The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Role of hormones n vitamins in craniofacial growth n develpomentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Calcium and phosphate metabolism / orthodontics diploma coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Role of hormones n vitamins in craniofacial growth n develpomentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Calcium and phosphate metabolism / orthodontics diploma coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Braking arches /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Homeobox genes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Braking arches /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Homeobox genes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth /fixed orthodontic courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Terminologies and basic concepts of growth and development /certified fixed o...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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A series of lectures by Dr. Barry Raphael on Airway-focused orthodontics.
Chapter 7 : Some ways of changing the Function side of the facial growth and adaptation equation.
Theroies of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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تأثير المعالجة حول السنية على المستوى المصلي للبروتين التفاعلي C المتعلق بخطر...Walid Altayeb
أعيد التركيز في السنوات الأخيرة على النظرية القديمة التي تقترح دور الإنتانات كعامل خطر في تطور الأمراض القلبية الوعائية حيث أظهرت الدراسات الحديثة أن ارتفاع المستوى المصلي للبروتين التفاعليC CRP والذي يعد أحد بروتينات طور الاستجابة الحاد يعتبر عامل تنبؤ مستقل لخطر الإصابة بالأمراض القلبية الوعائية. تهدف دراستنا الحالية إلى تحري المستوى الجهازية للبروتين التفاعلي C ( CRP ) عند مرضى التهاب النسج حول السنية ومقارنة مستوى CRP قبل وبعد المعالجة عند عينة مختارة من المرضى.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Informações sobre o Bloco 1 da versão impressa do Plano de Educação Cristã Contínua da IECLB (PECC), ou seja, alguns detalhes sobre o Histórico da Educação Cristã na IECLB e os Propósitos do PECC.
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Overall description of bone metabolism.
Introduction
Types of bone tissue
Composition of bone
Cells of bone
Regulators of bone metabolism
Calcium and phosphate balance
Calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Fibroblast growth factor
Growth hormone and IGF-1
Thyroid hormone
Estrogens, progesterone and androgens
Cortisol and related glucocorticoids
Disorders of bone metabolism
Orthodontic considerations
this matter useful for B.V.Sc student . Minerals ,their deficiency and their roles also available in this matter it is also useful for Animal nutritionist .
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism / dental implant courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Describe the normal values of Calcium in plasma
Describe the bone remodeling and its significance
Discuss the role of Pyrophosphate, NPP1 , ANK & TNAP
Explain the mechanism of bone resorption
Describe the actions of Vitamin D
Describe Rickets and Osteomalacia
This is a PPT of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Clinical correlation are not included. Hope it is useful to you all. Please Like and Share it with your friends
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Calcium&phosphorus metabolisam in growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
METABOLISM IN GROWTH
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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2. INTRODUCTION :-
Of all the minerals in our body, Calcium is present in the highest
amount. Our body’s need for calcium is also the highest of any
minerals or vitamins.
The Phosphorus is the other mineral element which is essential
for the formation and development of bone and teeth along
with Calcium.
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3. Calcium, combined with phosphate to form hydroxyapatite, is the
mineral portion of human and animal bones and teeth.
The mineral portion of some corals can also be transformed into
hydroxylapatite.
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4. MINERAL ELEMENTS
Minerals elements are present in animal body supplied by the diet.
Minerals elements can be classified as
1) Principal elements or Macronutrients
There are total seven essential elements-
calcium , magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur
and chlorine.
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5. 2) Trace elements
Essential trace possibly essential non essential
elements elements elements
Iron, iodine,copper nickle,tin, silicon aluminium,boron
zinc,manganese and lead and mercury
Cobalt etc….
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6. CALCIUM :-
Calcium is essential for living organism, particularly in cell
physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca2+ into and
out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular
processes.
As a major material used in mineralization of bones and shells,
calcium is the most abundantmetal by mass in many animals.
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7. Calcium (Latin word calcis meaning "lime") was known as early as
the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime
as calcium oxide.
Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet and
a mineral necessary for life..
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8. The National Osteoporosis Foundation says, "Calcium plays an
important role in building stronger, denser bones early in life
and keeping bones strong and healthy later in life.“
Approximately ninety-nine percent of the body's calcium is
stored in the bones and teeth
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9. Normal value-
In a normal young adult there about 1100 gm. of calcium present in
the body.
It forms about 1.5 % of total body weight.
99 % of calcium is present in the bone and the rest present in plasma.
Normal blood calcium level is 9.4 mg % /100 ml.
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10. Types of calcium :-
Calcium in plasma- is of two type.
- Ionized or diffusible calcium
- Nonionized or nondiffusible calcium
Ionized form :- Is found freely in plasma.
essential for regulate vital function like neuronal activity,
muscle contraction,cardic activity and blood coagulation..
