A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
Biofuel is a liquid fuel produced from plant or animal material and used as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. There are several types of biofuels including biodiesel, bioalcohols like ethanol, and biogas. Biofuels can be produced from feedstocks like palm, coconut, jatropha seeds, rapeseed, and algae. They are produced through fermentation of sugar crops or by heating plant oils. Biofuels are a renewable source and their production can benefit rural development.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including their classifications, sources, and production processes. It discusses various food crops that can be used for biofuel production, such as sugarcane, maize, rice, and mustard. It also covers non-food biofuel crops like jatropha. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. It discusses the benefits of biofuels but also notes concerns about their impact on food security and competition for land and water resources.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
Biofuel is a liquid fuel produced from plant or animal material and used as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. There are several types of biofuels including biodiesel, bioalcohols like ethanol, and biogas. Biofuels can be produced from feedstocks like palm, coconut, jatropha seeds, rapeseed, and algae. They are produced through fermentation of sugar crops or by heating plant oils. Biofuels are a renewable source and their production can benefit rural development.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including their classifications, sources, and production processes. It discusses various food crops that can be used for biofuel production, such as sugarcane, maize, rice, and mustard. It also covers non-food biofuel crops like jatropha. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. It discusses the benefits of biofuels but also notes concerns about their impact on food security and competition for land and water resources.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
Biofuels are renewable alternatives to fossil fuels that can help reduce emissions and dependence on oil. There are two main types of biofuel: bioethanol and biodiesel.
Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from crops into alcohol. It can be used in gasoline engines in blends up to E85. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification that converts vegetable oils or animal fats into fuel. It can be used in diesel engines in blends up to B20.
Both biofuels have benefits like reducing emissions and providing energy security but also have disadvantages like requiring large amounts of land and water. Advanced technologies aim to make bio
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
This document discusses biodiesel, including its history, definition, applications, advantages, disadvantages, and future potential. It provides a case study on using microalgae for biodiesel production in Iran. The key points are:
1) Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in many vehicles and applications as a replacement for or blended with petroleum diesel.
2) Advantages include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages include higher costs and infrastructure requirements.
3) Future potential lies in genetically engineering microalgae which can produce high oil yields without affecting food supplies or requiring much land. A case
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological materials rather than fossil fuels. There are two generations of biofuels, with first generation using food crops like corn and second generation using non-food feedstocks. Common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas. Research is ongoing to improve biofuel crop yields and develop sources like algae that do not compete with food production or require farmland. Brazil, the US, and European countries are global leaders in biofuel development and use.
This presentation discusses biofuels as an alternative renewable energy source. It begins by outlining the global energy crisis and increasing demand for energy. The presentation then defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological resources like plant biomass. Biofuels are presented as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The main types of biofuels discussed are biodiesel, bioalcohol, vegetable oils, biogas, and syngas. Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel production and use are also summarized.
Bio Fuels
Classification of Bio Fuels
1st Generation Bio Fuels ,2nd Generation Bio Fuels , 3rd Generation Bio Fuels..............
All the generetions are Explained Widely........
Helpful content for Botany students , and new for them.
Prepared by : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of CAF-I at ICAP's RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
email : szkbkhan@gmail.com
This document discusses biofuels as a safer substitute for gasoline. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from living organisms through biomass conversion. The document outlines the three generations of biofuels: first generation from sugar, starch or vegetable oil; second generation from sustainable feedstock; and future cellulosic ethanol. It then focuses on ethanol biofuels, describing their production from corn or cellulosic biomass. While corn ethanol currently reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to gasoline, cellulosic ethanol has the potential to reduce emissions by 86%. The document concludes that with depleting fossil fuels, biofuels can act as a perfect substitute and have less environmental impact.
