable! Biobutanol is produced from algae or bacteria.
It can be used directly in gasoline engines with no modification.
It can use existing pipeline and supply chain infrastructure for
distribution.
It has a high octane level, so there’s little if any loss in fuel mileage.
Non-corrosive to engines and pipelines
Domestic production reduces dependence on foreign fossil fuels

16. Cons
Feed stocks are required for production, although non-food feedstocks
and genetically modified bacteria and algae strains may resolve this
issue.
Production costs are relatively high, but the industry is in its infancy,
and as it grows costs will come down.
Top BioButanol Companies
Butamax: a DuPont and BP joint venture
Cobalt Technologies
Bioenergy International