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11. Calcium in bones-
Small quantity of readily exchangeable calcium:-
It helps to maintain the plasma calcium level as it is removed
from the bone.
Large quantity of stable calcium:-
It helps in bone remolding since it is constantly removed and
deposited in bone.
Source of calcium:-
Rich source – Milk and Cheese
good source- Egg yolk,Nuts,Fish,Beans…
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12. DIETARY CALCIUM RECOMMENDATIONS
Group Age mg/day
Infants 0-6 months 400
6-12 months 600
Children 1-5 years 800
6-10 years 800-1200
Adolescents and young adults 11-24 years 1200-1500
Men 25-65 years 1000
Women 25-50 years 1000
pregnant or lactating 1200-1500
Post menopausal
Receiving estrogen replacement
therapy
1000
Not receiving 1500
Men and women >65 years 1500
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13. IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM
Calcium along with phosphorus is essential for the formation and
development of bone and teeth.
Calcium is also required in blood coagulation process.
Calcium also regulate the neuronal activity.
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14. It is essential for muscular contraction.
It regulates the permeability of membrane.
It is required as a activator for activate several enzymes like
ATPasse,Proteolytic enzymes.
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15. Absorption of Calcium:-
Calcium is taken in diet as – calcium phosphate,Carbonate,Tartrate and
oxalate.
Calcium actively absorbed in upper intestine and regulated by
1,25 Dihydroxycholicalciferol(a metabolite of vit-D),which is
produced in liver and kidney in response to decrease plasma
concentration.
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16. Calcium and phosphorus ratio of 1:2 (2:1 or 1:2 )is the most
convenient for the absorption of both.
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17. PHOSPHORUS :-
The Phosphorus is the other mineral element which is essential for
the formation and development of bone and teeth along with
Calcium.
The crystalline salts present in bones are called “Hydroxy apatites
‘which contain Calcium and Phosphate.
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18. Phosphorus was discovered by German alchemist Hennig Brand in
1674 or 1675. Working in Hamburg.
Phosphorus is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the
phospholipids which form all cell membranes. It is thus an
essential element for all living cells
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19. It present in the blood in the form of :-
-Inorganic phosphorus - 2-5 mg /100 ml
Organic phosphorus -14-29 mg /100 ml
-phospholipids - 8-18 /100ml
Source :-
Milk,cheese,egg-yolk,meat,fish….
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20. Daily requirement :-
Infants - 240 – 400 mg
Children - 800 – 1200 mg
Adults -800 mg.
Absorption:-
- Moderate amount of fats or acid increase absorption.
- high calcium decrease the absorption.
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21. Importance of Phosphorus :-
It is essential for the formation and development of bone and teeth
along with Calcium.
It is required for the formation of Phospholipids,Nucelic acids, and
Phosphoproteins.
It is required for the formation of Organic phosphates.
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22. It is required for the formation of Energy rich compounds like A.T.P.
It is required for the formation of Coenzyms such as
NADP,ADP,AMP.
It is required for the Absorption of Glucose by phosphorylation.
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23. CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM :-
Orthodontist and dentofacial orthopedists manipulate bone. The
biomechanical response to altered function and applied loads
depends on the metabolic status of the patients.
Bone metabolism is an important aspect of clinical medicine that is
directly applicable to Orthodontics and Orthopedics.
Orthodontics is bone manipulative therapy and favourable calcium
and phosphorus metabolism is an important consideration.
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24. As we know the Calcium along with phosphorus are the essential
major elements for the formation and development of bones and
teeth, so we can explain the metabolism of Calcium and
Phosphorus as Bone metabolism.
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25. BONE METABOLISM :-
Orthodontics is bone manipulative therapy, and favorable calcium
and phosphorus metabolism is an important role.
Calcium homeostasis is the process by which mineral equilibrium
is maintained.
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26. Maintenance of serum calcium levels at about 10 mg/dl is an
essential life support function.
Calcium is taken through dietary sources.It is absorbed from the
G.I.Tract in to Blood and distributed through out the body.
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27. REGULATION OF BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL :-
All these process are finely regulated by three hormones.
1.Parathormone
2. Vitamin-D
3.Calcitonin
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28. PARATHORMONE :-
Secreted by the chief cells of parathyroid glands.
It is protein in nature.
Action of Parathormone :-
primary function is to maintain the blood calcium level.
It is regulated by the Calcium ion concentration in the Blood.
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29. Parathormone acts through cyclic AMP, which acts as second
messenger.
Effect on the bone :-
Responsible for Resorption of bone or calcium . It occurs in two
phase.
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30. Rapid flux of calcium from the bone fluid (occurs in seconds)
PTH---- Attached with receptors on the cell memb. of Osteoblast
and Osteocytes.