This document discusses bioethanol as an alternative fuel source. It outlines various sources of bioethanol, including first generation sources like sugar and starch, and second generation sources like cellulose. The document describes the process of producing bioethanol from lignocellulose, including pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation steps. It notes that bioethanol production has advantages like being renewable and reducing carbon emissions, but also has disadvantages like potentially causing deforestation if feedstocks are not sustainable.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has benefits over petroleum diesel such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, and producing lower emissions. However, biodiesel also faces challenges including limited availability of feedstock for large-scale replacement of petroleum diesel, issues with cold weather operation, and potential engine and emissions optimization. While biodiesel provides short and long-term environmental benefits, issues around fuel stability, transportation costs, and lack of understanding of its full environmental impacts need to be addressed for it to become a primary fuel source.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
Group 3 consists of M. Waqas Haider, Hassan Naeem, Asma Sattar, and Bukhtawer khusnood. The document discusses different types of biofuels including their sources and production methods. It covers first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels include biodiesel from oils, bioalcohols like ethanol from sugars/starches, biogas, and syngas. Second generation biofuels are produced from non-edible biomass like agricultural waste. Third generation biofuels use algae and microbes as feedstock.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
biobutanol is an advanced biofuel, it has better properties than ethanol and gasoline .it can be transported via existing pipelines and can be used in current engines. ethanol plants can be easily converted to biobutanol plants.
biofuel is clean and green sourece of energy, climatchange is global problem people are looking for clean source of energy.global enegy problem can be minimised by the use of biofuel.
Biofuel and their classification. Extraction methods. Their role on saving the environment and conservation of fossil fuels. Leading countries on biofuel production. Their advantages and disadvantages .
Biofuels are renewable alternatives to fossil fuels that can help reduce emissions and dependence on oil. There are two main types of biofuel: bioethanol and biodiesel.
Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from crops into alcohol. It can be used in gasoline engines in blends up to E85. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification that converts vegetable oils or animal fats into fuel. It can be used in diesel engines in blends up to B20.
Both biofuels have benefits like reducing emissions and providing energy security but also have disadvantages like requiring large amounts of land and water. Advanced technologies aim to make bio
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
This document discusses biodiesel, including its history, definition, applications, advantages, disadvantages, and future potential. It provides a case study on using microalgae for biodiesel production in Iran. The key points are:
1) Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in many vehicles and applications as a replacement for or blended with petroleum diesel.
2) Advantages include being renewable and less polluting, while disadvantages include higher costs and infrastructure requirements.
3) Future potential lies in genetically engineering microalgae which can produce high oil yields without affecting food supplies or requiring much land. A case
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological materials rather than fossil fuels. There are two generations of biofuels, with first generation using food crops like corn and second generation using non-food feedstocks. Common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas. Research is ongoing to improve biofuel crop yields and develop sources like algae that do not compete with food production or require farmland. Brazil, the US, and European countries are global leaders in biofuel development and use.
This presentation discusses biofuels as an alternative renewable energy source. It begins by outlining the global energy crisis and increasing demand for energy. The presentation then defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological resources like plant biomass. Biofuels are presented as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The main types of biofuels discussed are biodiesel, bioalcohol, vegetable oils, biogas, and syngas. Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel production and use are also summarized.
Bio Fuels
Classification of Bio Fuels
1st Generation Bio Fuels ,2nd Generation Bio Fuels , 3rd Generation Bio Fuels..............
All the generetions are Explained Widely........
Helpful content for Botany students , and new for them.
Prepared by : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of CAF-I at ICAP's RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
email : szkbkhan@gmail.com
This document discusses biofuels as a safer substitute for gasoline. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from living organisms through biomass conversion. The document outlines the three generations of biofuels: first generation from sugar, starch or vegetable oil; second generation from sustainable feedstock; and future cellulosic ethanol. It then focuses on ethanol biofuels, describing their production from corn or cellulosic biomass. While corn ethanol currently reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to gasoline, cellulosic ethanol has the potential to reduce emissions by 86%. The document concludes that with depleting fossil fuels, biofuels can act as a perfect substitute and have less environmental impact.
