This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by listing the key objectives, which are to describe plant and animal cell structure, differentiate between the two cell types, and explain the functions of selected cell organelles. It then discusses the components of cells, comparing plant and animal cells and identifying common structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and vacuoles. The document explains how cells vary in size but are generally microscopic, and discusses cell functions like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also introduces the concepts of tissues, organs, and organ systems being composed of many cells working together.
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Biology M1 Cell Structure and Function
1. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Author: Janice HoLung
Note: Diagrams in text, unless otherwise acknowledged, are by by author.
Iconos images courtesy of NEPA, Jamaica. Source of other images acknowledged below each one.
2. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
OBJECTIVES
• You will be able to describe the structure of
simple unspecialized plant and animal cells
• You will be able to differentiate between
plant and animal cells
• You will be able to state the functions and
explain the importance of selected cell
organelles.
• You will be able to make simple line drawings
of unspecialized cells
3. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
Components of Cells
Living things are made up of cells.
Often we are asked what are the characteristics of
living things, and we obediently recite: Living things
eat; they excrete; they reproduce and so on.
But, one of the most important characteristics of living
things is often forgotten……….that living things are
made up of minute structures called cells.
In this unit, you will learn about their structures, and
how different cells look. You will also learn how to
draw cells.
ComponentsComponents
4. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
WHAT DO CELLS LOOK LIKE?
• See these photos of plant and animal
cells under the microscope.
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/biological_sciences/lab3/biolab3_2.html
ComponentsComponents
5. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
Are all the cells the same?
• Did those two photos of cells look alike? No
they didn’t. All cells are not the same,
although nearly all cells have the same parts
or components.
• Cells in plants have cell walls made of
cellulose, while cells of animals do not have
cell walls. Both types of cells have an outer
covering called a cell membrane.
• Animal cells usually have small vacuoles or
spaces containing different chemicals or
water, while plant cells have large vacuoles.
ComponentsComponents
6. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
Parts of a Cell
• Look at the two diagrams on the
next slide, which show the
common parts of plant cells and
animal cells.
• What are these parts?
• Yes, you can find the common
parts of plant and animal cells
quite easily.
ComponentsComponents
8. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
What structures are found inside cells?
• If you looked carefully at those two
diagrams, you can identify the parts that are
found inside cells.
• Notice the shapes and locations of the cell
wall, cell membrane, nucleus, the cytoplasm,
vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
• These are the important parts of the cell that
you need to remember.
ComponentsComponents
9. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
Learning to Draw
• Look at the following photographs of
drawings and diagrams
• Can you identify which are clear and
easy to understand?
• Think of reasons why this is so for
these diagrams and drawings
• These reasons will guide you as you
learn to draw good diagrams
13. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
DRAWING A CELL
• Now try to draw one cell of the tissue that your teacher has set
up under the microscope. Is it a plant or animal tissue? So, it
will have which organelles ?? Have you noticed these
organelles? If yes, which ones? If no, which ones can you see?
• Remember to draw using a sharp pencil, and use only a single
line for the outline of the cell structures. Do not shade. If you
wish to differentiate between structures, use large/small dots
or stripes.
• Make sure that your diagram looks similar to the cell under the
microscope, or similar to the diagram in the book that you are
using. Your teacher should be able to recognize which cell you
drew.
• Now, consider, have you labeled them correctly? Check back
with the earlier slide that had labels. Make sure that you have
labeled on the right hand side of the diagram.
Draw a CellDraw a Cell
14. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
WHAT SIZE IS A CELL?
• Cells are extremely small. Generally
they cannot be seen with the naked
eye alone.
• A microscope with magnifying lenses is
needed to make the tiny cells look
larger to our eyes.
• Let us explain how this works by using
an easier example.
• Look at the next slide.
Cell SizeCell Size
16. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
ICONOS PHOTO
• This is an Iconos (name of satellite) photo of
a part of Kingston where Spanish Town Road,
Maxfield Ave and Waltham Park Road meet.