Hormone –Receptors complex –increase permeability of the cell
memb. For calcium ions
This increase the calcium pump mechanism allowing calcium ions
to move from these cells to plasma.
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31. Short-term response by osteoclasts and osteoblasts (extends from
minutes to days)
In this phase the calcium resorption take place by the activation of
osteoclast.
Osteoclast----released Proteolytic enzyme ----Digest or
Dissolve the organic matrix
----- Calcium ions released and slowly move into Plasma.
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32. Long term control of bone turnover (over weeks to months).
Long term regulation has profound effects on the skeleton.
Biomechanical factors, noncalcific hormones, and the metabolite
mechanisms dictate mass, geometric distribution and the mean age
of the bone.
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33. EFFECT ON THE KIDNEYS :-
Increase the Reabsorption of Calcium from renal tubules along
with magnesium ions and hydrogen ions
At the same time it also increases the excretion of Phosphates from
renal tubules.
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34. EFFECT ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT :-
By the formation of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol from vit-D it
increase the Absorption of Calcium. Vit- D is essentiol for that.
Ortho consideration
It increases the tooth movement and consequently influence
orthodontic treatment.
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35. VITAMIN D – 3
Vit. D3 with parathyroid and cacitonin hormone
regulates the amount of Ca and phosphorous in human body.
Parathyroid hormone convert the vit-D in its active metabolite which
is known as
1,25 Dihydroxy cholecalciferol .
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36. ACTION OF 1,25 DIHYDROXY CHOLECALCIFEROL
Increase the absorption of calcium from the intestine.
Increase the synthesis of calcium induced ATP in the intestinal
epithelium.
increase the synthesis of alkaline phophatase in the intestinal
epithelium.
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37. It promotes interstitial Ca and phosphorous absorption
Vit.D3 increases the bone mass and thus reduces fractures in
osteoporosis.
Ortho consideration
It can be assumed that they can inhibit tooth movement.
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38. CALCITONIN :-
Peptide hormone, secreted by intra follicular or C- cells in the thyroid
gland. also called Thyrocalcitonin.
Actions of Calcitonin :-
Effect on Bone :-
It increase the deposition of calcium on bones and also suppress the
activity of osteoclasts. Even it inhibits the development of new
Osteoclasts.
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39. It decreases the Blood Calcium level and thereby counteracts the
action of Paratharmone.
It flows in bloodstream and attracts Ca to bone, thus reducing
Serum calcium
It reduces bone resorption by reducing the no. of osteoclasts.
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40. It is used in the treatment of Hypercalcemia and Osteoporosis.
Effect on Kidney :-
It increase the excretion of calcium through urine, by inhibiting the
reabsorption of calcium from the renal tubules.
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41. Effect on intestine :-
It prevent the absorption of Calcium from intestine into the Blood.
Ortho consideration
It inhibit tooth movement and consequently delays
orthodontic treatment
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44. Disease state:-
Abnormalities in Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism are mainly
associated with some Diseases.
-Hypercalcaemia
-Hypocalcaemia
-Rickets
-Osteoporosis
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45. Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism in Growth:-
-The role of Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism is most effectively
started in post natal period..
- Bone remodeling and Bone resorption (Bone metabolism ) procedure
occurs continuously throughout life..
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46. BONE GROWTH :-
The embryo has a cartilaginous skeleton. the conversion of cartilage
into bones is called the ossification.
At the time of birth skeleton consist of 50 % cartilage and 50 % bone.
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47. BONE :-
Bone or osseous tissue is a specialized rigid connective tissue that
form the skeleton.
it consist of special type of cells and tough intercellular matrix of
ground substance.
through out life the bone is renewed by the process of bone
formation and bone resorption.
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48. FUNCTION OF BONE :-
Protective function --
protect soft tissue and vital organs of the body.
Mechanical function --
Support the body and their attachment to the muscles and tendon.
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49. Metabolic function –
Bone play an important role in the metabolism and
Homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus in body.
Hemopoietic function –
Red bone marrow is the site of production of Blood.
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50. COMPOSITION OF BONE :-
Bone matrix – bone matrix is composed of Protein fibers called
Collagen fibers. These fibers form about 90% of bone.
- matrix is embedded in the gelatinous ground substance ,which is
formed by extracellular fluid and proteoglycans.
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51. Bone salt – The crystalline salts present in bones are called “Hydroxy
apatites ‘which contain Calcium and Phosphate.
-Some other salts present like sodium , potassium magnesium.
- The salt of the bone strengthen the bone matrix.
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52. BONE REMODELING :-
- Bone remolding is a process that includes bone resorption
followed by bone formation.
-Bone remodeling occurs continuously throughout life.
