Calcium, magnesium, and strontium play important biological roles. Calcium is critical for bone and tooth formation and also acts as a messenger for muscle contraction and other processes. The primary dietary source of calcium is milk. Magnesium is required as a cofactor for many enzyme reactions and is important for chlorophyll function in plants. Strontium can substitute for calcium in bones. Barium, beryllium, radium, and barium have no known biological roles and some like beryllium and radium are toxic.
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
A brief introduction to lanthanide elements is given.
Order .ppts like this at <https://www.fiverr.com/anikmal/teamup-with-you-to-prepare-the-best-presentation>
Along with their physical and chemical properties are also shown. Helpful for quick understanding on lanthanide series.
The minerals form only a small portion of the total body weight. They form only 7% of the composition of human body.
Many of these minerals are widely distributed in foods so that a well-balanced diet will supply them in sufficient quantities.
The mineral elements present in the animal body may be classified into 2 groups:
1.Principal elements(macro nutrients)
2.Trace elements(micro nutrients)
this matter useful for B.V.Sc student . Minerals ,their deficiency and their roles also available in this matter it is also useful for Animal nutritionist .
Calcium&phosphorus metabolisam in growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
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Introduction about the mineral metabolism, function, classification, Role of minerals in life process such as calcium, potassium, phosphorous, chloride, magnesium, zinc, iodine, copper, cobalt some of the trace minerals. uses and their deficiency diseases and disorders. source of water, execration and water balance water process in life. acid-base balance, osmosis, concept of pH, concept of buffer, concept of electrolytes.
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Similar to Biological active Alkaline earth metal ions (20)
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Biological active Alkaline earth metal ions
1. ROLE OF ALKALINE EARTH METAL
IONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
VARINDER KHEPAR
PhD CHEMISTRY
2. ELEMENTS IN OUR BODY
• Consider the content of the elements in the body of an
average healthy person (weighing 70 kg).
The content of the rest of metals does not exceed one
gram particularly Cu –0.11 g and Mn – 0.02 g
3.
4. DIETARY SOURCE OF CALCIUM
• Calcium is a critical element in
all animals and human beings.
• A healthy human adult has
about 1.05 kg Ca, of which 99%
exists as phosphates resembling
the mineral hydroxyapatite,
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 , in bones and
teeth.
• The primary dietary source of
Ca is milk (65-76%), with
smaller amounts derived from
meat, fish and eggs (5-10%),
and still less from non-dairy
foods such as nuts, fruits, beans
etc.
5. CALCIUM
• Ca2+ ions play an important role in biological processes.
• Calcium also plays a significant role in skeletal formation.
• With phosphorus in the mineral hydroxyapatite C5 (PO4)3OH,
it is the major constituent of bones, teeth and shells.
• In addition to skeletal role, Ca2+ plays many biochemical roles
such as:
a) It acts as a messenger for hormonal action
b) It acts as a trigger for muscular contraction
c) It acts as initiation of blood clotting
d) It also plays a role in the stabilization of protein structure
e) It helps in the maintenance of rhythm of heart
6. CALCIUM PUMP
• Ca2+ plays an important role in muscles.
• It triggers a signal that stimulates muscles to contract.
• In the normal state, the concentration in the intracellular
fluids is very low.
• Their concentration in intra cellular fluids is about 10,000
times less than their concentration in the extracellular
fluids.
• The maintenance of low calcium concentration in the intra
cellular fluids is done by biochemical process called as
calcium pump.
• Concentration:
Outside of Cell [Ca2+] = 0.001 M
Inside Cell [Ca2+] = 10-7 M
• Ca2+-ATPase in Cell Membrane controls concentration
7. ROLE OF Ca2+ IN TRANSPORT
• The nerve pulses include the SR(sarcoplasmic
reticulum) membrane quickly release the large
amount of Ca2+ which trigger muscle contraction.
• Therefore, Ca+ ions act as intermediary between
the nerve impulse and muscle contraction.
• Relaxation of the muscle requires that Ca
concentration be reduced to their resting levels.
• This is accompanied by ATP driven Ca2+ transport
protein called Ca+-ATPase.
8. • Just like Na+-K+-ATPase is the integral part of N+-K+
pump, similarly, Ca2+ - ATPase is also an integral
part of Ca2+ pump.
• The phosphorylation by Ca2+ and
dephosphorylation by Mg2+ completes the cycle.
• During the cycle two Ca2+ are transported for
each ATP hydrolysed.
• The very high affinity of At Pase for Ca2+ helps it
to effectively transport Ca2+ from cytosol (where
[Cu2+]<10-5 M) into sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR
(where [Ca2+] about 10-2 M)
9. DEFICIENCY
• In case of excess Ca2+, it comes in to the blood as
ca is rejected by cell and its salts are not soluble.