This document discusses bioethanol as an alternative fuel source. It outlines various sources of bioethanol, including first generation sources like sugar and starch, and second generation sources like cellulose. The document describes the process of producing bioethanol from lignocellulose, including pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation steps. It notes that bioethanol production has advantages like being renewable and reducing carbon emissions, but also has disadvantages like potentially causing deforestation if feedstocks are not sustainable.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has benefits over petroleum diesel such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, and producing lower emissions. However, biodiesel also faces challenges including limited availability of feedstock for large-scale replacement of petroleum diesel, issues with cold weather operation, and potential engine and emissions optimization. While biodiesel provides short and long-term environmental benefits, issues around fuel stability, transportation costs, and lack of understanding of its full environmental impacts need to be addressed for it to become a primary fuel source.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
Group 3 consists of M. Waqas Haider, Hassan Naeem, Asma Sattar, and Bukhtawer khusnood. The document discusses different types of biofuels including their sources and production methods. It covers first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels include biodiesel from oils, bioalcohols like ethanol from sugars/starches, biogas, and syngas. Second generation biofuels are produced from non-edible biomass like agricultural waste. Third generation biofuels use algae and microbes as feedstock.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
biobutanol is an advanced biofuel, it has better properties than ethanol and gasoline .it can be transported via existing pipelines and can be used in current engines. ethanol plants can be easily converted to biobutanol plants.
biofuel is clean and green sourece of energy, climatchange is global problem people are looking for clean source of energy.global enegy problem can be minimised by the use of biofuel.
Biofuel and their classification. Extraction methods. Their role on saving the environment and conservation of fossil fuels. Leading countries on biofuel production. Their advantages and disadvantages .
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their generation processes. It explains that biofuels are fuels derived from living organisms and biomass. There are three generations of biofuels - first from edible plant materials, second from non-edible plant parts, and third from algae. Key biofuels discussed include biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass. Bioethanol is generated through fermentation of sugars from crops like corn. The document also outlines benefits and disadvantages of biofuel production.
it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
Biofuel is a type of fuel derived from biological carbon fixation. Common biofuels include ethanol, vegetable oil, and animal fats. Biofuels are classified into first and second generation types. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, and vegetable oil using conventional techniques. Examples include biodiesel, green diesel, bioethers, biogas, and syn-gas. Second generation biofuels use more sustainable feedstocks and are still under development, such as cellulosic ethanol. India's biofuel production focuses on cultivating and processing Jatropha plant seeds for biodiesel. While biofuels reduce emissions, their production has disadvantages like requiring considerable land use and having poorer performance
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. It includes materials like wood chips, agricultural waste, and human/animal waste. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation to produce electricity, heat, or fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. While biomass has benefits as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, it also faces challenges in terms of production costs and potential environmental impacts like air pollution and soil erosion if not managed properly.
Biofuels technology can be defined as application of feedstocks in a sequence of processes leading to the production of different biofuel types. Biofuels processes are either natural or chemical stages of an industrial or pilot project development leading to the final production of biofuels.
Various Types of Biofuel
Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature.
Ethanol
Methanol.
Butanol.
Uses of Biofuels
Heating. Primary biofuels – or materials that are still in their raw state, without processing or treatment – are a common form of heating homes in developing countries where no alternative fuel source is available. ...
Transport. ...
Aviation. ...
Lubrication. ...
Oil clean-up operations.
hird generation biofuels are also known as “algae fuel” or “oilage” since they are produced from the algae. Algae leads to the production of all types of bio-fuels such as biodiseal, gasoline, butanol, propanol and ethanol with high yield, approximately 10 times higher than the second generation biofuel
The document discusses different types of biofuels including their classification, advantages over fossil fuels, and production. It describes biofuels as fuels produced from biomass that are safer and less polluting alternatives to fossil fuels. The main types covered are bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol, and biogas. Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks, biodiesel is made through transesterification of oils, and biogas involves anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Advantages of biofuels include being renewable, reducing greenhouse gases and pollution, and providing economic and energy security compared to finite fossil fuels.
This document discusses different types of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. It provides details on their production processes and feedstocks. Bioethanol is produced from sugars and starches via fermentation. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats using transesterification. Biogas is generated from organic waste through anaerobic digestion by bacteria. The advantages of biofuels are provided such as being renewable and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though high production costs and potential food shortages are disadvantages.