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53. -Usually bone remolding takes place in group of cells called Basic
multicellular units (BMU)
-Significance of remodeling – in children the shape of bone is re
altered in relation to growth of the body.
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54. In adults the remoldeing of bone is responsible for the maintence
of toughness of bone.This because of replacement of old matrix
by new matrix.
Bone resorption :-
It is the process that involves the destruction of entire Bone
matrix and Removal of Calcium.
The osteoclast responsible for bone resorption.
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55. BONE FORMATION :-
The osteoblast activity or the process of bone formation
involves the synthesis of collagen and formation of matrix that
is mineralized.
Mineralization :-
The mineralization starts about 10 to 12 days after the formation
of osteoid.
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56. First large quantity of calcium phosphate is deposited . Afterwards ,
the hydroxide and bicarbonate ions are gradually added causing
the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals.
The process is increased by the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase
secreted by osteoblast.
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57. Growth of maxilla
The Maxilla is carried out Downward and Forward growth.
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58. GROWTH OF MANDIBLE :-
The Mandible is translated downwards and forwards and grows
upwards and backwards.
Chin moves downwards Mandible grows
upwards
And forwards. and backwards
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59. ROLE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN
ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT.
Orthodontic tooth movement is a unique process where a solid
object(tooth)is made to move through a solid medium (bone)
When force is applied on a tooth to bring about orthodontic movement ,
it result in formation of
-Area of pressure in the direction of the tooth movement.
-Area tension form in the opposite direction.
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61. Bone resorption take place at the Pressure side.
Bone deposition take place at the Tension side.
Optimum orthodontic force :- Is one which moves teeth most
rapidly in the desired direction, with the least possible damage to
tissue and with minimum patient discomfort.
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62. Optimum force is equivalent to the capillary pulse pressure which
is 20-26 gm/sq.cm of root surface.
phases of tooth movement.
1. Initial phase
2. Lag phase
3. Post lag phase
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63. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 2004
Masayoshi Kawakami and Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
Local injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhanced bone formation
for tooth stabilization after experimental tooth movement in rats
The present investigation evaluated the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on alveolar bone formation during tooth movement
in rats
Orthodontic elastics were inserted between the maxillary first and second
molars on bilateral sides in male rats
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64. 1,25(OH)2D3 was injected locally, at the concentration of 10–10 M, once
every 3 days in the sub mucosal palatal area of the root bifurcation of
the molar on the right side.
Histomorphometric analysis revealed that tooth movement without
application of 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the mineral appositional rate
(MAR) on the compression area at 7 days.
Repeated injections of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the orthodontically treated
animals distinctly stimulated alveolar bone formation on the mesial
side at 14 days. There was a significant increase in MAR associated
with elevated osteoblast surface value on the tension surface.
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65. These findings suggest that local application of 1,25(OH)2D3 enhances
the reestablishment of supporting tissue, especially alveolar bone of
teeth, after orthodontic treatment.
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67. The increased rate of tooth movement in the test animals can be
attributed to increased bone metabolism and decreased bone
density.
This study confirms earlier findings that lactation, coupled with a
calcium-deficient diet, will produce
decreased bone density through secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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68. Increased tooth movement was also found to correlate directly with
increased bone turnover and decreased bone density.
Morphometric data indicated that animals stressed with lactation and
dietary calcium deficiency had significantly less root resorption in the
time course of this experiment.
.
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69. These findings suggest that tooth movement and root resorption
may be dependent upon bone density and calcium metabolism in
alveolar bone.
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70. Quintessence Int. 2001 May;32
Tyrovola JB, Spyropoulos MN
Effects of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic treatment.
Orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodeling activity are dependent
on systemic factors such as nutritional factors, metabolic bone
diseases, age, and use of drugs
Systemic hormones such as estrogen, androgen, and calcitonin are
associated with an increase in bone mineral content, bone mass, and a
decrease in the rate of bone resorption. Consequently, they could
delay orthodontic tooth movement
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71. On the contrary, thyroid hormones and corticosteroids might be involved
in a more rapid orthodontic tooth movement during orthodontic
therapy and have a less stable orthodontic result.
Drugs such as bisphosphonates, vitamin D metabolites, and fluorides can
probably cause a reduction of tooth movement after the orthodontic
force is applied.
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72. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have also been shown to reduce
bone resorption.
Long-term administration of these drugs may therefore delay the
necessary bone response to respective tooth-borne pressure and should
not be administered for long periods of time to patients undergoing
orthodontic tooth movement.
The use of the above drugs should be considered by every dentist in
evaluating the treatment time and in planning treatment when tooth
movement is attempted.
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73. CONCLUSION
Calcium and phosphorus are essential elements required for
maintaining the integrity of the skeletal system and they assist in
mineral metabolism as well. Their importance in orthodontics can
never be denied.
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