Can you see the three roads?
• Notice the large structures. What do you
think they are?
• Do you notice a lot of green? Those are
trees, pastures and lawns.
• Did you see that there were many homes?
Cell SizeCell Size
18. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
SAME PHOTO –LARGER IMAGE
• Have you noticed that this photo only
shows a small part of the first one?
• What else can you see in this photo?
• Anything that you could not see in the
first one?
Cell SizeCell Size
20. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
AN EVEN LARGER IMAGE
• Notice that this picture seems ‘fuzzy’.
This is because it has been enlarged to
show greater details of the area, but
the sharpness of the images have
deteriorated
• What else can you now see that you
could not see before?
Cell SizeCell Size
22. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
AND FINALLY…….
• The photo shows a close up view of
homes and factories in one community.
We could enlarge this view still further
to show the rooms inside the home, as
is seen in the next slide.
• Can you guess which one is the living
room, which are the two bedrooms,
the bathroom and the kitchen?
Cell SizeCell Size
24. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
CELLS ARE TINY
• You can see by the example of the satellite
photograph, that just as we can use complex
cameras to take photos from far away of large
objects, microscopes are used to see cells that are
really minute
• Other, more complicated microscopes can magnify
cells much more than the school microscope, and
can show the structure of each of the cell’s
organelles.
• These microscopes are called electron microscopes;
while your school microscope is called a light
microscope.
Cell SizeCell Size
25. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
USING YOUR IMAGINATION!
• It is easy to remember the functions of the different
organelles in a cell, if a comparison is made
between the plan of a house with its components
AND the cell.
• For example, the walls of the house can be likened
to the walls or membranes covering the cell. What
do the walls of the house do?
• If you look at the next slide, you will see how to
compare these two very different things!
• What about the other organelles in the cell? What is
their function? (You can get the clues from
considering the functions of the different parts of a
house)
FunctionsFunctions
27. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
Functions of different parts of the cell
• It is very useful to know the functions of the
different parts of the cell.
• These parts are called organelles, as they
function almost like tiny organs.
• It is easy to figure out the nucleus…..because
that is always the centre of everything, or
the ruler of everything!
• Look up in your textbook to check if your
guesses before were correct about the
functions of all the organelles.
FunctionsFunctions
28. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
TIME TO REVIEW
• All cells have some common
components or organelles
• Each organelle within the cell does a
different function
• Cells are minute, and can be seen only
with microscopes.
30. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
LOOK AT ANIMAL CELLS
• Observe their structures carefully to
notice how different they are from the
typical cell that you drew earlier.
• What is the function of each of these
cells?
• How does the structure suit their
function?
31. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
NOT ALL CELLS ARE THE SAME….
• Remember that you looked at plant
cells and animal cells and considered
how their different structures suited
their different functions.
• Look at these next riddles about cells
and guess their identity.
TypesTypes
32. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
WHAT AM I?
• I am thin, am round or rectangular, am
closely attached to my neighbours, found in
animals only, and look like a pavement. What
am I?
• I am tiny, found in male animals only, have a
tail, and contain a ‘body’ with many
mitochondria. What am I?
• I am tall, with a cell wall, a large vacuole and
contain many chloroplasts. I am very strong
and found only in plants.
TypesTypes
33. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
LET’S CHECK !
• Did you guess correctly? Did you guess the first one
was cells found on the outside of the body? What
about the second one? Was it a sperm cell? And the
third? Was that a palisade cell?
• The structure of cells is suited to their function. For
example, if an animal cell is long and slim, with a
small nucleus, it probably holds things together or
helps hold things upright. Another example: if a cell
is short and fat and contains many small particles
and vacuoles, it probably works to produce mucous
or enzymes or other important chemicals.
TypesTypes
34. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
MANY CELLS MAKE UP……
• Of course, many cells of the same kind
make up a tissue.