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their production, uses, and benefits. It describes first, second, and third generation biofuels made from sources like sugar, starch, non-edible plant materials, and algae. Specific biofuels covered include biodiesel, biogas, bioalcohols, and syngas. Biodiesel production through trans-esterification is explained. Feedstocks and outputs for biodiesel are listed. Benefits of biodiesel include being cleaner burning and having less sulfur than diesel fuel.
Biofuels can be made from agricultural crops and biomass as alternatives to fossil fuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats using conventional technology like fermentation of corn into ethanol. Biodiesel is made through transesterification of vegetable oils like soybean, rapeseed or waste cooking oil. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of animal waste and contains methane that can be used for energy. While biofuels provide benefits like reducing emissions, some concerns include high production costs, competition with food crops for land, and sustainability issues depending on feedstock.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste agricultural materials, human waste, and dead plant matter. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation to produce electricity, heat, or fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. While biomass has potential as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure needs, and potential environmental impacts from production and use.
The document discusses alternative energy sources called biofuels. Biofuels are fuels produced from biological materials rather than fossil fuels, and include ethanol from corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils. They provide environmental benefits like reducing carbon dioxide emissions and global warming. However, large-scale production of first-generation biofuels from food crops could increase food prices and compete with land used for food. The document advocates developing second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like algae and cellulose to avoid these issues.
Biofuels are liquid fuels developed from plants or waste that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. They help ensure carbon neutrality and eliminate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Common biofuels include bioethanol produced from corn or sugarcane through fermentation, and biodiesel produced from vegetable oils through transesterification. While biofuels provide benefits like renewability and reduced emissions, their production also faces challenges such as high costs, impacts on food prices and supplies, and large land and water usage.
Starch-based feedstocks encompass grains like corn and wheat and tubers such as (sweet) potatoes and cassava. These feedstocks are rich in intricate chains of sugar molecules, making them readily convertible into fermentable sugars. These sugars can then undergo conversion into ethanol or drop-in fuels. Also, the fibrous components of these plants, such as wheat straw or corn stover, hold the potential for transformation into advanced Biofuel Industry, as seen in the case of cellulosic ethanol production.
This document summarizes different types of biofuels including their production processes and pros and cons. It discusses bioethanol produced through fermentation of biomass and its use of corn and other crops which competes with food supply. Biogas and biohydrogen are produced through anaerobic digestion or gasification of organic biomass. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable or waste oils and mimics diesel. Bio butanol holds promise as it can be used directly in gasoline engines without modification. The document provides examples of major companies involved in different biofuels.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as plants and are seen as an alternative to fossil fuels. The document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels produced from sources like vegetable oils, non-edible plant materials, and algae. Benefits of biofuels include reducing dependence on foreign oil, lowering emissions, and boosting rural economies. However, higher production costs and potential issues with low temperatures are disadvantages.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
2. Introduction
A Fuel is defined as a combustible substance containing carbon as a major
constituent which is able to produce a large amount of heat, that can be
used for domestic and industrial purpose.
Bio-Fuel: Bio-fuels are fossil-fuels substitutes that can be made from a range
of agricultural crops and other source of Bio-mass.
Any Hydro-carbon fuel that is produced from organic matter
They are considered as an alternative source of energy
Importance
Energy security – increase oil price , need for alternative source of energy
To decrease greenhouse gas emission
To promote rural development
History
In 1980s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesl from vegetable
oil
3. Advantages
◍ Can be used pure
biodiesel
◍ Biodiesel has no
sulphur content ,and so
it doesn’t contribute
to acid rain formation
◍ Biodiesel has good
lubricating properties
better than standard
diesel
Disadvantages
◍ Biodiesel is
significantly more
expensive compared to
standard diesel
◍ Biodiesel can release
nitrogen oxide which
can lead to the
formation of smog
◍ Food shortage can be
occurred
Advantages & Disadvantages
of Bio-Fuel
3
4. Why Biofuels?
• Biofuel can help to improve
energy security
• Can help to improve energy
balance through domestic
energy crops
• The plants are used to produced
biofuel in replacement of
imported crude oil
• Biofuel will also add to the
overall national capacity to
reduce the need for import oil
5. Biology and Synthesis
When dealing with fossil fuels, the processes are all chemical or
physical. What is more, fossil fuels aren’t really produced so
much as they are refined. All industry really does is refine the
petroleum in order to separate out the parts.