So excess of calcium leads to the formation of
stones (due to calcium oxalate, rich in tomatoes),
hardening of arteries, and cataracts in the eye.
• The decrease of Ca2+ content in blood due to
dietary deficiency or from an insufficiency of
parathyroid hormone may lead to a disease called
tetany and weakens the bones.
10.
11. MAGNESIUM
• Magnesium, an abundant element in the earth’s crust, is
vital to both plant and animal life.
• Chlorophyll pigment in plants is a Mg-porphyrin complex
• All enzymatic reaction in animals that are catalyzed by
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) require Mg as a cofactor.
• Oxidative phosphorylation, DNA transcription, RNA
function, protein synthesis and critical cell membrane
functions are all dependent upon optimal Mg
concentrations.
• An average human being holds about 35g of Mg, of
which approximately 99% is either intracellular or it is
present in bones.
12. DIETARY SOURCES OF Mg
• High Mg Dietary
sources include green
leaves, nuts, sea foods
and vegetables.
• Meat has intermediate
Mg content.
• Deficiency of Mg
causes convulsions and
excess causes
anaesthetic feeling.
13. BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF Mg2+
• Mg2+ is the fourth-most-abundant metal ion in
cells
• Chlorophyll
• In photosynthetic organisms, Mg2+ has the
additional vital role of being the coordinating
ion in the chlorophyll molecule.
• This role was discovered by Richard Willstätter,
who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915
for the purification and structure of chlorophyll
binding with six number of carbon.
14. • Enzymes
• Mg2+ interacts with substrates, enzymes as
part of the active site.
• Mg2+ interacts with substrates through inner
sphere coordination, stabilises the anions or
reactive intermediates, and bind to ATP and
activate the molecule to nucleophilic attack.
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main
source of energy in cells, must be bound to a
magnesium ion in order to be biologically
active.
15. • Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids have an important range of
interactions with Mg2+
• The binding of Mg2+ to DNA and RNA stabilises
structure
• Ribosomes contain large amounts of Mg2+ and
provide the stabilisation to the complex of
ribo-protein
16. BARIUM
• Barium has no biological role.
• The British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907
indicates that barium chloride ["barii
chloridum", BaCl2. 2H2O] has a stimulant
action on the heart and other muscles.
• Barium sulphide (BaS) was used as a
depilatory agent (removes hair).
17. • Barium enema: Barium is a white, ‘radio-opaque’
powder that is visible with x-rays. It is used to
demonstrate the structure and the function of
the organs that make up the digestive tract, such
as the stomach, small bowel and large bowel. A
liquid that contains barium (a silver-white
metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The
barium coats the large bowel and X-rays are
taken. This test may show what part of the bowel
is blocked.
18. • BARIUM MEAL
You will be asked to drink the barium so the radiologist
can observe your swallowing and evaluate the
structure of your oesophagus. During a barium meal
you will be asked to drink a mixture that is fizzy, or two
substances. These drinks contain ingredients that cause
gas to be produced, which expands your stomach and
the duodenum. When the gas is combined with the
barium it creates a coating on the inside of your
stomach and allows the radiologist to evaluate the
stomach lining. Many people feel the urge to burp
during this part of the examination.
19. BERYLLIUM
• Beryllium has no known biological role, and its
dust causes chronic inflammation of the lungs
and shortage of breath.
• Brief exposure to a lot of beryllium, or long
exposure to a little, will bring lung condition
which is known as berylliosis.
20. STRONTIUM
• In biological systems, calcium is substituted to
a small extent by strontium.
• In the human body, most of the absorbed
strontium is deposited in the bones. The ratio
of strontium to calcium in human bones is
between 1:1000 and 1:2000, roughly in the
same range as in the blood serum.
• The average human has an intake of about
two milligrams of strontium a day
21. • But strontium ranelate also increases the risk
of serious cardiovascular disorders
• Strontium has been shown to inhibit sensory
irritation when applied topically to the skin
• Those with a personal or family history of
blood clotting disorders are advised to avoid
strontium
22. RADIUM
• Radium has no known biological role. It is toxic due to its
radioactivity.
• Radium is present in all uranium ores, and could be
extracted as a by-product of uranium refining.
• Radium-223 is sometimes used to treat prostate cancer
that has spread to the bones. Because bones contain
calcium and radium is in the same group as calcium, it can
be used to target cancerous bone cells. It gives off alpha
particles that can kill the cancerous cells.
• Radium used to be used in luminous paints, for example in
clock and watch dials. Although the alpha rays could not
pass through the glass or metal of the watch casing, it is
now considered to be too hazardous to be used in this way.