• In a tissue, the cells work together to
do the same function
• Different tissues make up organs, and
organ systems.
• Finally, many organs make up the body
of the organism.
TissuesTissues
35. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
SOME EXAMPLES
• Can you think of four different tissues in your
body?
• What about at least two different tissues in
the plant’s body?
• Now, consider your important organ, your
stomach. What kinds of tissues should it
have? (Remember what kind of work it
needs to do, and then suggest at least two
kinds of different tissues that it should have)
TissuesTissues
36. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
The Stomach
• What has the stomach got to do? (Yes, you are
right……it has to help digest food)
• Consider…..what types of tissues and cells does the
stomach need to do this?
• Does it need to hold food for a while? Does it need
to send out chemicals, e.g., enzymes to work on the
food?
• Does it need to move the food around, for the food
to get well mixed with the enzymes?
• Therefore……………..what kinds of tissues should it be
made of?
• Look at the diagram on the next page to check if
your guesses were correct !
TissuesTissues
38. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
DIFFERENT CELLS & TISSUES ARE
IMPORTANT
• Different tissues are important for organs. You have seen how
useful it is that the stomach (an organ) has different types of
tissues.
• How many different tissues did it contain? (Yes, you are
correct, in the stomach are seen different layers of muscle
tissue as well as mucous membrane on the inside; the stomach
also contains tissue on the outside for protection.)
• That is just one example of an organ with different tissues,
made up of different cells. Do you see why it is important to
have different cells and different tissues?
• Did you remember that cells make up tissues and organs? And
that organs make up the body of the plant or the animal?
• When tissues have different cells of different kinds, they can
specialize in doing certain types of work.
TissuesTissues
39. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
REALLY, HOW DO CELLS WORK or FUNCTION?
• It is important to remember that all materials are made of tiny
particles called atoms, just as bodies of organisms are made of tiny
bodies called cells.
• Atoms are always moving, and this movement is useful to a cell’s
working or functioning, because generally atoms or their molecules
move from areas where there are lots of them to areas where there
are few of them………..this process is called diffusion. The molecules
move along what is called a concentration gradient. This is the phrase
used to describe the concentrations of the material found in or near a
place. That is, there is an area with many molecules, beside an area
with some molecules, next to an area with a few molecules, next to
the area with no molecules. The next slide shows a picture of this.
• This means that particles of chemicals that are needed by cells or in
short supply, can move inside the cells, and particles of chemicals that
are NOT needed by cells, or are there in too great a quantity, can
move outside of cells.
ProcessesProcesses
41. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
HOW CELLS FUNCTION (2)
• When the molecules of water need to move
in or out of the cell, this is a special type of
diffusion called osmosis.
• Generally speaking, cells are protected on
their outside by cell membranes. These
membranes are selectively or partly/partially
permeable. This means that although they
control the entry and exit of chemicals into
and out of the cell, they do not allow all
materials in or out.
ProcessesProcesses
42. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
CELL FUNCTIONING
• Diffusion and osmosis work without using up much
energy at all. They work because of a normal
behaviour of molecules, moving from a region
where they are concentrated to an area where they
are dilute.
• As you can imagine, not all materials can move
into/out of cells in this manner. Some materials
move in the opposite way to diffusion and osmosis.
They move from an area where they are scarce to an
area where they are in great supply.
• This way they have to move against the
concentration gradient, and to do this they need
energy which they obtain from respiration.
• This type of materials movement is called active
transport.
ProcessesProcesses
43. Components
Draw a Cell
Functions
Types
Tissues
Processes
Cell Size
REVIEW TIME- Do you remember these?
• Cells function because all materials are
made of tiny particles (atoms &
molecules).
• Since they are small, they are able to
move through cell membrane
materials, by diffusion and by osmosis.
• Some materials move in a different
way, by active transport, which uses up
energy.