The same is not true of biofuels. Before a biofuel can ever be
used, the feedstock first has to be produced. In many cases,
organisms are genetically modified to improve yield and to
reduce nutrient and water requirements. After that, biofuel is
either refined from oil or produced by algae and harvested. In
either case, complex chemistry is involved to get useful fuels
out of biological molecules 5
7. 7
Based on Food & Agricultural Organization
Classification of Biofuel Sources
8. Classification According to Generations
Biofuels are generally classified as first, second and third generations:
First-generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or
animal fats using conventional technology. These are generally produced
from grains high in sugar or starch. Common first-generation biofuels include
vegetable oils, biodiesel, bio-alcohols, biogas, solid biofuels, syngas.
Second-generation biofuels are produced from non-food crops, such as
cellulosic biofuels and waste biomass (stalks of wheat and corn, and wood).
Research continues on second-generation biofuels including biohydrogen, bio
methanol, DMF (Dimethyl formamide), Bio-DME (Dry Malt Extract), Fischer-
Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols and wood diesel.
Third-generation biofuels are produced from extracting oil of algae –
sometimes referred to as “oilgae”. Its production is supposed to be low cost
and high-yielding – giving up to nearly 30 times the energy per unit area as
can be realized from current, conventional ‘first-generation’ biofuel
feedstocks.
9. 9
Below is a list of feedstock currently
under consideration or research for
potential use in biofuels.
•Corn
•Soybean
•Sugarcane
•Sugar beet
•Switchgrass
•Jatropah
•Camelina
•Algae
•Cassava
•Palm oil
•Certain fungi & Algae
•Animal fat
Feedstock
10. 10
Ideal Properties
• Three categories of properties: Nutrient requirements
Yield and
Growth conditions.
• Nutrient Requirements: Sunlight
Carbon-dioxide (carbon source)
Very little fertilizer
(Fertilizer is a major limiting resource and also contributes to global warming. The
less fertilizer a feedstock uses, the more environmentally friendly it will be.)
• Water is a scarce and valued resource, so the less a particular feedstock
requires the better. Best water to fuel yield comes from algae- A litre of
fuel/3.15 litre of water (under ideal conditions).
• Yield- Yield is often measured in gallons per acre and is an important metric
for assessing feedstock. The less land a particular biofuel feedstock requires,
the better.
• Growth Conditions: This simply refers to climate. Some feedstock does okay in
the cold and others do better in tropical locations. For countries looking to use
biofuel to gain energy independence, this is very important. For instance, the
tropical plant Jatropha is not going to be of much use in the temperate climate
of Europe. Feedstock is very much specific to regions of the planet; there is no
“one-size-fits-all” feedstock.
11. 11
Petroleum diesel (Petro diesel) is a product produced through the fractional
distillation of crude oil. The product contains a mixture of hydrocarbon
molecules that range in size from 8 to 21 carbon atoms. A typical Petro diesel
molecule would look something like this 16-carbon molecule.
BIO-DIESEL
Note that the Petro diesel molecule is a pure hydrocarbon, containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
and no oxygen.
Compare the Petro diesel molecule above with a typical biodiesel molecule as
shown here.
Biodiesel with 17 carbons (also called 16 carbons with an ester group)
In many ways, the biodiesel and Petro diesel molecules are similar. In fact, the
only real difference is on the right side of the molecule where the biodiesel
has two oxygen atoms compared to the Petro diesel molecule. These oxygen
atoms are what make all the difference in biofuels like biodiesel, when they are
burned.
12. 12
Feedstock pretreatment
yellow grease (recycled vegetable oil), virgin vegetable oil, and tallow
Determination and treatment of free fatty acids
Product purification
BIO- DIESEL
PROCESS
14. “
The Future is Green
Energy, Sustainability
and renewable energy
14
15. BIO-GAS
15
Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw
materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material,
sewage, green waste or food waste.
16. 16
PRODUCTION OF BIO-GAS
Biogas is produced through the processing of various types of organic waste.
It is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel made from 100% local
feedstocks that is suitable for a diversity of uses including road vehicle
fuel and industrial uses. The circular-economy impact of biogas production is
further enhanced by the organic nutrients recovered in the production
process.
17. 17
Biogas is produced using well-established
technology in a process involving several stages:
1. Biowaste is crushed into smaller pieces and
slurrified to prepare it for the anaerobic
digestion process. Slurrifying means adding liquid
to the biowaste to make it easier to process.
2. Microbes need warm conditions, so the
biowaste is heated to around 37 °C.
3. The actual biogas production takes place
through anaerobic digestion in large tanks for
about three weeks.
4.In the final stage, the gas is purified
(upgraded) by removing impurities and carbon
dioxide.
After this, the biogas is ready for use by
enterprises and consumers, for example in a
liquefied form or following injection into the gas
pipeline network.
Stages in biogas production
18. BIOGAS EFFICIENCY
Biogas has a lower methane
content than natural gas and
raw biogas has to be processed
and have it's impurities
removed to make it viable.
Furthermore, the type of
feedstock can affect the
calorific value of the biogas.
For example wood would be
preferable to sewage in
producing more energy dense
biogas.
18
19. 19
Bio-ethanol
◍ Mainly produced by sugar fermentation, but also
manufactured by the chemical process of reacting
ethylene.
◍ The main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol
come from fuel or energy crops.(corn, maize, waste straw,
wheat crops, Reed Cranary grass, sawdust, etc)
◍ There are still ongoing research for using solid waste to
produce ethanol fuel.
20. 20
Why ethanol?
◍ Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, it
is biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental
pollution if split.
◍ It burns to give CO2 and water
◍ It is a high octane fuel and has replaced lead as an octane
enhancer in petrol.
◍ By blending ethanol with gasoline we can also oxygenate the
fuel mixture, which helps it burn completely and reduces
polluting emissions.
◍ Most common blend is 10% ethanol and 90%petrol(E10). Flexible
fuel vehicles can run on up to 85% ethanol and 15% petrol
blends(E85).
21. 21
Production of
Bioethanol
◍ Ethanol can be produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation
processes.
◍ biomass place contains a complex mixture of carbohydrate polymers from the plant
cell wall is known as cellulose hemicellulose and lignin.
◍ In order to produce sugars from the biomass, the biomass is the biomass is pre-
treated with acid or enzymes in order to reduce the size of the feedstock and to
open up the plant structure.
◍ The cellulose and the hemicellulose portions are broken down by enzymes a dilutes
acid into sucrose sugar that is done fermented into ethanol.
◍ The lignin which is also present in the biomass is normally used as a fuel for the
ethanol production plant boilers
◍ There are three principle methods for extracting sugars from biomass
Concentrated acid hydrolysis,
Dilute acid hydrolysis,
Enzymatic hydrolysis.
22. Concentrated acid hydrolysis
The process used is Arkanol process,by adding 70%-77%sulphuric
acid to the biomass that has been dried to a 10% moisture content.
Dilute acid is used to hydrolyse the biomass to sucrose.
The first stage uses 0.7% sulphuric acid at 190C to hydrolyse the
hemi cellulose present in the biomass.
The second stage is optimised to yield the more resistant cellulose
fraction. This is achieved by using 0.4% sulphuric acid at 215C.
The liquid hydrolates are then neutralised and recovered from the
process.
23. 23
Dilute acid hydrolysis
◍ The dilute acid hydrolysis process is one of the oldest, simplest and
most efficient methods of producing ethanol from biomass.
◍ Dilute acid is used to hydrolyze the biomass to sucrose.
◍ The first stage uses 0.7% sulphuric acid at 190⁰C to hydrolyze the
hemi cellulose present in the biomass.
◍ The second stage is optimized to yield the more resistant cellulose
fraction. This is achieved by using 0.4% sulphuric acid at 215⁰C.
◍ The liquid hydrolases are then neutralized and recovered from the
process.
24. 24
Enzymatic hydrolysis
◍ Instead of using acid to hydrolyse the biomass into sucrose, we can use
enzymes to break down the biomass in a similar way. However this process
is very expensive and is still in its early stages of development.
25. 25
Wet milling
• Corn can be processed into ethanol by either the dry milling or the wet milling
process.
• In the wet milling process, the corn kernel is steeped in warm water, this helps
to break down the proteins and release the starch present in the corn and
helps to soften the kernel for the milling process.
• The corn is then milled to produce germ, fibre and starch products. The germ
is extracted to produce corn oil and the starch fraction undergoes
centrifugation and saccharifcation to produce gluten wet cake.
• The ethanol is then extracted by the distillation process. The wet milling
process is normally used in factories producing several hundred million gallons
of ethanol every Year.
26. 26
Dry milling
◍ The dry milling process involves
cleaning and breaking down the
corn kernel into fine particles
using a hammer mill process.
◍ This creates a powder with a
course flour type consistency. The
powder contains the corn germ,
starch and fibre.
◍ In order to produce a sugar
solution the mixture is then
hydrolyzed or broken down into
sucrose sugars using enzymes or a
dilute acid. The mixture is then
cooled and yeast is added in order
to ferment the mixture into
ethanol.
◍ The dry milling process is normally
used in factories producing less
than 50 million gallons of ethanol
every Year.
27. 27
Sugar Fermentation
The hydrolysis process breaks down the cellulosic part of the biomass or corn
into sugar solutions that can then be fermented into ethanol. Yeast is added
to the solution, which is then heated. The yeast contains an enzyme called
invertase, which acts as a catalyst and helps to convert the sucrose sugars
into glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6).
The chemical reaction is shown below:
The fructose and glucose sugars then react with another enzyme called
zymase, which is also contained in the yeast to produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
The chemical reaction is shown below:
The fermentation process takes around three days to complete and is carried
out at a temperature of between 250C and 300C.
28. Fractional Distillation
The ethanol, which is produced from the fermentation process, still contains a
significant quantity of water, which must be removed. This is achieved by
using the fractional distillation process. The distillation process works by
boiling the water and ethanol mixture. Since ethanol has a lower boiling point
(78.3C) compared to that of water (100C), the ethanol turns into the vapour
state before the water and can be condensed and separated.
30. 30
BENEFITS
• Bio ethanol has a number of advantages over
conventional fuels. It comes from a renewable
resource i.e. crops and not from a finite resource and
the crops it derives from can grow well in the UK
(like cereals, sugar beet and maize).
• Another benefit over fossil fuels is the greenhouse
gas emissions. The road transport network accounts
for 22% (www.foodfen.org.uk) of all greenhouse gas
emissions and through the use of bio ethanol, some of
these emissions will be reduced as the fuel crops
absorb the CO2 they emit through growing.
• Also, blending bio ethanol with petrol will help extend
the life of the UK’s diminishing oil supplies and ensure
greater fuel security, avoiding heavy reliance on oil
producing nations. By encouraging bio ethanol's use,
the rural economy would also receive a boost from
growing the necessary crops.
• Bio ethanol is also biodegradable and far less toxic
that fossil fuels.
• In addition, by using bio ethanol in older engines can
help reduce the amount of carbon monoxide produced
by the vehicle thus improving air quality.
• Another advantage of bio ethanol is the ease with
which it can be easily integrated into the existing
road transport fuel system. In quantities up to 5%,
bio ethanol can be blended with conventional fuel
without the need of engine modifications.
• Bio ethanol is produced using familiar methods, such
as fermentation, and it can be distributed using the
same petrol forecourts and transportation systems
as before.
33. 33
• Biobutanol is a four-carbon alcohol
produced by the fermentation of biomass.
It has a long hydrocarbon chain which
renders it fairly non-polar. The
production of biobutanol can be carried
out in ethanol production facilities. The
primary use of biobutanol is a fuel in an
internal combustion engine.
• Its properties are similar to that of
gasoline. Some gasoline-powered vehicles
can even use biobutanol without being
modified. It can be blended with gasoline in
concentrations up to 11.5% by volume.
However, it has a lower energy content, on
average 10-20%, than that of gasoline,
which is a major disadvantage of biobutanol.
• Biobutanol exhibits the potential to reduce
carbon emissions by 85% when compared to
gasoline, thus making it a viable and suitable
alternative to gasoline and gasoline-ethanol
blended fuels.
Introduction
35. 35
◍ Biobutanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. process. The process uses
the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism, or Clostridium
beijerinckii. It was Chaim Weizmann who first used C. acetobutylicum for the production
of acetone from starch (with the main use of acetone being the making of Cordite) in 1916. The
butanol was a by-product of fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also
creates a recoverable amount of H2 and a number of other by-products: acetic, lactic and propionic
acids, isopropanol and ethanol.
◍ Biobutanol can also be made using Ralstonia eutropha H16. This process requires the use of an
electro-bioreactor and the input of carbon dioxide and electricity.
◍ The difference from ethanol production is primarily in the fermentation of the feedstock and
minor changes in distillation. The feedstocks are the same as for ethanol: energy crops such
as sugar beets, sugar cane, corn grain, wheat and cassava, prospective non-food energy crops such
as switchgrass and even guayule in North America, as well as agricultural byproducts such
as bagasse, straw and corn stalks. According to DuPont, existing bioethanol plants can cost-
effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production.
◍ Additionally, butanol production from biomass and agricultural byproducts could be more efficient
(i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed)
than ethanol or methanolproduction.
◍ Algae butanol: Biobutanol can be made entirely with solar energy and nutrients, from algae (called
Solalgal Fuel) or diatoms. Current yield is low.
Production
37. At high concentrations, bio butanol be blended with conventional petrol rather
than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have also proved that
bio butanol can be used in unmodified conventional engines at 100%. However,
no manufacturers have guaranteed use of blends greater than 15%.
Bio butanol has a higher energy content than ethanol. With an energy content
of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon, bio butanol is close to the energy content of
gasoline, which is roughly 114,000 BTUs/gallon.
Less corrosive and explosive than ethanol, bio butanol is also less susceptible to
separation in the presence of water than ethanol. It can be produced
domestically from a variety of feed stocks, which can also help drive the
economy via the generation of jobs.
Carbon dioxide captured by growing feedstock minimizes overall greenhouse
gas emissions by balancing carbon dioxide released from burning biobutanol.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test results show that biobutanol
reduces hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.
Advantages
38. Want big impact?
Use big image.
38
There is now increasing interest in the use of biobutanol as a transport fuel.
Unfortunately though no production vehicle is known to be approved by manufacturers
for use with 100% butanol.
Biobutanol also shows promise as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock. In
addition to this possible other applications may include paints/coatings, resins,
plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, food grade extractants, chemical intermediates and
herbicides.
Applications
39. Recent Advancements
39
Nowadays over 50 countries have adopted
blending targets.
In recent years, nanocatalyst technology has
been widely used for biodiesel production for the
development of economically sustainable biodiesel
production.
Other areas of concern include development of
improved harvesting and dewatering technologies,
improved oil extraction and downstream
processing, and development of new/alternate
conversion methods that can yield Bio-Fuels.
New/ improved technologies must reduce
energy intensity, capital and operating
costs, and have scalability, effective
process, techno-economics and life-cycle
environmental impacts of biomass used.
Currently, major challenges in biofuel/
bioproducts conversion include poor cost
effectiveness, lack of mature
alternative conversion technologies, and
lack of substantial data needed to
evaluate life-cycle environmental
impacts of conversion technologies.
40. CONCLUSION
40
Biofuels are the solid, liquid or gas fuel derived from
biomass or Bio- wastes.
There are different types of biofuels produced by
different methods like Anaerobic digestion,
Fermentation, Transesterification
Biofuels are a solution to any issues like environment
pollution, global warming solid waste management etc.
As all other, Bio fuels also encounter quite a few
disadvantages like low efficiency, tedious process for
production, careful management, and automobiles not
designed to use up bio-fuels.
Recent advancements and studies is based on, how to
minimize the limitations of bio-fuels.